Black-box optimization using factorization and Ising machines

Ryo Tamura; Yuya Seki; Yuki Minamoto; Koki Kitai; Yoshiki Matsuda; Shu Tanaka; Koji Tsuda

doi:10.1063/5.0275450

ジャーナル論文 Black-box optimization using factorization and Ising machines

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Ryo Tamura, Yuya Seki, Yuki Minamoto, Koki Kitai, Yoshiki Matsuda, Shu Tanaka, Koji Tsuda. Black-box optimization using factorization and Ising machines. Applied Physics Reviews. 2026, 13 (2), 021307. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0275450

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(abstract)

Black-box optimization (BBO) is used in materials design, drug discovery, and hyperparameter tuning in machine learning. The world is experiencing several of these problems. In this review, a factorization machine with quantum annealing or with quadratic-optimization annealing (FMQA) algorithm to realize fast computations of BBO using Ising machines (IMs) is discussed. The FMQA algorithm uses a factorization machine (FM) as a surrogate model for BBO. The FM model can be directly transformed into a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization model that can be solved using IMs. This makes it possible to optimize the acquisition function in BBO, which is a difficult task using conventional methods without IMs. Consequently, it has the advantage of handling large BBO problems. To be able to perform BBO with the FMQA algorithm immediately, we introduce the FMQA algorithm along with Python packages to run it. In addition, we review examples of applications of the FMQA algorithm in various fields, including physics, chemistry, materials science, and social sciences. These successful examples include binary and integer optimization problems, as well as more general optimization problems involving graphs, networks, and strings, using a binary variational autoencoder. We believe that BBO using the FMQA algorithm will become a key technology in IMs including quantum annealers.

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