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Enhancing light–matter coupling in two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, such as transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers, remains a central challenge in nanophotonics due to their atomic thickness, which limits their interaction volume with light. Here, we demonstrate that higher-order optical resonances, including photonic guided modes (GMs) and quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BICs) supported by a freestanding metasurface, provide exceptionally strong surface field enhancement, enabling efficient coupling with a tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayer. Triangular-lattice polymer patterns on silicon nitride
membranes are fabricated to realize these higher-order modes. Simulations reveal that second-order modes possess optimal surface electric-field distributions that strongly overlap with the overlying WS2 monolayer, significantly outperforming their first-order counterparts. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements confirm a remarkable PL enhancement factor of 193 for the second-order GM, over an order of magnitude greater than that of the first-order modes. These results establish higher-order modes in freestanding metasurfaces as a promising route to engineer light–matter interactions in 2D semiconductors for advanced nanophotonic and quantum photonic applications.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International
  

Keyword: light–matter interaction, membrane, metasurface, transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer

Date published: 2026-05-17

Publisher: Wiley

Journal:

• Small (ISSN: 16136810) vol. 22 issue. 35 e13320

Funding:

• JSPS JP23K26155
• JSPS JP25KF0083
• JSPS JP25H01614

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513320

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Updated at: 2026-06-24 13:04:05 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-06-24 14:27:50 +0900