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Description:

Electronic quality of graphene has improved significantly over the past two decades, revealing novel exotic phenomena. However, even state-of-the-art devices exhibit substantial spatial charge fluctuations originating from charged defects inside encapsulating crystals, which limits their performance. Here, we overcome this issue by assembling devices where graphene is encapsulated with the other graphene layers while remaining electronically decoupled from them via large twist angle. Doping of the encapsulating graphene layer, introduces strong Coulomb screening which is maximised by the sub-nanometer distance between the layers, and reduces inhomogeneity at the neutrality point of the next layer down to a few carriers per macroscopic area of the device. As a result, our devices show Landau quantization at magnetic fields of 3-5 milli-Tesla, while quantum and transport mobilities exceeding 3x106 cm2V-1s-1 and (30-40)x106 cm2V-1s-1 correspondently. Our novel encapsulation approach can be applied to other two-dimensional systems, enabling further exploration of electronic properties in ultra-pure devices.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY-NC-ND Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
  

Keyword: twisted graphene
, Coulomb screening, Landau quantization

Date published: 2025-08-11

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Journal:

• Nature Communications (ISSN: 20411723) vol. 16 issue. 1 7389

Funding:

• Agency for Science, Technology and Research
• National Research Foundation Singapore

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62492-5

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Updated at: 2026-04-03 13:11:48 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-04-03 16:27:42 +0900