Article The structural stability and capacity increase of a phosphorus-doped hard carbon produced by zinc oxide templating used in sodium-ion batteries:

Hideka Ando ORCID (National Institute for Materials Science) ; Yasuhiro Toyoda ; Kenya Fujino ; Kenjiro Hashi SAMURAI ORCID (National Institute for Materials Science) ; Shinobu Ohki SAMURAI ORCID (National Institute for Materials Science) ; Yuki Fujii ; Daisuke Igarashi ; Shinichi Komaba ; Kazuma Gotoh

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Hideka Ando, Yasuhiro Toyoda, Kenya Fujino, Kenjiro Hashi, Shinobu Ohki, Yuki Fujii, Daisuke Igarashi, Shinichi Komaba, Kazuma Gotoh. The structural stability and capacity increase of a phosphorus-doped hard carbon produced by zinc oxide templating used in sodium-ion batteries:. Carbon Reports. 2026, 5 (1), 050106. https://doi.org/10.7209/carbon.050106

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(abstract)

Sodium (Na)-ion batteries (NIBs) are attracting increasing attention as next-generation energy storage systems because they do not rely on rare metals. Hard carbon (HC) is considered their most promising anode material. By tailoring the pore structure by templating methods, HC materials with a high energy density have been developed for NIBs. However, further improvements are required to achieve the desired properties without compromising the excellent characteristics already achieved. This study aims to further increase the battery capacity of zinc oxide (ZnO)–templated HC using a simple phosphorus (P)-doping method. We investigated the effects of soaking in phosphoric acid and subsequent heat treatment on the carbon morphology and electrochemical properties. The results showed that P doping increased the battery capacity without altering the ZnO–templated HC morphology. Both the sloping and plateau regions of the capacity increased, suggesting that P doping promotes Na adsorption on the carbon surface and Na storage between the layers and in the pores. Furthermore, the types of P functional groups depended on the synthesis conditions and influence the battery performance. These findings show that surface modification with specific P functional groups can effectively increase the Na storage capability of HCs.

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Keyword: Sodium-ion batteries, Hard carbon, Phoshorus doping, Anode, ZnO-templating

Date published: 2026-03-01

Publisher: The Carbon Society of Japan

Journal:

  • Carbon Reports vol. 5 issue. 1 p. 40-47 050106

Funding:

  • Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJGX23S4

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.7209/carbon.050106

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Updated at: 2026-03-10 16:30:19 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-03-10 13:44:53 +0900

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