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Dynamics in liquids and glasses can be assessed using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy or electron correlation microscopy, which involves measuring the temporal changes in diffraction patterns. Two methods are commonly used to evaluate these temporal changes: one-time correlation function or two-time correlation function. However, the specific characteristics of these methods have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we investigated the differences between these methods and found that the two-time correlation function can measure dynamics for longer periods than the method relying on the one-time correlation function. Additionally, we demonstrated that the two-time correlation function exhibits a weak dependence on the amount of dose applied.

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  This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Microscopy following peer review. The version of record Katsuaki Nakazawa, Kazutaka Mitsuishi, Relaxation time measurement: correlating diffraction patterns, Microscopy, 2025;, dfaf048 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfaf048.

Keyword: diffraction, glass, 4D-STEM, 5D-STEM, dynamic heterogeneity, relaxation time

Date published: 2026-06-01

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Journal:

• Microscopy (ISSN: 20505698) dfaf048

Funding:

• JSPS KAKENHI JP23K13076

Manuscript type: Author's version (Accepted manuscript)

MDR DOI: https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.6262

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfaf048

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Updated at: 2026-04-30 12:01:11 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-10-23 02:59:59 +0900