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National Institute for Materials Science

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[Functionally Graded Materials 1998　Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials (pp.3-261)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/c97bf75b-5860-4002-a69b-59b6ed39154a)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 3-10 第5回傾斜機能材料国際シンポジウムに関する報告 Technical Resume of the 5th International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials B. IlschnerFGM'98, Dresden, Session of Closure, October 29,1998 Lausanne, Switzerland Email: b. ilschner@bluewin.ch B. IlschnerFGM'98, Dresden, Session of Closure, October 29,1998 Lausanne, Switzerland Email: b. ilschner@bluewin.ch  The rich scientific substance of this symposium is the sum of 103 oral presentations, the one-day workshop, 125 poster presentations and the wealth of discussions which were stimulated by these presentations. In a brief final statement like this, based on personal impressions collected during the conference, obviously one cannot expect more than a tentative description of essential trends. As all participants have their share in advancing the state of knowledge on FGM, it would also be injust to highlight a few names-hence we refrain from mentioning any names here. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 13-18 粉末積層による傾斜機能材料製造の包括的側面 General Aspects of FGM Fabrication by Powder Stacking 1. U. Leushake, 2. A. N. Winter, B. H. Rabin and 3. B. A. Corff1. DLR-German Aerospace Research Center, Institute of Materials Research, Cologne, Germany 2. Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2218, USA 3. Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Eng., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA 1. U. Leushake, 2. A. N. Winter, B. H. Rabin and 3. B. A. Corff1. DLR-German Aerospace Research Center, Institute of Materials Research, Cologne, Germany 2. Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2218, USA 3. Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Eng., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA  Our paper describes the general principles behind the fabrication of graded composites produced through powder stacking techniques. Both metal and ceramic systems are addressed. The complex interdependence of many processing variables makes production of graded composites challenging. Variables include relative green density, sintering start temperature, sintering rate and total linear shrinkage. The tools available to make adjustments are particle size distribution, additives, compaction pressure, and consolidation method.       The goal of the paper is to provide the scientist with a basic introduction to the problems of FGM fabrication. The outlined approaches can be used as a guideline for developing a new processing route or improving an existing one. Each composite system is unique in its processing and microstructural requirements. However, the ideas presented here are applicable to any PM system. The approach is based on accepted fundamental sintering behavior concepts and experimental observations made during numerous fabrication studies. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 19-24 組成傾斜多相充填配列のパーコレーション制御のための単径粒子の組立 Assembling of Mono-Sized Particles for the Percolation Control of Composition Graded Multi-Phase Packing Arrangements 渡辺龍三,  市来浩一, 葉山知徳, 川崎亮東北大学大学院工学研究科　材料加工プロセス専攻〒980-8579　宮城県仙台市青葉区荒巻字青葉１－１ R. Watanabe, K. Ichiki, T. Hayama and A. KawasakiDept. Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Sendai 980-8579, Japan  A particle assembling apparatus was devised, in which individual single particles are positioned at the allotted sites on an ordered lattice according to a given configuration pattern. The apparatus consists of particle conveying arm with a suction tip for holding a single particle, three stock pallets for three kinds of particles, and a configuration pallet. The software that drives mechanical motions of the conveying arm and the suction tip was so designed that the movement of the individual parts follows without delay to the electronic signal guided by the computer program. The particles stocked in the stock pallets are picked up one by one with a suction tip and conveyed to the configuration pallet to be laid on the pre-designed sites. The arranged two dimensional particle array is then stacked layer by layer in a packing bucket to form a three dimensional cubical arrangement. Three stock pallets for three different kinds of particles, and ten thousands of configuration sites are available. One arrangement cycle needs several seconds, depending on the manipulating speed of the mechanical parts. Packing arrangements of three kinds of balls with a diameter of 1 mm were well fabricated by the present apparatus, and various types of percolation and graded structures have been realized. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 25-30 傾斜機能材料加工のための振動により誘発された粒子偏析の調査 Investigations of Vibration Induced Particle Segregation for the Processing of FGM F. Muecklich 1, S. Beinstingel 1 and W. Arnold 21 Saarland University, Department of Materials Science, Functional Materials, P. O. Box 151 150, DE-66041 Saarbruecken, Germany 2 Fraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing, Saarbruecken, Germany F. Muecklich 1, S. Beinstingel 1 and W. Arnold 21 Saarland University, Department of Materials Science, Functional Materials, P. O. Box 151 150, DE-66041 Saarbruecken, Germany 2 Fraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing, Saarbruecken, Germany  The processing principles of gradient materials in a mesoscopic scale by using controlled segregation of particles was investigated. The essential vibration induced driving forces are the size differences of the particles and their differences in the specific density. Higher particle size ratios lead to higher segregation velocities. Beyond specific upper and lower limits of vibration acceleration no segregation could be found, but maximum velocity could be found within these limits. Maximum migration velocities of up to 10mm/sec were measured for size ratios of 10 applying vertical vibration of 8g. The smaller the particle bed, the higher the optimum vibration frequency for maximum segregation velocity. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 31-35 ニュートン流体および粘弾性流体中の多分散粒子システムの重力沈降による傾斜パターンの調整に関する流体力学的効果の影響 The Influence of Hydrodynamic Effects on the Adjustment of Gradient Patterns through Gravity Sedimentation of Polydisperse Particle Systems in Newtonian and Viscoelastic Fluids R. Bernhardt 1, F. Meyer-Olbersleben 1 and B. Kieback 1,21 Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Materials Research, Dresden, Germany 2 University of Technology Dresden, Germany R. Bernhardt 1, F. Meyer-Olbersleben 1 and B. Kieback 1,21 Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Materials Research, Dresden, Germany 2 University of Technology Dresden, Germany  Gravity sedimentation of different metal and non metal powder systems has been examined as a conception for the manufacturing of gradient materials. By using the different settling behaviour of various powder fractions the sedimentation is a plain technology to achieve gradient structures.      It was found that the investigation on fluid mechanic problems in Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids during the settling of polydisperse powder particles are substantial to obtain desired gradient sediments. Unlike dilute suspensions the particle settling behaviour in viscoelastic fluids can not only be modified by choosing particle and fluid properties but also by the adjustment of particle-fluid interactions. In many experiments it was figured out that the initial distribution of particles before sedimentation can also be used to change the final sediment structure. For a better understanding of particle interactions and fluid problems, various simulation techniques were applied to reflect on the nature of these complex phenomena.      At selected Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids the particle settling behaviour and the forming of gradient sediments under different conditions will be lighted up. Results of microstructure analysis after compaction and sintering of the final sediments will be given. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 36-40 PSZ-SUS　304傾斜機能ディスクの製造 Fabrication of PSZ-SUS 304 Functionally Graded Disk 小林弘旺産業技術短期大学　661-0047　兵庫県尼崎市西昆陽1-27-1 H. KobayashiCollege of Industrial Technology, 1-27-1, Nisikoya, Amagasaki 661-0047, Japan  The fabrication of PSZ-SUS304 functionally graded disks has been investigated by powder stacking and pressureless sintering processes in a vacuum. PSZ, mixed PSZ and SUS304, and SUS304 powders with both a binder and a deflocculant were laminated into a mold, and then were compacted by the vibration pressing method under a pressure of 100 MPa. Green specimens were sintered pressurelessly for one hour in a vacuum at 1623 K. Functionally graded disks fabricated from multilayers with the composition of PSZ, 65 mass% PSZ-35 mass% SUS304, 60 mass% PSZ-40 mass% SUS304, 40 mass% PSZ-60 mass% SUS304 and SUS304, or with the compositions close to these were free from cracks and warps. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 41-46 Ni/Al2O3傾斜機能材料のP/M製造についての理解 Understanding the P/M Fabrication of Ni/Al2O3 Functionally Graded Materials Yi Li and A. ZavaliangosDepartment of Materials Engineering Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA19010, USA Yi Li and A. ZavaliangosDepartment of Materials Engineering Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA19010, USA  P/M is an attractive and versatile route for fabrication of FGMs, because it affords the opportunity for compositional and microstructural control. In addition, since it is performed at relatively low temperatures it results in lower residual stresses than gas or liquid phase processing. In this work, Ni/Al2O3 homogeneous Ni-Al2O3 mixtures and FGMs are densified by conventional cold pressing followed by sintering in order to study and quantify the sintering response of mixed compositions in terms of volume fraction and relative size of the two constituent powders. These results should be useful in the development of theoretical models of densification of composite powder mixtures. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 47-52 遮熱材料としてのMo-Si3N4系不連続傾斜複合材料 Discontinuously Graded Composites of Mo-Si3N4 as Thermal Barrier Materials B. Saruhan, W. Luxem, M. Bartsch, M. Schmucker and H. SchneiderGerman Aerospace Centre, Institute of Materials Research, DE-51 147 Koln, Germany B. Saruhan, W. Luxem, M. Bartsch, M. Schmucker and H. SchneiderGerman Aerospace Centre, Institute of Materials Research, DE-51 147 Koln, Germany  Mo-Si3N4 functionally graded composites with 6 layers (each layer being app. 100-130micro meter thick) were processed using powder mixtures and hot-pressing at 1750deg.C. The Mo/Si3N4-ratios of the layers were chosen as 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100.      After hot-pressing, the FGM displayed channel cracks (normal to layer direction) at the second layer. However, no crack propagation into the 100Mo/0Si3N4-layer and into the Si3N4-rich layers was observed.      Comprehensive microstructure and phase analysis showed, that except for the 100Mo/0Si3N4-layer, no metallic Mo was present in the other layers, indicating extensive reaction between Mo and Si3N4 to form various compounds and phases of MoxSiy. Above approximately 30% Si3N4 content, part of Si3N4 could be maintained. Below this content, Si3N4 disintegrated completely, yielding N2-evaporation and producing a porous microstructure.       Although MoxSiy-phases alone display brittle fracture behaviour and reduced crack resistance if compared with Si3N4, they exhibited appropriate crack deflection mechanisms in the layers where they coexisted with Si3N4: Cracks initiated by Vickers indenture were deflected and/or arrested at the phase boundaries. Also, crack energy was consumed through microcrack formation and opening in the MoxSiy-Phases. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 53-58 純粋WC/Mo傾斜機能材料 Pure WC/Mo Functionally Graded Materials 大森守,  T. Kakita, 大久保昭, 平井敏雄東北大学　金属材料研究所　980-8577　宮城県仙台市青葉区片平２丁目１－１ M. Omori, T. Kakita, A. Okubo and T. HiraiInst. for Materials Research, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan  Pure WC powders were sintered by spark plasma system (SPS). The hardness and toughness of the WC body were 24 GPa and 6 MPa・m1/2, respectively. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) were fabricated from WC and Mo powders using SPS by stacking layers consisting of a different ratio of WC and Mo powders. Two layers of a mixture of WC and Mo powders inserted between WC and Mo layers were sufficient to relax residual stress based on the thermal expansion mismatch of WC and Mo. At room temperature toughness of the WC layer was decreased along the periphery of disk samples near the edge, but increased inside the sample. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 59-64 粉末冶金コーティング技術による傾斜高多孔質マイクロフィルター Graded High-Porous Microfilters by Powder Metallurgical Coating Techniques D. Prinz 1, V. Arnhold 2, H.-P. Buchkremer 1, A. Kuhstoss 2, P. Neumann 2 and D. Stover 11 Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Werkstoffe und Verfahren der Energietechnik 1, DE-52425 Julich, Germany 2 GKN Sinter Metals Krebsoge GmbH, DE-42477 Radevormwald, Germany D. Prinz 1, V. Arnhold 2, H.-P. Buchkremer 1, A. Kuhstoss 2, P. Neumann 2 and D. St嘛er 11 Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Werkstoffe und Verfahren der Energietechnik 1, DE-52425 Julich, Germany 2 GKN Sinter Metals Krebsoge GmbH, DE-42477 Radevormwald, Germany  Powder metallurgical (PM) filters are used for an increasing number of applications in the field of chemical industry or process engineering due to some specific advantages including low-cost fabricability. In general, low pressure drop as well as high permeability are required for the filters, but these requirements are difficult to fulfill for microfilters. One possibility to overcome this difficulty is to produce a graded filter structure. A high-porous material offering good permeability is used as a substrate on which thin layers with lower and finer porosities are applied. By coating the substrate with several layers, a graded transition to a pore size of less than one micron can be realized. Different processes to produce such a graded filter structure are described in this paper. By optimizing the processing, a multi layer structure with a thickness of less than 50 micrometers for each layer could be achieved. Homogeneous multi layer structures demand special requirements in the sintering process. Properties such as porosity, pore size distribution and permeability of the sintered systems were measured by various testing methods. The influence of the coating parameters, e.g. coating deposition rate and grain size distribution of the initial powder on these properties is discussed. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 65-70 炭化ケイ素-炭化チタン複合材料を用いた三次元組成傾斜焼結材料製造のための新しいコンセプト A New Concept for Manufacturing Sintered Materials with a Three Dimensional Composition Gradient Using a Silicon Carbide - Titanium Carbide Composite Ch. Sand, J. Adler and R. LenkFraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Sintered Materials IKTS Dresden, Winterbergstraァe 28, DE-01277 Dresden, Germany Ch. Sand, J. Adler and R. LenkFraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Sintered Materials IKTS Dresden, Winterbergstraァe 28, DE-01277 Dresden, Germany  A new concept for manufacturing of components with a variable three dimensional graded composition using a powder metallurgical method will be presented.       The concept is based on xyz-positioned extruding of a thermoplastic ceramic powder-binder mixture (feedstock) by MJS (Multiphase Jet Solidification) processing. By the modification of the volume flows of the two initial feedstocks and their following homogenization the desired local composition is achieved. Subsequently, the component is dewaxed and sintered.       Basically the build-up of 3D-graded sintered parts depends on the following prerequisites:      - Cofiring has to be possible. Both initial compounds should achieve the full density at the same sintering temperature.       - The shrinkage behaviour of the two initial mixtures has to correspond to each other; this is realized by a uniform green density.       - For problem-free extrusion both of the feedstocks and their mixtures have to possess the same thermoplastic behaviour.       The results of manufacturing 3D-gradient components obtained so far will be presented using the example of silicon carbide-titanium carbide composites. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 71-76 傾斜繊維含量を持つ連続マグネシウム/炭素繊維複合材料のための製造プロセス Fabrication Process for Continuous Magnesium/Carbon-Fibre Composites with Graded Fibre Content W. Schaff, M. Hagenbruch, C. Korner and R. F. SingerUniversity of Erlangen, Department of Materials Science (WTM), DE-91058 Erlangen, Germany W. Schaff, M. Hagenbruch, C. Korner and R. F. SingerUniversity of Erlangen, Department of Materials Science (WTM), DE-91058 Erlangen, Germany  A process has been developed which allows the adjustment of fibre volume fraction in a range from 30 to 60 vol.-% for unidirectionally long fibre reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). An impregnation method with a water-particle suspension is used to introduce ceramic particles as spacers in a carbon fibre roving. The amount of particles and the resulting fibre volume fraction can be varied by changing process, tooling and material parameters. The main parameters influencing the fibre volume fraction are the roving winding speed, the particle concentration and particle size. After fabrication the fibre preforms are infiltrated by a gas pressure infiltration technique with the magnesium alloy AM20 and characterised mechanically (Young modulus, tensile and bending strength) as well as physically (thermal expansion). In conclusion a locally fibre reinforced shaped part with a graded fibre content is presented. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 77-82 セラミック傾斜機能材料のエキサイマーレーザー処理 Excimer Laser Processing of Ceramic-Based Functionally Graded Materials 内田敬久、山田諄、古橋秀夫、渡辺茂男、林二一、比嘉俊太郎、内田悦行愛知工業大学　470-0392　愛知県豊田市八草町八千草１２４７ Y. Uchida, J. Yamada, H. Furuhashi, S. Watanabe, N. Hayashi, S. Higa and Y. UchidaAichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0392, Japan  The production method of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) and characteristics of FGMs in laser processing is described. FGMs were produced by a progressive lamination method. This method is useful in producing thick blocks of FGMs.       From images of FGM sections taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), it was observed that grains of the two component materials existed together and that the distribution of the respective grain types were graded continuously throughout the sample thickness. For the laser processing, an XeCl excimer laser with a wavelength of 308nm, a maximum pulse energy of 500mJ and a pulse duration of 30ns was used. Characteristics of the FGMs in laser processing were estimated. Saturation characteristics of the hole-depth were observed for a specific range of laser pulse numbers. It was found that characteristics of the laser processing velocity depended on the ceramic-metal content of the FGMs. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 83-88 放電プラズマ焼結で作製した大型セラミック/金属バルクFGMの開発 Development of Large-Size Ceramic/Metal Bulk FGM Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering 鴇田正雄住友石炭鉱業(株) M. TokitaSumitomo Coal Mining Company, Ltd., Technical Development Division Research and Development Department Tokyo, Japan  Large-size ceramic/metal bulk FGMs have been fabricated on a recently developed and world's largest Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) system. According to the development program for practical production processes and machines for FGMs by SPS, the processes, mechanical properties, dimensional size and shape effects, and production machine systems were investigated.       A disk-shaped sintered compact with a diameter of 100mm and thickness of approximately 17mm ZrO2 (3Y)/stainless steel FGM was homogeneously consolidated in a shorter sintering time, while maintaining high quality and repeatability by utilizing temperature gradient sintering method. The SPS heating-up and holding time totalled less than one hour. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 89-94 電気泳動蒸着法による傾斜セラミック材料の形成 Forming of a Gradient Ceramic Material by Electrophoretic Deposition A. Borner, R. Herbig, M. Mangler and G. TomandlFreiberg University of Mining and Technology, Institute of Ceramic Materials, DE-09596 Freiberg, Germany A. Borner, R. Herbig, M. Mangler and G. TomandlFreiberg University of Mining and Technology, Institute of Ceramic Materials, DE-09596 Freiberg, Germany  Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of ceramic particles from aqueous suspensions was used to prepare a gradient material in the system Al2O3 - ZrO2.       Different powders dispersed in aqueous media show different electrokinetic behaviour and should be deposited according to their mobility ratio. Electrolyte additions change the magnitude of surface charges, thereby determining the electrophoretic mobility. When adding commercial polyelectrolytes to the suspensions prepared in this study, a higher mobility was found for alumina than for zirconia particles.       During the deposition process the concentration ratio in the suspension changes in favour of zirconia. The concentration of alumina at the electrode side of the layer exceeds that of the suspension side. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 95-100 電気泳動法により形成した傾斜摩擦材料 Graded Tribological Materials Formed by Electrophoresis C. Zhao, J. Vleugels, L. Vandeperre, B. Basu and O. Van Der BiestDepartment of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, De Croylaan 2, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium C. Zhao, J. Vleugels, L. Vandeperre, B. Basu and O. Van Der BiestDepartment of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, De Croylaan 2, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium  The possibility to manufacture materials with a functional gradient of mechanical properties such as hardness, toughness and wear resistance by electrophoresis is investigated. Y-TZP/Ce-TZP and Al2O3/Ce-TZP functionally graded composites were processed by electrophoretic deposition and pressureless sintering in air. The resulting composites show a continuous variation in composition and microstructure. The Vickers hardness was found to increase continuously from the Ce-TZP side to the other side, whereas the indentation fracture toughness decreases along the same direction. In the Ce-TZP/Y-TZP FGM, the hardness increases from 10 to 12 GPa, whereas the toughness decreases from 10 to 3 MPa root -m from the Ce-TZP to Y-TZP side. In the Al2O3/Ce-TZP FGM, the hardness increases from 10 to 14.5 GPa, and the toughness decreases from 13 to 2 MPa root-m from the Ce-TZP side to Al2O3 side. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 101-106 ポリエチレン傾斜材料、製造と特性 Polyethylene Gradient Material, Processing and Properties K. Schulte and A. PoeppelPolymer & Composites Section, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, DE-21071 Hamburg, Germany K. Schulte and A. PoeppelPolymer & Composites Section, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, DE-21071 Hamburg, Germany  This paper presents the successful development and manufacture of polyethylene gradient material and polyethylene fibre/polyethylene matrix composites with superior mechanical properties. PE-samples with a gradient in molecular weight (MW) and polyethylene / polyethylene composites were characterised by light microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), microhardness measurement and tensile tests. The influence of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution (MWD), the morphology, the manufacturing and the properties of the composites were studied. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 107-112 integral-skin-foamの密度構造形成の解析とシミュレーション Analysis and Simulation of Density Structure Formation in Integral-Skin-Foams H. Ehbing and W. MichaeliInstitute of Plastics Processing, RWTH Aachen, DE-52056 Aachen, Germany H. Ehbing and W. MichaeliInstitute of Plastics Processing, RWTH Aachen, DE-52056 Aachen, Germany  Due to a local varying release of blowing agent polymer integral-skin-foams have a graded density structure. This sandwich structure leads to good specific mechanical properties in relation to the weight of the moulded part. Applications are housings and automotive components.       So far the technical design of the foaming process is made by means of empirical methods ("trial and error"). Therefore, the influence of the process parameters on the density structure has been investigated. E.g. it was shown that by increasing the amount of foaming agent or by decreasing the mould temperature the sandwich profile becomes more distinct. Hence, the foamed parts have a higher stiffness in bending. Since the common methods for analysing density distributions are time-consuming, a new measurement process has been introduced based on image processing. The results show a good correlation to density values which have been obtained by the common methods.       Taking into account the experimental results, a model for the density formation has been developed. Subsequently it has been embedded in a FEA-code. With the help of this program the foam formation and the final density distribution in the foam can be calculated depending on process parameters. The measured results confirm the calculations. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 113-120 樹脂マトリックス中での傾斜を伴う繊維-強化ラミネート Fibre-Reinforced Laminates with a Gradient in Resin Matrix Ch. Uhlig 1, E. Fliedner-Dimke 1, H. Goering 1, J. Bauer 1, M. Bauer 1, H. Queck 2 and H. Frenzel 21 Fraunhofer-Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, Branch Lab Polymeric Materials and Composites, Kantstr. 55, DE-14513 Teltow, Germany 2 Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, DE-01069 Dresden, Germany Ch. Uhlig 1, E. Fliedner-Dimke 1, H. Goering 1, J. Bauer 1, M. Bauer 1, H. Queck 2 and H. Frenzel 21 Fraunhofer-Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, Branch Lab Polymeric Materials and Composites, Kantstr. 55, DE-14513 Teltow, Germany 2 Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, DE-01069 Dresden, Germany  Using the hot press laminating technique gradient laminates have been realised with a cyanate ester matrix resin modified by a carboxyl terminated liquid rubber of graded amount in the direction normal to the fibre. It is shown, that the structure of the gradient after the hot press laminating process can be analysed using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA).       There is a distinct influence of such gradients on the laminate damage tolerance. So far only gradient laminates with a non-symmetric distribution have been realised (one-sided gradient laminate), however, the optimum gradient design for a maximum damage tolerance seems to be the double-sided gradient laminate. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 123-127 SHS製品の衝撃負荷での傾斜構造の形成 Formation of Graded Structures upon Shock Loading of SHS Products Yu. A. GordopolovInstitute of Structural Microkinetics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences Chernogolovka, Moscow, RU-142432 Russia Yu. A. GordopolovInstitute of Structural Microkinetics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences Chernogolovka, Moscow, RU-142432 Russia  The formation of graded structures under shock wave loading of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) products heated with the energy of a chemical reaction has been studied in the Ti + C and Ti + Si systems. The principal possibility of production of various graded ceramic materials by this method is shown. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 128-131 金属-酸化物システム中での傾斜材料のSHS SHS a Gradient Materials in the Metal-Oxide Systems V. I. Yukhvid, V. N. Sanin and A. G. MerzhanovInstitute of Structural Macrokinetics of Russian Academy of Sciences Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, RU-142432 Russia V. I. Yukhvid, V. N. Sanin and A. G. MerzhanovInstitute of Structural Macrokinetics of Russian Academy of Sciences Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, RU-142432 Russia  The chemical transformation can be realized for a wide range of high-calorific mixtures of metal oxides with aluminum and/or non-metals using frontal combustion. Combustion products of such mixtures are the high-temperature melt of oxides and metals (or compounds of metals). It is possible to form various structures of solid materials from such melts during post-process cooling. These possibilities are demonstrated in the present paper on examples of systems: Nb2O5-Al, NiO-Al, TiO2-NiO-Al-C, etc. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 134-139 高衝撃耐性金属 - セラミックFGMの製造 Production of Metal - Ceramic FGM with High Resistance to Impacts I. P. Borovinskaya  and A.N. PityulinInstitute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, RU-142432 Russia I. P. Borovinskaya  and A.N. PityulinInstitute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, RU-142432 Russia  A shortcoming of modern metal-ceramic hard alloys is low shock viscosity, limiting their application. Novel materials, based on TiC-Ni and TiC-Cr3C2-Ni with asymmetrical gradient Ni distribution through thickness have been produced by application of SHS pressing. Plates with dimensions of 70x70x7 mm have been synthesized. Production modes have been optimized and structure and properties have been investigated. It is shown that the structure and components of the plates are true to FGM type, with one plate surface having high hardness and wear-resistance and the other consisting of pure Ni with Ni content varying gradually into the plate.       Resistance to impact has been studied with conventional equipment at various impact velocities. Plates made of corresponding homogeneous alloys served as control.       According to the results of experiments, it is confirmed that resistance to impacts of the metal-ceramic FGM is 30 - 40 % higher than that of homogeneous alloys. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 140-144 傾斜機能金属基材複合材料の反応ホットプレス Reactive Hot Pressing of Functional Graded Metal Matrix Composites H.J. Brinkman, J. Duszczyk and L. KatgermanLaboratory of Materials Science, Delft University of Technology, Rotterdamseweg 137, NE-2628 AL Delft, The Nertherlands H.J. Brinkman, J. Duszczyk and L. KatgermanLaboratory of Materials Science, Delft University of Technology, Rotterdamseweg 137, NE-2628 AL Delft, The Nertherlands  Reactive synthesis in the volume combustion mode is combined with hot consolidation to produce metal matrix composite (MMC) materials with a gradient in reinforcement volume fraction between surface and bulk. The Reactive Hot-Pressing (RHP) methodology used in this work allows the synthesized material to flow during the transient liquid phase. It is investigated whether this flow can be used to produce composites with a curved gradient and a high volume fraction of reinforcements at the surface and a low, or unreinforced bulk. Results show that at this stage of the process development curved gradients are possible to produce but the control over the resulting structure has to be improved. As a model system the reactive synthesis of aluminum matrix composites from elemental powders by the reaction Al + x (Ti + 2B) = Al - TiB2 + heat (x = 0, 10, 30, 50 vol%) is used. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 145-150 SHS/動的擬等方圧縮法による、ダイヤモンド分散TiB2-Si複合材料の傾斜化 Graded Material of Diamond Dispersed TiB2-Si Composite by SHS/Dynamic Pseudo Isostatic Compaction 1 大柳満之, 辻上哲也, S. Sugahara2 小泉光恵3 E. A. Levashov4 I. P. Borovinskaya1 龍谷大学　ハイテクリサーチセンター2 龍谷大学　龍谷エクステンションセンター3 Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute, Russia 4 Institute of Structural Macrokinetic Academy of Science, Russia M. Ohyanagi 1, T. Tsujikami 1, S. Sugahara 1, M. Koizumi 2, E. A. Levashov 3 and I. P. Borovinskaya 41 High-tech Research Center, Ryukoku University, Japan 2 REC, Ryuokoku University, Japan 3 Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute, Russia 4 Institute of Structural Macrokinetic Academy of Science, Russia  A graded dispersion of diamond in TiB2/Si cermet (90vol% diamond layer/diamond graded dispersed layers/matrix) was achieved by dynamic pseudo isostatic compaction (DPIC) just after self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS). The DPIC was performed using commercial casting sand as the pressure transmitting medium for the densification of the cermet. The process enabled to simultaneously synthesize and densify the cermet matrix within a few minutes. Diamond (an average particle size, approximately 30 micrometers) mixed with the reactant was fixed in the matrix produced after the SHS. The maximum combustion temperatures were controlled to be approximately 2000 K to prevent the diamond to graphite transformation. The diamond particles were found to be strongly fixed in the matrix even after lapping with a diamond abrasive by SEM. A simple calculation of residual stress based on the graded volume ratio of diamond in the matrix was also performed. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 151-156 傾斜気孔率を持つSHS材料 SHS Materials of Graded Porosity I. P. Borovinskaya, A. G. Merzhanov and V. I. UvarovInstitute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences Chernogolovka, Moscow region, RU-142432 Russia I. P. Borovinskaya, A. G. Merzhanov and V. I. UvarovInstitute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences Chernogolovka, Moscow region, RU-142432 Russia  Parameters for manufacturing some SHS ceramic materials with graded porosity and their filtration characteristics are presented.       By using SHS technique, a number of unique porous structures can be produced. Due to low coefficient of pore tortuosity (characteristic for these materials), efficiency of gas and liquid ultrafiltration through the surface unit remarkably increases. SHS is also advantageous due to possibility of one-step production of a graded filter (selective layer strongly adhering with the substrate). Dependence of SHS product porosity on that for the initial green mixture pellets at varying particle size of nonmelting green mixture component has been studied. Optimum green mixture compositions for producing porous structures that can be used as a membrane selective layer and a strong substrate have been found.       SHS filter characteristics are similar to those of the best ceramic filters. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 157-162 非円筒状気孔度の自発含浸：大型気孔 Spontaneous Infiltration of Non-Cylindrical Porosity: Large Pores J. L. Hilden and K. P. TrumbleSchool of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA J. L. Hilden and K. P. TrumbleSchool of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA  Spontaneous infiltration of molten metal alloys into porous, particulate ceramic preforms is becoming a popular process for producing ceramic-metal composites. Due to the non-cylindrical shape of pores, spontaneous infiltration typically requires a critical wettability corresponding to contact angles much less than 90 degree, depending on particle packing and other particle characteristics. Even when spontaneous infiltration occurs, however, it may not be complete in real preforms, which contain non-uniform porosity distributions and packing defects. Indeed, model experiments on spontaneous infiltration of preforms containing large spherical pores indicate that large pores are not filled due to non-cylindrical geometry effects. Numerical modeling using Suface Evolver shows that pressures on the order of only 0.5 atm are required to force a liquid having theta=30 degree and gamma1v=1 N/m to engulf the surface and fill large pores bound by 5 micrometer particles. The calculations are in good agreement with the experimental result that 1 atm pressure applied after vacuum infiltration was sufficient to fill the large pores. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 163-168 金属-セラミックFGMの含浸加工 Infiltration Processing of Metal-Ceramic FGM's F. Stromberger, R. Jedamzik, A. Neubrand and J. RodelDarmstadt University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Petersenstr. 23, DE-64287 Darmstadt, Germany F. Stromberger, R. Jedamzik, A. Neubrand and J. RodelDarmstadt University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Petersenstr. 23, DE-64287 Darmstadt, Germany  Graded alumina preforms were fabricated replicating the pore structure of carbon and polyurethane soft foams with porosity gradients. Continuous gradients from 20 to 70% porosity with pore sizes down to a few micro m were produced by position dependent anodic dissolution of hard coal. Alternatively, a stepwise porosity gradient was introduced in polyurethane soft foams by stacking foam layers compressed by different factors. In this way gradients from 2.4% to 60% open porosity with ligaments of 40-100 micrometer size were retained. Infiltrating the porosity graded preforms with alumina slips, burnout of the organic component, sintering and metal infiltration of the resulting alumina preforms yielded dense composites with graded interpenetrating network microstructure. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 169-174 含浸処理で作製された二重スケールセラミック-金属傾斜複合材料の微細構造および硬度の相互関係 Microstructure-Hardness Correlation in Graded, Dual-Scale Ceramic-Metal Composites Produced Via Infiltration Processing F. R. Cichocki, Jr. and K. P. TrumbleSchool of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA F. R. Cichocki, Jr. and K. P. TrumbleSchool of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA  A new processing technique, based on the colloidal infiltration of polymer sponges has been used to systematically vary gradient design. Polyurethane sponges (molded to contain a gradient in pore volume) were infiltrated with Al2O3 slurry and subsequently fired to produce ceramic components with graded porosity. Partial sintering led to a bimodal porosity distribution in the preform, and subsequent melt infiltration with a wetting Cu-O alloy produced a dual-scale composite microstructure. Vickers indentation has been used for hardness profiling. Measured hardness values have been fit to a modified rule of mixtures to develop an expression relating hardness to ceramic volume fraction. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 175-180 傾斜機能サーメットの合成技術 A Technique of Elaboration of Functionally Graded Cermets G. Kapelski and A. VarloteauxInstitut National Polytechnique de Grenoble/Genie Physique et Mecanique des Materiaux, UJF, ESA 5010 ENSPG, BP 46, FR-38402 Saint Martin d'Heres, France G. Kapelski and A. VarloteauxInstitut National Polytechnique de Grenoble/Genie Physique et Mecanique des Materiaux, UJF, ESA 5010 ENSPG, BP 46, FR-38402 Saint Martin d'Heres, France  Our first results concerning the elaboration of Functionally Graded Cermets (FGC) are presented. The studied material is an alumina matrix with a SnPb alloy graded fraction.       In a first step, an unidirectional gradient of graphite volume fraction in alumina is obtained by sedimentation of a mixing of the alumina and graphite powders. Then, during the sintering stage, the graphite burns and acts as porosity inducing element. Finally, the FGC is obtained by pressure infiltration of a molten SnPb alloy into the graded porosity of the alumina preform.       The distribution of the SnPb alloy through the composite is characterised by SEM observations and microhardness tests. From a qualitative point of view, the shape of the gradients in the sample, deduced from the hardness measurements, agree with a simple simulation of the graphite gradient in the alumina deposit, based on Stockes law. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 181-186 傾斜Al2O3/アルミナイド体：製造と微細構造 Graded Al2O3/Aluminide Bodies: Processing and Microstructure P. Rendtel, F. Wagner, R. Janァen and N. ClaussenTechnische Universitat Hamburg-Harburg, Advanced Ceramics Group, Denickestr. 15, DE-21073 Hamburg, Germany P. Rendtel, F. Wagner, R. Janァen and N. ClaussenTechnische Universitat Hamburg-Harburg, Advanced Ceramics Group, Denickestr. 15, DE-21073 Hamburg, Germany  The recently developed Al2O3-aluminide alloys (i-3A) technique for fabricating near net-shape components was applied to manufacture graded bodies. During the i-3A process, Al is pressure infiltrated into porous preforms consisting of Al2O3 and metal oxide. The metal oxide is reduced by the liquid aluminum, and Al2O3 and the respective aluminides are formed. The process is characterized by the use of low-cost raw materials (e.g. ilmenite), low processing temperatures (600-800 deg. C) and short processing times when die pressure (until 1 s) or squeeze casting (> 1 min) are used as infiltration methods. In the present case, Al2O3/TiO2 graded bodies were gas-pressure infiltrated and converted into Al2O3/TiAl3 composites with aluminide contents varying from 0 vol% to 40 vol% TiAl3. The green bodies were produced by dry pressing of Al2O3/TiO2 powder mixtures. Microstructure and interfaces between different layers of the graded composites were investigated by light microscopy and SEM. Additionally, all individual layers of the graded composite were characterized separately by hardness measurements.       Basic principles for microstructural design and technical applications of graded i-3A components are discussed. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 187-192 制御された成形充填によるmulti-pouring法で製造された傾斜金属複合材料 Graded Metal Matrix Composites Produced by a Multi-Pouring Method with Controlled Mold Filling A. Guntner and P. R. SahmGieァerei-Institut, University of Technology Aachen, DE-52056 Aachen, Germany A. Guntner and P. R. SahmGieァerei-Institut, University of Technology Aachen, DE-52056 Aachen, Germany  An FGM of technical aluminium silicon and a SiC-particulate reinforced aluminium material had been fabricated by successive casting of two melts. Numerical simulation was used to support process optimisation. Element concentration and optical measurements had been used in analysing graded interfaces. Standard tests for mechanical properties, heat treatment and thermal shock tests showed an improved behavior of graded compound castings in comparison to conventional compound castings. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 193-198 遠心緻密化により製造された多層複合材料の層構造 Layer Geometry within Multilayer Composites Produced by Centrifugal Consolidation R. J. Moon, E. N. Drewry, K. J. Bowman and K. P. TrumblePurdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1289, USA R. J. Moon, E. N. Drewry, K. J. Bowman and K. P. TrumblePurdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1289, USA  An alumina/epoxy suspension was used as a model system to investigate the macro-layer geometry within multilayered composites produced by centrifugation. Layer curvature and tilt are inherent features of the centrifugation process that have not been discussed or evaluated in previous centrifugal consolidation studies. Experimental results for the origin of layer curvature are presented. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 199-204 遠心分離法で製造されたAl-Al3Ti FGMのAl3Tiプレートレットの三次元観察 Three Dimensional Observation of Al3Ti Platelets in Al-Al3Ti FGMs Fabricated by Centrifugal Method 江竜寛之、渡辺義見信州大学　Department of Functional Machinery and Mechanics　386-8567　上田市常田３丁目１５－１ H. Eryu and Y. WatanabeDepartment of Functional Machinery and Mechanics Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan  The Al-Al3Ti FGMs were fabricated by the centrifugal method the same way as in the previous work. The alloy was heated to a temperature where Al3Ti platelets remain solid in liquid Al matrix. Centrifugal force was then applied during solidification. The Al3Ti particle morphology was observed along three orthogonal planes, i. e., perpendicular to the rotating axis, perpendicular to the rotational direction, and perpendicular to the centrifugal force direction. The three-dimensional particle shape and distribution were discussed as a function of positions along the centrifugal force direction. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 205-210 遠心分離法によるハイブリッドAl-(Al3Ti+Al3Ni)FGMの製造 Fabrication of Hybrid Al-(Al3Ti+Al3Ni) FGMs by Centrifugal Method T. Nakamura, Y. Kato, 渡辺義見信州大学　Department of Functional Machinery and Mechanics　386-8567　長野県上田市常田３丁目１５－１ T. Nakamura, Y. Kato and Y. WatanabeDepartment of Functional Machinery and Mechanics, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan  The Al based FGMs, reinforced by a hybrid of Al3Ti platelets and Al3Ni granular particles, were fabricated by the centrifugal method. The microstructures of hybrid Al - (Al3Ti + Al3Ni) FGMs were observed with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Based on the experimental results, the advantages of hybrid Al - (Al3Ti + Al3Ni) FGMs were discussed. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 211-216 方向性凝固により生じたアルミニウム合金中の濃度勾配と、それが疲労亀裂伝播に及ぼす影響 Concentration Gradients in Aluminium Alloys Generated by Directional Solidification and their Effects on Fatigue Crack Propagation B. Siber, M. Rettenmayr, C. Muller and H. E. ExnerDarmstadt University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Petersenstr. 23, DE-64287 Darmstadt, Germany B. Siber, M. Rettenmayr, C. Muller and H. E. ExnerDarmstadt University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Petersenstr. 23, DE-64287 Darmstadt, Germany  Samples with a variety of concentration gradients were produced in vertical Bridgman configurations by directional solidification. This was achieved by generating strong convection in the melt in two different ways: first, natural thermosolutal convection was stimulated by setting the temperature gradient and the direction of solidification in the direction of gravity. With this configuration, the influence of solidification front velocity, temperature gradient and crucible diameter on the gradients of concentration and microstructure in aluminium-copper alloys were investigated. Second, forced convection was induced in the melt by induction heating. In this case, the stirring of the melt is more effective as compared to natural convection. Plane front solidification throughout the experiments and concentration profiles close to Scheil profiles (representing the maximum achievable gradient) were obtained. The graded concentration distribution leads to a gradient in the hardness. The hardness gradient can be enhanced and the hardness distribution along the sample can be modified by heat treatment. Precipitation hardened samples of a commerical 7475-aluminium alloy were used to investigate the fatigue behaviour of the graded material (crack closure and crack propagation). English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 219-225 パラメーター傾斜界面による共有結合薄膜の結合強化 Adhesion Enhancement of Covalent Thin Films by Parameter Graded Interface H. Leiste, M. Stuber, A. Kratzsch, S. Ulrich and H. HolleckForschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Materialforschung l, Karlsruhe, Germany H. Leiste, M. Stuber, A. Kratzsch, S. Ulrich and H. HolleckForschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Materialforschung l, Karlsruhe, Germany  Thin films in the ternary B-C-N system like cubic boron nitride or DLC are of high interest for different thermal, optical, electrical or tribological applications. A wide technical entrance of these films is limited by a high film stress leading to early delamination of the films. The residual stress of the films is a consequence of the high amount of sp3 bondings. In the case of magnetron sputtering high stress values can significantly be modified by optimizing the deposition parameters. To improve the adhesion a stepwise or continuous variation of the bias voltage, the temperature and/or the gas pressure was applied to reduce the stress near the substrate interface and smoothen the stress distribution. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 226-231 プラズマ溶射した酸化クロムコーティングの結合強度 Bond Strength of Plasma Sprayed Chromium Oxide Coatings H. S. Kim 1, H. H. Yang 1, I. H. Oh 2 and S. S. Kim 31 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Inha Technical College, Incheon, Korea 402-752 2 Daewoo Heavy Industry, Changwon, Korea 641-120 3 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea 402-751 H. S. Kim 1, H. H. Yang 1, I. H. Oh 2 and S. S. Kim 31 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Inha Technical College, Incheon, Korea 402-752 2 Daewoo Heavy Industry, Changwon, Korea 641-120 3 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea 402-751  Plasma spraying is an attractive method to protect the components from severe conditions. Chromium oxide coatings were used to develop the wear resistance because of their good wear properties. One of the problems of plasma sprayed coating is the bond strength. As an effort to improve the bond strength, the Cr2O3 coatings formed on mild steel substrates by the plasma spraying were subjected to annealing and hot press treatment. After each treatment, the bond strengths were compared with the as-sprayed coatings. The bond strength, which was not improved by only annealing, was improved by incorporating the composite layer. Annealed coating after forming the composite layer showed about 14 MPa higher bond strength than that of without the composite layer. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 232-237 熱溶射したスチールコーティングの構造と残留応力 Structure and Residual Stresses in Thermally Sprayed Steel Coatings J. Dubsky, B. Kolman, P. Ctibor, F. Kroupa and J. IlvaskyInstitute of Plasma Physics CAS, CZ-182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic J. Dubsky, B. Kolman, P. Ctibor, F. Kroupa and J. IlvaskyInstitute of Plasma Physics CAS, CZ-182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic  Mechanical properties of thermally sprayed coatings are related to their structure and phase composition and, in addition, to the residual stresses. All of these factors depend on the spraying technology affecting the shapes of splats and amounts of oxides and pores as well as the state of residual stresses. It can be assumed that the thermally sprayed steels, in spite of oxide and porosity presence, behave similarly as bulk steels produced by conventional metallurgy.       Two stainless steels (AISI410 and AISI316) were deposited by a high velocity oxy-fuel unit (HVOF). The microstructure of samples was analyzed using the light and scanning microscopy. Among other features, the contents of oxides and pores were determined. The X-ray diffraction method sin2 psi was used to determine residual stresses in the coatings. The same method was used for the measurement of surface tensile stresses in a four-point bend attachment installed in the X-ray diffractometer.       Macroscopic residual stress on steel 410 coating was found to be compressive and about 97 MPa and surface effective Young modulus of coating was about 53 GPa evaluated from stresses slope during bending. The volume effective Young modulus evaluated from applied force for coating of steel 410 and steel 316 was 102 GPa and 88.5 GPa, respectively. Their relationships to the microstructure are discussed in comparison to bulk material. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 238-243 新しい傾斜機能コーティング技術：粉末共晶と粉末液体コーティング New Functionally Graded Coating Techniques: Powder-Eutectic and Powder-Liquid Coatings 桐原聡秀, 友田陽茨城大学　工学部　316-8511　茨城県日立市中成沢町４丁目１２－１ S. Kirihara and Y. TomotaFaculty of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan  Ti-6Al-4V substrate has been coated with Ti5Si3 or TiAl3 intermetallic compound powder, and Inconel-700 with Ni3Ti and Ni2Al3 to improve their oxidation and corrosion resistances. Micro-structural gradients to relief thermal stress is achieved though eutectic reactions in Ti-Ti5Si3 and Ni-Ni3Ti systems while reaction diffusions in Ti-TiAl3 and Ni-Ni2Al3 peritectic systems. Microstructures of alloy substrates are controlled simultaneously during heat treatments for coating. In particular, Ti-6Al-4V/Ti5Si3 and Inconel-700/NiAl functionally graded coatings (FGCs) have been fabricated successfully, so that no microscopic crackings have been detected. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 244-249 反応焼結による炭素鋼のNiAlコーティング NiAl Coating of Carbon Steel by Reactive Sintering 1 K. Matsuura, M. Kudoh2 K. Ohsasa3 N. Sueoka1 北海道大学　工学部　Division of Materials Science and Engineering060-8628   北海道札幌市北区北十三条西８丁目2 北海道大学　工学部　Division of Molecular Chemistry060-8628   北海道札幌市北区北十三条西８丁目3 北海道大学　工学部　大学院生060-8628   北海道札幌市北区北十三条西８丁目 K. Matsuura 1, K. Ohsasa 2, N. Sueoka 3 and M. Kudoh 11 Division of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan 2 Division of Molecular Chemistry, School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan 3 Graduate Student, School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan  In order to investigate the feasibility of the synthesis of NiAl and simultaneous NiAl coating of an ultra-low carbon steel, a mixture of nickel and aluminum powders are sintered at 1473 K on the surface of the steel at a pseudo-isostatic pressure of 150 MPa. It is shown that the synthesis of dense nickel monoaluminide, NiAl, is completed and simultaneous NiAl coating of the steel are successful. There are no defects such as cracks or cavities in the synthesized NiAl even at the bonding interface. The thickness of the NiAl coating is approximately 800 micro-meter. Iron diffuses into the NiAl, while nickel and aluminum diffuse into the steel. The diffusion distances are 50, 200 and 300 micro-meter for iron, nickel and aluminum, respectively. Vickers microhardness changes continuously from 330 in the NiAl to 80 in the steel. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 250-255 非酸化物セラミックのためのFGM-酸化防止システム FGM-Oxidation Protection System for Nonoxide Ceramics M. Bartsch, B. Saruhan, M. Schmucker and H. SchneiderGerman Aerospace Centre, Institute for Materials Research, DE-51 147 Koln, Germany M. Bartsch, B. Saruhan, M. Schmucker and H. SchneiderGerman Aerospace Centre, Institute for Materials Research, DE-51 147 Koln, Germany  Chemically graded composites, consisting of layers with different amounts of Si3N4, Al2O3 and SiO2 ranging from Si3N4-rich plus Y2O3 to Si3N4-free were hot-pressed at 1600deg. C under 12.5MPa uniaxial pressure in argon atmosphere. The aim of the study was the development of a functionally graded laminate system capable for oxidation protection of non-oxide substrates at high temperatures.       Starting materials for the composite layers are beta-Si3N4, alpha-Si3N4, alpha-Al2O3 and Y2O3 submicron powders coated with amorphous SiO2 by means of a sol-gel process. The individual layers of the FGM display favourable densification behaviour due to viscous flow sintering of the amorphous silica, and is almost complete at 1400deg. C . Up to 1400deg. C  no reaction between constituents is observed. Increasing the sintering temperatures to 1600deg. C  causes extensive formation of mullite (2*SiO2*3Al2O3), and X-phase sialon (Si12Al18O39N8) in the surface and intermediate layers, respectively. In the substrate layer Si3N4 and a glassy Y-Si-Al-O-N-phase forms which crystallises at further heat-treatment at 1200deg. C  to Y2Si2O7.       The FGM composites display few cracks in the surface layer but which are stopped or deflected in the adjacent intermediate layer. This is explained with low stresses in the substrate and intermediate layers due to the similar low thermal expansion coefficients of Si3N4 and X-phase sialon, while the expansion coefficient of mullite being the only phase in the surface layer is considerably higher. Since in oxidation protection layers crack formation should be prevented, it is reasonable to omit the mullite surface layer and to use the intermediate layer for oxidation protection only: Experiments show clearly that up to 1300deg. C  the oxidation behaviour of the intermediate layer material is excellent, and after isothermal heat-treatment at 1200deg. C  no interdiffusion between substrate and intermediate layer does occur. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 256-261 PbTeでの傾斜ガラスコーティングの作製と耐腐食性 Preparation and Corrosion Resistance of Graded Class Coating on PbTe 陳立東, 後藤孝, R. Tu, Ch. Guo, 平井敏雄東北大学金属材料研究所980-8577   宮城県仙台市青葉区片平２丁目１－１ L. Chen, T. Goto, R. Tu, Ch. Guo and T. HiraiInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan  Lead telluride (PbTe) is a promising material for the thermoelectric power generation system using combustion heat from municipal solid waste. Because the combustion gas from solid waste incinerator generally contains corrosive substances such as HCl and H2SO4, the corrosion resistance of PbTe becomes important for its thermoelectric application. In the present study, SiO2-B2O3-Na2O-ZnO system glasses were coated on PbTe in order to improve the corrosion resistance. Addition of PbO and TeO2 to this system glass significantly improved the adhesion of the glass as well as the oxidation resistance of glass-coated PbTe. However, the addition of PbO and TeO2 degraded the corrosion resistance of the glass coating because the PbO and TeO2 reacted with HCl at high temperature to form volatile chlorides. In order to incorporate the corrosion resistance and adhesion of glass coating, a two-layer glass was coated on PbTe, in which the inner layer contains 60 mass%PbO*TeO2 while the outer layer contains no PbO*TeO2. Corrosion experiments showed that the glass coating with the graded PbO*TeO2 content exhibited excellent adhesion and corrosion resistance at an O2-HCl-Ar atmosphere. English