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Additive manufacturing of bulk metallic glasses using laser powder bed fusion is a challenging task, even for materials with a high glass-forming ability. This is due to the complex thermal history of the additively manufactured glass-forming materials, which are repeatedly heated upon laser processing of subsequent layers, leading to their devitrification. In this study, the influence of laser processing on the commercial Cu-based metallic glass AMLOY-CU01, having a reduced glass transition temperature Trg ∼0.44, has been systematically explored, incorporating high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies complemented by transmission electron microscopy. Despite the low Trg, both vitrified and devitrified states can be obtained. The findings reveal that phase composition is weakly correlated with porosity in the keyhole regime but shows a strong correlation in the lack of fusion regime. The stabilization of the nearly glassy state of the metallic glass is achieved within a laser energy density range of 11 J mm−3 ≤ e ≤ 25 J mm−3 and a normalized enthalpy range of 92 ≤ ΔH ≤ 239, correlating with moderate porosity values in the obtained samples. The current results provide insights into the fundamental understanding of phase formation in glass-forming materials synthesized by laser processing and pave the way for their engineering application.

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• Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International
  

  Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).

Keyword: Laser powder bed fusion, Metallic glass, Glass–crystalline composites, Metastable phase, Structural relaxation

Date published: 2025-04-11

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Journal:

• Journal of Alloys and Compounds (ISSN: 09258388) vol. 1026 p. 180339-180339 180339

Funding:

• German Federal Ministry for Education and Research 13XP5151 (LikeABone project)
• German Federal Ministry for Education and Research 57598551 (DAAD-CAPES cooperation project between Brazil and many)
• German Research Foundation INST 144/462–1 FUGG
• JSPS 24H01008 (KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for formative Research Areas (A), “Creation of Materials by Super Thermal Field: Neo-3D printing by Manipulating Atomic Arrangement through Giant Potential Gradient”)
• Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) JPMJCR2194 (CREST Nanomechanics: Elucidation of macroscale mechanical properties based on understanding nanoscale dynamics for innovative mechanical materials)

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.180339

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Updated at: 2026-01-05 15:12:57 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-01-06 08:19:15 +0900