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Graphene is a unique platform for tunable opto-electronic applications thanks to its linear band dispersion, which allows electrical control of resonant light-matter interactions. Tuning the nonlinear optical response of graphene is possible both electrically and in an all-optical fashion, but each approach involves a trade-off between speed and modulation depth. Here, we combine lattice temperature, electron doping, and all-optical tuning of third-harmonic generation in a hBN-encapsulated graphene opto-electronic device and demonstrate up to 85% modulation depth along with gate-tunable ultrafast dynamics. These results arise from the dynamic changes in the transient electronic temperature combined with Pauli blocking induced by the out-of-equilibrium chemical potential. Our work provides a detailed description of the transient nonlinear optical and electronic response of graphene, which is crucial for the design of nanoscale and ultrafast optical modulators, detectors and frequency converters.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International
  

Keyword: Graphene, opto-electronic applications, third-harmonic generation

Date published: 2024-06-18

Publisher: Wiley

Journal:

• Advanced Science (ISSN: 21983844) vol. 11 issue. 31

Funding:

• European Commission
• Vetenskapsrådet VR Starting Grant No. 2018‐04252
• Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 398816777
• Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 437527638

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202401840

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Updated at: 2025-02-06 12:31:15 +0900

Published on MDR: 2025-02-06 12:31:16 +0900