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The energy–power trade-off in lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs) arises from sluggish oxygen (O2) transport in the porous positive electrode and pore clogging by lithium peroxide (Li2O2). While increasing porosity enhances electrolyte accessibility and Li2O2 storage, it also increases electrolyte demand, compromising the overall energy density of the cell and necessitating alternative strategies to boost power capabilities without sacrificing energy density. In this study, theoretical simulations of O2 transport reveal that reducing tortuosity by improving pore interconnectivity has a more significant impact on O2 transport than porosity itself. Based on this insight, a freestanding graphene-based electrode with a highly interconnected macroporous network is fabricated via a non-solvent-induced phase separation approach using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a carbon scaffold and polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a sacrificial porogen. The selective decomposition of PEO creates spatially interconnected macropores, effectively reducing tortuosity. The resulting electrode enables LOB cells to achieve >2500 mAh g−1 at 1.0 mA cm−2 under lean-electrolyte conditions. Stable cycling at 4 mAh cm−2 is maintained with only 3.25 g Ah−1 electrolyte, and high-rate performance persists over 90 cycles at 1.5 mA cm−2. This work demonstrates a robust strategy to simultaneously improve energy and power performance in practical LOBs through rational electrode architecture.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International
  

Keyword: lithium-oxygen battery

Date published: 2025-12-01

Publisher: Wiley

Journal:

• Advanced Science (ISSN: 21983844) vol. 13 issue. 9 e19091

Funding:

• Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJAL1301
• National Institute for Materials Science
• Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JP24K08590

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202519091

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Updated at: 2026-02-18 16:30:04 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-02-18 12:58:34 +0900