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Tin perovskite solar cells (Sn-PSCs) offer considerable potential for lead (Pb)-free photovoltaic applications. Unfortunately, the poor crystallinity and facial tendency of oxidation from Sn2+ to Sn4+ are still challenging for the performance of Sn-PSCs. Herein, we introduced butylphosphonic acid 4-ammonium chloride (4ABPACl) bifunctional additive as a crosslinker in the Sn-perovskite precursor solution. The morphological and structural analysis confirmed that the terminal group –NH3+ and –PO(OH)2 of 4ABPACl cross-linked with the iodide ions (I-) of the perovskite framework through hydrogen bonding and suppressed the Sn2+ oxidation. As a result, a pinhole-free uniform perovskite film with an extended lifetime of charge carriers as confirmed by scanning electron microscope and time-resolved photoluminescence respectively. These improvements in Sn-perovskite enhanced the power conversion efficiency of Sn-PSCs from 6.65 to 9.20 %. Moreover, crosslinker-modified PSCs showed an improvement in stability both under continuous light for encapsulated PSCs and in the N2 glove box for unencapsulated PSCs.

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• Creative Commons BY-NC-ND Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
  

  © 2024. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Keyword: Crosslinker additive, perovskite solar cells, FASnI3, stability

Date published: 2024-07-28

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Journal:

• Solar Energy (ISSN: 0038092X) vol. 278 112761

Funding:

Manuscript type: Author's version (Accepted manuscript)

MDR DOI: https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.5260

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112761

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Updated at: 2025-01-10 09:59:41 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-07-28 08:28:16 +0900