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In this work, a controllable interconnected three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffold with surface micropatterning was fabricated. Nozzle-based Aerojet dispenser 3D printing was used to form printed ice as a fugitive ink combined with a freeze-drying method of gelatin/nano-silica/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and ice particulates to fabricate a composite scaffold with supporting properties. Several designs of printed ice were explored and the HUVECs' behavior on different surface patterns was analyzed. The results showed that HUVECs exhibited orientation adhesion and growth with a certain direction after 6 days of culture. The 3D-controlled interconnected porous scaffolds with surface micropatterning then were used for the 3D culture of hMSCs. The hMSCs analysis showed a facilitating effect for cell distribution and growth in the 3D composite scaffolds compared to the control scaffold without interconnected porous structure and surface micropatterning.

Rights:

• cc-by-nc-3.0
  

Keyword: surface micropatterning, interconnected porous structure, gelatin, nano-silica, PLGA, scaffold, bone tissue engineering

Date published: 2025-08-12

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Journal:

• RSC Advances (ISSN: 20462069) vol. 15 issue. 35 p. 28581-28591

Funding:

• Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 24K03289

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra02891d

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Updated at: 2025-09-09 16:30:23 +0900

Published on MDR: 2025-09-09 16:18:45 +0900