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Description:

Transverse thermoelectric effects interconvert charge and heat currents in orthogonal directions due to the breaking of either time-reversal symmetry or structural symmetry, enabling simple and versatile thermal energy harvesting and solid-state cooling/heating within single materials. In comparison to the complex module structures required for the conventional Seebeck and Peltier effects, the transverse thermoelectric effects provide the complete device structures, potentially resolving the fundamental issue of multi-module degradation of thermoelectric conversion performance. This review article provides an overview of all currently known transverse thermoelectric conversion phenomena and principles, as well as their characteristics, and reclassifies them in a unified manner. The performance of the transverse thermoelectric generator, refrigerator, and active cooler is formulated, showing that thermal boundary conditions play an essential role in discussion on their behaviors. Examples of recent application research and material development in transverse thermoelectrics are also introduced, followed by a discussion of future prospects.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International
  

Keyword: transverse thermoelectrics, thermoelectric generation, electronic cooling, magnetic material, spin caloritronics

Date published: 2025-09-01

Publisher: IOP Publishing

Journal:

• Applied Physics Express (ISSN: 18820778) vol. 18 issue. 9 090101

Funding:

• Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJER2201

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/adf700

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Updated at: 2025-09-03 12:30:36 +0900

Published on MDR: 2025-09-03 12:20:37 +0900