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説明:

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) exhibit continuous property variations that enable unique functionalities and provide efficient platforms for systematic property optimization. Here, we report the fabrication of FGMs with graded structural heterogeneity by annealing an amorphous metal under a one-dimensional temperature gradient. Using lock-in thermography (LIT), we spatially mapped transverse thermoelectric conversion with high spatial and temperature resolution. A pronounced non-monotonic response was observed, with the maximum anomalous Ettingshausen effect, transverse charge-to-heat conversion in magnetic materials, appearing in the atomic-heterogeneity regime well before crystallization. This enhancement was not captured by conventional structural or longitudinal transport measurements, highlighting the exceptional sensitivity of transverse thermoelectric phenomena to subtle structural heterogeneity. Structural analyses using scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography revealed Fe-based crystalline alloys and Cu nanoclusters embedded in the amorphous matrix, whose heterogeneity accounts for the enhanced response. These findings establish temperature-gradient-annealed FGMs, combined with LIT, as a powerful methodology for probing structural-heterogeneity-driven transverse electron transport and designing high-performance flexible materials.

権利情報:

• Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International
  

キーワード: functionally graded materials, anomalous Ettingshausen effect, lock-in thermography, structural heterogeneity, transverse thermoelectric conversion

刊行年月日: 2026-12-31

出版者: Informa UK Limited

掲載誌:

• Science and Technology of Advanced Materials (ISSN: 14686996) vol. 27 issue. 1 2643965

研究助成金:

• Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJER2201

原稿種別: 出版者版 (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

公開URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2026.2643965

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更新時刻: 2026-04-03 13:18:25 +0900

MDRでの公開時刻: 2026-04-03 16:27:43 +0900