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In this study, neutron diffraction mapping was performed on linear friction welded joints of a 12 mm thick high-phosphorus weathering steel (SPA-H) to evaluate the distribution of residual stress, dislocation density and crystallographic orientation. Linear friction welding (LFW) was conducted under two different applied pressures (100 MPa and 250 MPa). The welded interface in both joints primarily consisted of refined ferrite, along with small amounts of retained austenite and martensite, suggesting that peak temperatures during welding exceeded the A1 point. However, the joint fabricated under 250 MPa exhibited a lower welding temperature. Grains were elongated along the oscillation direction (OD) at the specimen edges, while they were equiaxed at the center. Additionally, inhomogeneous microstructural distributions were observed near the interface along OD. Both joints exhibited high tensile residual stresses in all directions at the center of welding interface, whereas compressive residual stresses were introduced along the longitudinal direction (LD) near the surface in the OD. The applied pressure had minimal influence on the overall trend of the residual stress distribution within the tested welding conditions. Dislocation density was elevated at the weld interface compared to the base metal, with a more pronounced increase under the higher applied pressure. This is attributed to suppressed dynamic recovery caused by the lower welding temperature at higher pressure. Finally, strong texture formation was observed at the welding interface due to plastic flow during welding. The applied pressure had only a limited effect on texture development.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY-NC-ND Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
  

Keyword: Linear friction welding, neutron diffraction, residual stress

Date published: 2025-12-15

Publisher: Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

Journal:

• Tetsu-to-Hagane (ISSN: 00211575) vol. 111 issue. 17 TETSU-2025-042

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Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.tetsu-2025-042

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Updated at: 2025-12-15 15:16:15 +0900

Published on MDR: 2025-12-19 14:11:37 +0900