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Rechargeable divalent batteries employing Ca or Mg metal negative electrodes have attracted considerable interest due to their low cost and potentially high energy density. However, the development of high-energy Ca and Mg batteries remains limited by the lack of oxide positive electrodes capable of reversibly accommodating divalent ions at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate a new positive electrode material, a nano-sized hexagonal tunnel-structured MoO3 (nano-h-MoO3), as a structurally robust host for both Ca2+ and Mg2+ storage, exhibiting markedly improved reversibility and capacities. Comprehensive structural analyses, supported by computational modeling, reveal a unique charge–discharge mechanism in which divalent-ion (de)insertion occurs through reversible modulation of host metal–oxygen bond lengths while retaining an intact host framework, resulting in minimal lattice expansion (< 2%). This structurally resilient tunnel-oxide design provides a promising pathway for developing high-energy, practical divalent metal battery systems.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International
  

Keyword: Multivalent battery, Positive electrode, Low strain, Tunnel structure, Ion diffusion

Date published: 2026-04-28

Publisher: Wiley

Journal:

• Advanced Energy Materials (ISSN: 16146832) vol. 16 issue. 25 e71006

Funding:

• Light Metal Educational Foundation
• National Science Foundation 2138259
• National Science Foundation 2138286
• National Science Foundation 2138307
• National Science Foundation 2137603
• National Science Foundation 2138296
• Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.71006

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Updated at: 2026-07-08 11:52:25 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-07-08 14:26:12 +0900