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Nb3Sn remains an indispensable material for high-field applications, including fusion reactors, particle accelerators, and nuclear magnetic resonance systems, owing to its excellent manufacturability and high-field performance. Despite more than 70 years of research, its phase-formation mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated, leaving considerable scope for further performance improvement. This review summarizes recent advances in Nb3Sn conductor development from the perspectives of thermodynamics, diffusion kinetics, and elemental-addition strategies, with particular emphasis on phase formation during diffusion reactions. Key topics include control of the Sn chemical potential, diffusion behavior of Sn and Cu, Ti and Zn addition effects, grain-boundary chemistry, multielement addition strategies, and strengthening of the Sn core. The review provides a unified thermodynamic and kinetic framework for understanding and optimizing Nb3Sn layer formation.

Rights:

• Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International
  

Keyword: Nb3Sn, elemental addition, phase formation

Date published: 2026-08-01

Publisher: IOP Publishing

Journal:

• Superconductor Science and Technology (ISSN: 09532048) vol. 39 issue. 8 083002

Funding:

• Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JP23K04453

Manuscript type: Publisher's version (Version of record)

MDR DOI:

First published URL: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ae922b

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Updated at: 2026-08-24 09:53:39 +0900

Published on MDR: 2026-08-24 12:27:04 +0900