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Microstructural control is crucial in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique. The columnar-to-equiaxed transition is an effective approach to reducing anisotropy and improving mechanical properties of additively manufactured materials. Recent studies have shown that grain refinement can be induced through heterogeneous nucleation ahead of the epitaxially growing solid-liquid (S/L) interface. This paper investigated the solidification process of a metal matrix composite (FeMnAlC-TiB) produced by LPBF, which resulted in a texture-free nanoequiaxed δ-Fe matrix, reinforced by nanoprecipitates and a M2B-type network structure. The combined analysis of EBSD, TEM-ASTAR, and 3DAP indicated that boron (B) segregation plays a major role in terms of microstructure refinement by generating a thermal undercooling zone ahead of the S/L interface. As a result of the microstructural refinement and the presence of reinforced particles, the material achieved remarkable levels of strength as compared with the as-cast counterparts.

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  This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01104-6.

Keyword: Laser powder bed fusion, Metal matrix composite, Solidification, Segregation

Date published: 2025-05-06

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Journal:

• Progress in Additive Manufacturing (ISSN: 23639512) vol. 10 issue. 10 p. 8171-8178

Funding:

• Fundacão de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo 2020/05049-1
• Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico 141250/2020-8

Manuscript type: Author's version (Accepted manuscript)

MDR DOI: https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.6100

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01104-6

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Updated at: 2026-04-30 12:01:11 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-05-06 10:23:40 +0900