Article Unveiling Electrolyte Design Principles for Sodium-Ion Batteries Using Combinatorial Electrochemistry and Machine Learning-Assisted Analysis

Manai Ono SAMURAI ORCID ; Misato Takahashi ; Ryo Tamura SAMURAI ORCID ; Shoichi Matsuda SAMURAI ORCID

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Manai Ono, Misato Takahashi, Ryo Tamura, Shoichi Matsuda. Unveiling Electrolyte Design Principles for Sodium-Ion Batteries Using Combinatorial Electrochemistry and Machine Learning-Assisted Analysis. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 2026, 9 (3), 1405-1411. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.5c03028

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(abstract)

To accelerate the development of high-performance electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), we systematically investigated the effects of three key parameters, NaFSI concentration, DMC/EMC ratio, and FEC content, on the performance of SIB using NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 and hard carbon as the positive and negative electrodes. A total of 132 electrolyte formulations were prepared using automated liquid handling, and their electrochemical performance was evaluated using multichannel full-cell measurements. Data-driven analysis employing machine learning revealed that NaFSI concentration plays the most critical role in enabling highly reversible charge–discharge behavior. Long-term cycling tests and interfacial composition analyses were further conducted to clarify the influence of electrolyte components on stability. Detailed studies focusing on high-NaFSI, FEC-containing electrolytes showed that EMC-rich formulations outperformed DMC-rich counterparts, maintaining Coulombic efficiencies over 99.6% even after 300 cycles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that these stable systems promote the formation of NaF-rich interphases on both electrodes. These findings provide valuable insights into electrolyte design strategies for durable and efficient SIBs and highlight the utility of high-throughput experimentation coupled with machine learning for electrolyte discovery.

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Keyword: sodium ion battery

Date published: 2026-02-09

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Journal:

  • ACS Applied Energy Materials (ISSN: 25740962) vol. 9 issue. 3 p. 1405-1411

Funding:

  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology JPMXP1121467561
  • Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJPF2016
  • National Institute for Materials Science

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

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First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.5c03028

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Updated at: 2026-02-13 16:30:18 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-02-13 14:13:28 +0900

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