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Spin–orbit coupling (SOC) has played an important role in many topological and correlated electron materials. In graphene-based systems, SOC induced by a transition metal dichalcogenide at close proximity has been shown to drive topological states and strengthen superconductivity. However, in rhombohedral multilayer graphene, a robust platform for electron correlation and topology, superconductivity and the role of SOC remain largely unexplored. Here we report transport measurements of transition metal dichalcogenide-proximitized rhombohedral trilayer graphene. We observed a hole-doped superconducting state SC4 with a critical temperature of 234 mK. On the electron-doped side, we noted an isospin-symmetry-breaking three-quarter-metal phase and observed that the nearby weak superconducting state SC3 is substantially enhanced. Surprisingly, the original superconducting state SC1 in bare rhombohedral trilayer graphene is strongly suppressed in the presence of transition metal dichalcogenide—opposite to the effect of SOC on all other graphene superconductivities. Our observations form the basis of exploring superconductivity and non-Abelian quasiparticles in rhombohedral graphene devices.

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• In Copyright
  

  This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-025-02156-3.

Keyword: Superconductivity, Rhombohedral trilayer graphene, Spin-orbit coupling

Date published: 2025-03-19

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Journal:

• Nature Materials (ISSN: 14764660) vol. 24 issue. 7 p. 1058-1065

Funding:

• National Science Foundation DMR-2105139
• National Science Foundation DMR-2324033
• National Science Foundation DMR-225925
• National Science Foundation DMR-2414725
• National Science Foundation DMR-2414726
• National Science Foundation DMR-1945351
• National Science Foundation DMR-2105139
• National Science Foundation DMR-2324033
• Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
• National Research Foundation of Korea RS-2024-004447252
• National Science Foundation DMR-2414725
• National Science Foundation DMR-2414726
• National Science Foundation DMR-1945351
• MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 20H00354
• MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 21H05233
• MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 23H02052
• MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 20H00354
• MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 21H05233
• MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 23H02052
• World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan

Manuscript type: Author's version (Accepted manuscript)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-025-02156-3

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Updated at: 2026-07-03 13:15:02 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-07-03 14:29:35 +0900