Probing the Flat-Band Limit of the Superconducting Proximity Effect in Twisted Bilayer Graphene Josephson Junctions

A. Díez-Carlón; J. Díez-Mérida; P. Rout; D. Sedov; P. Virtanen; S. Banerjee; R. P. S. Penttilä; P. Altpeter; K. Watanabe; T. Taniguchi; S.-Y. Yang; K. T. Law; T. T. Heikkilä; P. Törmä; M. S. Scheurer; D. K. Efetov

doi:10.1103/ccb4-tqxq

Journal article Probing the Flat-Band Limit of the Superconducting Proximity Effect in Twisted Bilayer Graphene Josephson Junctions

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A. Díez-Carlón, J. Díez-Mérida, P. Rout, D. Sedov, P. Virtanen, S. Banerjee, R. P. S. Penttilä, P. Altpeter, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, S.-Y. Yang, K. T. Law, T. T. Heikkilä, P. Törmä, M. S. Scheurer, D. K. Efetov. Probing the Flat-Band Limit of the Superconducting Proximity Effect in Twisted Bilayer Graphene Josephson Junctions. Physical Review X. 2025, 15 (4), 041033. https://doi.org/10.1103/ccb4-tqxq

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While extensively studied in normal metals, semimetals and semiconductors, the superconducting (SC) proximity effect remains elusive in the emerging field of flat-band systems. In this study we probe proximity-induced superconductivity in Josephson junctions (JJs) formed between superconducting NbTiN electrodes and twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) weak links. Here the TBG acts as a highly tunable topological flat-band system, which due to its twist-angle dependent bandwidth, allows to probe the SC proximity effect at the crossover from the dispersive to the flat-band limit. Contrary to our original expectations, we find that the SC remains strong even in the flat-band limit, and gives rise to broad, dome shaped SC regions, in the filling dependent phase diagram. In addition, we find that unlike in conventional JJs, the critical current Ic strongly deviates from a scaling with the normal state conductance GN. We attribute these findings to the onset of strong electron interactions, which can give rise to an excess critical current, and also work out the potential importance of quantum geometric terms as well as multiband pairing mechanisms. Our results present the first detailed study of the SC proximity effect in the flat-band limit and shed new light on the mechanisms that drive the formation of SC domes in flat-band systems.

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