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The transconductance g_m = dI_D/dV_G of a field-effect transistor (FET) is conventionally read as a proxy for carrier density. We show that it is instead a spectroscopic probe of the carrier distribution: because g_m weights the spectral current j(E) by the gate-voltage derivative ∂f(E)/∂V_G and integrates over energy, it is sensitive to the shape of f(E), not merely its integrated weight n. We develop an energy-resolved transport framework for two-dimensional (2D) FETs and, within a gate-independent spectral-kernel approximation, derive the decomposition g_m⁽ⁿ⁾ + g_m^(α) into the conventional density-modulation term g_m⁽ⁿ⁾ and a distribution-shape-driven term g_m^(α). The latter, obtained as the residual after subtracting the smooth density-modulation background from the measured g_m, exhibits a characteristic anomalous peak at a gate voltage V_G^pk. This peak has no counterpart in equilibrium transport and cannot be explained by carrier density modulation alone. With the spectral kernel calibrated, the peak position and height—extracted from standard dc/lock-in g_m sweeps—constrain the hot-carrier energy E₀, spectral width σ, and generation threshold n_c, realizing a steady-state, all-electrical spectroscopy of the carrier distribution. An optional time-resolved extension further recovers the carrier relaxation time τ from the transient response following a pump excitation, establishing the 2D FET as a distribution-function spectrometer that requires no optical readout.

権利情報:

• In Copyright
  

  ©2026 American Physical Society

キーワード: Hot-carrier transport, Transconductance spectroscopy, Two-dimensional semiconductors, Field-effect transistors, Nonequilibrium carrier distributions, Energy-resolved transport, Carrier relaxation dynamics

刊行年月日: 2026-09-30

出版者: American Physical Society (APS)

掲載誌:

• Physical Review Applied (ISSN: 23317019) vol. 26 issue. 3 034075

研究助成金:

• JSPS KAKENHI JP25K01609
• JSPS KAKENHI JP22H05473
• JSPS KAKENHI JP21H01019

原稿種別: 著者最終稿 (Accepted manuscript)

MDR DOI: https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.8661

公開URL: https://doi.org/10.1103/fm13-kghl

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更新時刻: 2026-10-15 14:08:00 +0900

MDRでの公開時刻: 2026-10-15 16:29:42 +0900