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A direct external input energy source (e.g., light, chemical reaction, redox potential, etc.) is compulsory to supply energy to rotary motors for accomplishing rotation around the axis. The stator leads the direction of rotation, and a sustainable rotation requires two mutual input energy supplies (e.g., light and heat, light and pH or metal ion, etc.); however, there are some exceptions (e.g., covalent single bond rotors and/or motors). On the contrary, our experiment suggested that double ratchet rotary motors (DRMs) can harvest power from available thermal noise, kT, for sustainable rotation around the axis. Under a scanning tunneling microscope, we have imaged live thermal noise movement as a dynamic orbital density and resolved the density diagram up to the second derivative. A second input energy can synchronize multiple rotors to afford a measurable output. Therefore, we hypothesized that rotation control in a DRM must be evolved from an orbital-level information transport channel between the two coupled rotors but was not limited to the second input energy. A DRM comprises a Brownian rotor and a power stroke rotor coupled to a −C≡C– stator, where the transport of information through coupled orbitals between the two rotors is termed the vibrational information flow chain (VIFC). We test this hypothesis by studying the DRM’s density functional theory calculation and variable-temperature 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Additionally, we introduced inbuilt pawl-like functional moieties into a DRM to create different electronic environments by changing proton intercalation interactions, which gated information processing through the VIFC. The results show the VIFC can critically impact the motor’s noise harvesting, resulting in variable rotational motions in DRMs.

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  This document is the unedited Author’s version of a Submitted Work that was subsequently accepted for publication in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society after peer review. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c01103

Keyword: Molecular motor, ratchet, molecular machine, molecular rotor

Date published: 2023-03-29

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Journal:

• ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (ISSN: 19448252) vol. 15 issue. 12 p. 15595-15604

Funding:

• Council of Scientific and Industrial Research HCP-021
• Science and Engineering Research Board ECR/2016/001534
• Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development FA2386-16-1-0003

Manuscript type: Author's version (Submitted manuscript)

MDR DOI: https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.5273

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c01103

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Updated at: 2025-01-15 16:31:47 +0900

Published on MDR: 2025-01-15 16:31:47 +0900