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This study presents a heat treatment–doping effect of individual and synergic nano-oxide Y2O3 and TiO2 dispersoids on Nb3Sn towards the interrelation among phase, microstructure and properties. Synergic doping of Y2O3 and TiO2 to Nb3Sn resulted in Tc of 18 K after annealing at 400 °C for 9 h. A lower Tc of 16 K was observed for as-sintered pristine Nb3Sn. Pristine samples were susceptible to heat treatment, indicated by the wide transition width of 2 K in Tc. A high overall Jc of 5.17 × 105 A/cm2 (10 K, 2 T) was observed for Y2O3 and TiO2 co-doped Nb3Sn sample annealed at 400 °C for 9 h compared to the overall Jc of 2.3 × 105 A/cm2 for as-sintered. Solutionized and quenched samples showed poor overall Jc performance, with the lowest Jc of 9.1 × 104 A/cm2 for the pristine. A higher NbO phase fraction led to a degraded overall Jc performance in TiO2 doped sample. A superior overall performance for co-doped sample was due to the synergic presence of Y2O3 and TiO2 at grain boundaries of Nb3Sn which acted as blanket to restrict the NbO formation. An analytical model to predict the microstructurally governed overall Jc performance at different applied fields was developed.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY-NC-ND Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
  

Keyword: Nb3Sn, yttria, titania

Date published: 2026-07-13

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Journal:

• Materials & Design (ISSN: 02641275) vol. 268 116577

Funding:

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.116577

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Updated at: 2026-07-16 14:48:10 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-07-16 16:30:16 +0900