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The 3D microstructure of electrodeposited Li is essential for advancing Li-metal batteries because of the heterogeneous Li electrodeposition behaviors and complex phases within the electrode. However, high-resolution 3D imaging of large-scale features is challenging when using existing 3D characterization technologies. We employ Xe plasma focused-ion-beam-scanning electron microscopy for the high-resolution, large-volume 3D reconstructions of electrodeposited Li (50 nm per pixel and 200 μm in dimension). This approach can visualize metallic Li, pores, and individual Li particles, enabling a comprehensive statistical analysis of their distribution, volume, number, and shape. We identify distinct Li growth mechanisms at low and high current densities, with Li growth being predominant at 0.2 mA cm−2, while both Li growth and new nucleation occur simultaneously at ≥0.5 mA cm−2. This study improves our understanding of Li microstructure-performance relationships and provides an innovative method for electrode evaluation and optimization.

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• Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International
  

Keyword: Li metal, 3D microstructure

Date published: 2025-02-10

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Journal:

• Cell Reports Physical Science (ISSN: 26663864) 102439

Funding:

• Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJPF2016

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2025.102439

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Updated at: 2025-02-23 22:49:02 +0900

Published on MDR: 2025-02-23 22:49:02 +0900