Article Autonomous closed-loop exploration of composition-spread films for the anomalous Hall effect

Ryo Toyama SAMURAI ORCID ; Ryo Tamura SAMURAI ORCID ; Shoichi Matsuda SAMURAI ORCID ; Yuma Iwasaki SAMURAI ORCID ; Yuya Sakuraba SAMURAI ORCID

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Ryo Toyama, Ryo Tamura, Shoichi Matsuda, Yuma Iwasaki, Yuya Sakuraba. Autonomous closed-loop exploration of composition-spread films for the anomalous Hall effect. npj Computational Materials. 2025, 11 (1), 329. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-025-01828-7

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(abstract)

Autonomous high-throughput combinatorial experimentation is a key approach for accelerating materials discovery. However, achieving a fully closed-loop system remains a challenge due to the lack of effective optimization strategies for combinatorial experimentation. Here, we developed a Bayesian optimization method specifically designed for composition-spread films, enabling the selection of promising composition-spread films and identifying which elements should be compositionally graded. Using this approach, we demonstrated an autonomous closed-loop exploration of composition-spread films to enhance the anomalous Hall effect (AHE). Our method optimized the composition of a five-element alloy system consisting of three 3d ferromagnetic elements of Fe, Co, and Ni and two 5d heavy elements from Ta, W, or Ir to maximize the AHE. Through our autonomous exploration, we achieved a maximum anomalous Hall resistivity of 10.9 µΩ cm in Fe44.9Co27.9Ni12.1Ta3.3Ir11.7 amorphous thin film on thermally oxidized Si substrates deposited at room temperature.

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Keyword: Machine learning, Autonomous, Combinatorial, Anomalous Hall effect

Date published: 2025-11-19

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Journal:

  • npj Computational Materials (ISSN: 20573960) vol. 11 issue. 1 329

Funding:

  • Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJPR24T8
  • Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJCR21O1
  • Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJCR21O1
  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology JPMXP1121467561
  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology JPMXP1122715503
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JP21H01608

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

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First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-025-01828-7

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Updated at: 2025-12-25 17:32:06 +0900

Published on MDR: 2025-12-26 08:19:24 +0900

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