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Description:

Measuring vapour-phase properties including pressure, density, concentration and molecular weight is an important step towards integrating mobile olfactory devices into smart societies for monitoring chemical processes. However, there are few portable and low-cost devices for realising dynamic headspace vapour-phase measurements, which work for various molecules. Herein, the concept of utilising audible-range sound waves, in the form of an acoustic resonator, is introduced for extracting vapour-phase properties. As different headspace molecules enter the acoustic resonator, the weight and number of molecules change, and molecular vibrations are perturbed, manifesting in modified local acoustic waves due to changing vapour density and specific heat ratio. Physical waves enable the accurate determination of vapour properties for different molecules, agreeing well with reference values. A minimum vapour pressure down to n-decane of 0.2 kPa is detectable using an audible-range acoustical approach, either by flowing N2 to force molecules into the headspace; or using a simple cap-based design, which securely fastens onto a vial without any external flow. Low-cost speaker and microphone technologies are an innovative physical approach for determining vapour characteristics, whilst simultaneously demonstrating the inherently complex dynamic fluid space over time. Audible-range acoustical techniques can easily integrate into sensor networks and may yield new alternatives in mobile olfactory technology, due to its physical nature and irrelevance to chemical affinity, which may be useful for portable devices in various applications.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY-NC-ND Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
  

  © 2023. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Keyword: acoustic resonance, audible-range, sound waves, mobile olfaction, headspace vapor, vapor pressure, gas sensing

Date published: 2023-05-18

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Journal:

• SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL (ISSN: 09244247) vol. 358 p. 114438-114438

Funding:

Manuscript type: Author's version (Accepted manuscript)

MDR DOI: https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.4283

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.114438

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Updated at: 2025-08-16 08:30:18 +0900

Published on MDR: 2025-08-16 08:18:51 +0900