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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language ＦＧＭニュースNo.11 FGMnews No.11  11 1990-12-26 38-40 植物の構造に学ぶ Learning from Plants 田中基八郎株式会社　日立製作所　機械研究所 田中基八郎Hitachi Ltd.  When examining the structure of plants, there are so many interesting and amazing factors.  From the viewpoint of an engineer, the structure of plants adapt to the various conventional laws and theories.  However, in actuality, there may be quite a number of superfluous, even meaningless laws and theories that attempt to adapt to various circumstances in nature.In this report, we will examine the dynamics of plant structures and anticipation towards future materials.    Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.12 FGMnews No.12   12 1991-04-05 4-11 傾斜機能材料として考えた高密度磁気記録媒体の研究 A Study on High Density Magnetic Recording Media as a Functional Graded Material 逢坂哲彌早稲田大学　理工学部　応用化学科 Tetsuya OsakaDepartment of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University  Magnetic recording can be recorded, erased and rewritten easily.  Thus, according to the needs of the present information age, there are year to year substantial technology advancements so as to achieve high speed and high density data processing.  In such an environment, as a new method of high density recording, a perpendicular magnetic recording mode was proposed in 1977.The onventional high recording density by means of the longitudinal recording mode was achieved by decreasing the demagnetization by naarrowing the film thickness of the media.  However, with this longitudinal recording mode, sooner or later, there is a great possibility of having to confront the limitations imposed by the narrowing of the film thickness.  The perpendicular recording mode was proposed by Professor Iwasaki of Tohoku University to overcome this potential limitation.  It is shown in Figure 1 as a mode of magnetizing the recording bit in the perpendicular direction to the media.   Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.12 FGMnews No.12   12 1991-04-05 12-14 W/Cu傾斜組成材料の開発 Development of a W/Cu Gradient Composite 伊藤義廉　高橋雅士　柏谷英夫株式会社　東芝　重電技術研究所 Yoshiyasu Itoh , Masashi Takahashi and Hideo KashiwayaHeavy Apparatus Engineering Laboratory Toshiba Corp.  In recent years, energy-related devices have become more highly efficienct and of larger capacity.  The environment that they are exposed to is becoming increasingly severe from year to year, being of high temperature and corrosive atmosphere,   Under such circumstances, a breakthrough in materials holds the key to the development of new devices.  In particular, for devices that make up a thermonuclear reactor, the dream energy source, the development of  materials for a heat-receiving plate to take on high temperature loads such as plasma, electron and ion beams are indispensable.  The materials for this heat-receiving plates must have a dual function of high heat conductivity and heat resistance.  Furthermore, because the heat load causes great thermal stress, the concept of introducing a gradient composite is thought to be effective. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.12 FGMnews No.12   12 1991-04-05 14-18 遮熱性超耐熱傾斜機能材料の作製 Fabrication of Sintered Functionally Graded Material for thermal barrier 川崎亮,李敬鋒,渡辺龍三東北大学　工学部　材料加工学科 Dr. Akira Kawasaki, Mr. Jing Fang Li and Dr. Ryuzo WatanabeDepartment of Material Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Univ.  Approximately 4 years have passed since the study of functionally graded material has commenced, and through material design, functionally graded material with optimum composition toward external environmetal conditions are actually being fabricated.  On the other hand, as the material evaluation methods under an actual environment are being improved and the actual environmental evaluation of functionally graded materials are carried out, new material requirements are becoming more evident.  If we presently consider functionally graded zirconia from the aspects of thermal barrier and high temperature strength, it excels in thermal barrier, but the high temperature strength is somewhat weak.  The functionally graded SiC has high temperature strength, but the heat conductivity is also high, thus the thermal barrier is low.  Therefore, the development of new material that can maintain high temperature strength like SiC and that control heat conductivity so as to have a good thermal barrier is indispensable.  It is necessary to further the study of functionally graded material with the newly developed materials.The authors have shown that through the study of SiC-AIN solid solution by means of the reaction-synthesis method, the AIN solid solution substantially lowered the thermal conductivity of SiC while maintaining superior strength and toughness.  In this report, SiC-AIN composite ceramics was fabricated and special attention was paid to the thermal conductivity and high temperature strengh, clarifying the composition dependence.  In addition, focusing on high temperature FGM with thermal barrier, a heat resistant metal Mo was selected to fabricate a trial SiC-AIN/Mo FGM.  We will report the result obtained from this trial product.   Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.12 FGMnews No.12   12 1991-04-05 37-40 傾斜構造体の三次元熱応力モデルに関する研究 Study of Thermal Stress for Three Dimensional FGM Plate 野村茂雄,鹿食栄動力炉核燃料開発事業団　大洗工学センター Dr. Shigeo Nomura and Mr. Sakae ShikakuraPower Reactor & Nuclear Fuel Develop. Corp. Oarai  Functionally graded material (FGM)  introduces a graded intermediate layer between metal and ceramics and does not have the discontinuity of the physical properties that a two-layer material that directly join metal and ceramics has, as commonly known, and can restrain the thermal stress which occurs within the material.  The optimum graded compositional function for thermal stress relief can be obtained through thermal stress analysis by means of the finite element method using the mechanical and thermal material data of a homogeneous mixture of metal and ceramics, namely a non-functionally graded material (FGM).  The study of this optimum compositional function is already being conducted at National Aerospace Laboratory, Daikin, Tohoku University and Nissan, and the optimum functional type of compositional dependence has been proposed.  However, with regard to both two dimensional and three dimensional analysis, there are many issues yet to be addressed.  For example, the composition of the material data and temperature dependence are not considered, analysis under unsteady conditions are few, elasto-plasticity analysis under boundary conditions found in actual environments are few, etc.  In order to address these issues, it is nessary to expand, improve and create a more detailed analysis model, as well as to expand the finite element analysis code.With such background in mind, in this report, we will introduce the unsteady elasticity analysis results of a simple three-dimensional plane model under high temperature head region under the severest stress conditions using FINAS (version 11) developed by the Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation.   In this analysis, we have introduced the temperature dependence of the physical data for the first time, and have conducted detailed evaluation of the changes in transient temperature and stress.   Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.13 FGMnews No.13   13 1991-06-25 5-8 HOPE耐熱構造・材料研究の現状と課題 Research and Development of HOPE Heat-Resistant Structure and Materials 山本昌孝宇宙開発事業団 Dr. Masataka YamamotoNational Space Development Agency of Japan  The study of HOPE (H-II Orbiting Plan E) began primarily by the National Space Development Agency in 1986, and is presently at the latter half of the conceptual design stage.  There are the following three technological issues relating to the development of HOPE:  (1) Deciding on the aerodynamic shape of the aircraft which flies at the hypersonic speed of a maximum of 26 mach.  (2) Development of an unmanned guidance and control technology since HOPE is an unmanned aircraft.  (3) Development of a design and production technology of heat resistant aircraft as well as heat resistant material to protect the aircraft from aerodynamic heating in high speed from the time of re-entry into the atmosphere until landing.  In this report, we will introduce the status quo and technological issues with regard to the heat resistant structure and material research for HOPE. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.13 FGMnews No.13   13 1991-06-25 8-11 レーザ・プラズマハイブリッド溶射法による機能性コーティング Laser and Plasma Hybrid Spraying Method for the Multi-Functional Layer Coating 佐々木信也機械技術研究所 Dr. Shinya SasakiMechanical Engineering Laboratory  Because the C/C composite material has superior mechanical strength properties under high temperature, it is not only practical for use in space planes and high efficiency gas turbines, etc., but is also very promising as the next generation high temperature material.  However, since rapid oxidation occurs with the C/C composite material when the temperature exceeds 500deg.C, an oxidation resistant coating becomes indispensable for use in high temperature oxidizable atmosphere.  In addition, for actual application of such parts, high erosion and corrosion resistance is also required in high temperature environment.  Thus, by compounding the coating film according to function, the authors have come up with the comcept of a composite functional coating film which adds environment resistance to the C/C composite material.  Their aim is to achieve the above using the newly developed laser-plasma hybrid coating spraying system.   Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.13 FGMnews No.13   13 1991-06-25 12-15 骨と生体材料との結合面に傾斜機能を持つ人工骨・関節 Artificial Bone and Joint with Functional Gradient at the Fixation between Bone and Biomaterials 大西啓靖国立大阪南病院　整形外科・人工関節クリニック医長　生体材料研究室室長 Hironobu OhnishiDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Artificial Joint Section and Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Osaka-Minami National Hospital  The following conventional methods to fix artificial bones exist:  1. Adherence of the artifical joint and the bone (total contact, etc.), (chart 1), 2. direct mechanical fixation using screws and spikes, and 3. filling the space between the artificial joint and the bone with bone cement (polymethyl methacrylate) (chart 2).  Additionally in recent years, there is clinical application of a fixation method in which an artificial material (porous metal) with fine pores on the surface invades the bone tissue(chart 3).  However, all such methods are mechanical and present various problems.Recently, the study and clinical application of phosphoric calcium ceramics which bonds with bones physio-chemically, in particular hydroxyapatite (HAp), has been rapidly progressing. This is the best bonding method with bones, but because of the lack of material strength, the method for coating this onto metals and alumina surfaces is being developed by many researchers, including the authors of this report.   Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.14 FGMnews No.14   14 1991-09-25 8-14 直交異方性不均質平板の非定常熱応力 Transient Thermal Stresses in Orthotropic Nonhomogeneous Plates 菅野良弘大阪府立大学　工学部 Dr. Yoshihiro SuganoCollege of Engineering, University of Osaka Prefecture  An analytical expression is presented for the transient thermal stresses in orthotropic nonhomogeneous infinite plates with arbitrary nonhomogeneities both in elastic properties and coefficient of linear thermal expansion, and temperature variation through the thickness of the plate. Numerical calculations showing the effect of the nonhomogeneous thermal and elastic properties on the relaxation of the thermal stresses increasing by the orthotropic properties, are carried out for the case of exponentially varying thermal conductivity and linearly varying coefficient of linear thermal expansion through the thickness of the plate. An application of the numerical results to SiC/Al FGM is discussed. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.14 FGMnews No.14   14 1991-09-25 14-19 積層高分子フィルム材料について Laminated Polymer Film Materials 酒井哲也共立女子大学　家政学部 Prof. Dr. Tetsuya SakaiKyoritsu Woman's University  Polymer films have own characteristic properties, then laminating these films gives a proper combination of several properties for the purpose.      This paper presents an out-look for the whole situation of laminated polymer film materials, and gives a description on the manufacturing procedure of materials and some interesting aspects of specific properties induced by the lamination. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.14 FGMnews No.14   14 1991-09-25 51-54 超音波による傾斜機能材料の評価 Characterization of Functionally Gradient Materials by Ultrasonic Measurement 野中寿夫日立建機株式会社　技術研究所 Toshio NonakaTechnical Research Laboratory, Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd.  Ultrasonic measurements at high frequency are expected as the nondestructive inspection methods for advanced materials such as functionally gradient materials. Ultrasonic testing and ultrasonic microscopy are two main nondestructive measurement methods being used in industrial area. The former is suitable for detecting fine flaws in the opaque materials and the latter is available for characterization of the materials. In this report, these two methods are used to evaluate ceramics received heat shock by laser irradiation on the surface. Inside cracks with opening on the surface are measured by ultrasonic testing. Crack shapes are plotted by digitizing and detecting the echoes from crack surface. Surface wave velocity are measured by ultrasonic miscroscope. It is found that velocity values at damaged area are lower than those at less damaged area. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.15 FGMnews No.15   15 1991-12-25 21-25 焼結法によるPSZ/Ti系傾斜機能材料 PSZ/Ti Functionally Gradient Material by Sintering 阿部知行,橋本薫（株）富士通研究所 Tomoyuki Abe and Kaoru HashimotoFUJITSU LABORATORIES LTD.  PSZ/Ti functionally gradient materials (FGM) were tried to make using a plasma activated sintering (PAS) method. Starting materials were 3mol%Y2O3 - ZrO2 powder and Ti powder. Ti powder, the mixed powders of Ti and ZrO2 whose compositions were gradually changed,and ZrO2 powder were filled in a carbon die to make a layer structure. This is set in the PAS equipment,then sintering was done. In this way,the high - density sample without any -crack and camber can be obtained. An optical microscope and EPMA analysis results show that grain growth is not occurred and new phase is formed in this sample. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.15 FGMnews No.15   15 1991-12-25 26-29 東北・北海道ブロック広域共同研究「ハイパー接合技術の開発及びその評価技術に関する研究」 Cooperation Research in Tohoku - Hokkaido Block  "Development of Hyper Bonding and its Evaluation Technology" 阿部利彦　鷲見新一東北工業技術試験所　機械金属課計測制御課 Toshihiko Abe, Shin-ichi SumiGovernment Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku  Cooperation research project, "Development of Hyper Bonding and its Evaluation Technology", is in progress at eight industrial research institutes located in Tohoku and Hokkaido area. This research aims to develop a modified ceramic/metal bonding technology by introducing (1) a functionally gradient material to the bonding interface and (2)evaluation of bonded strength by using relatively low frequency, (5 to 25 MHz) ultrasonic imaging, X - ray imaging, scanning tunnel microscope and laser holography.      This research project lasts three years, 1991 to 1993, with a total budget of about 600 million yen (4.6 million dollars). Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.16 FGMnews No.16   16 1992-04-25 4-7 スラリー積層法によるPSZ/SUS304系焼結傾斜機能材料の作製 Fabrication of Sintered PSZ/SUS 304 FGM by Slurry Dipping Process 結城正弘,山岡弘人,田原賢一,入沢敏夫,川崎亮,渡辺龍三石川島播磨重工業（株）技術研究所, 東北大学工学部 Masahiro Yuki, Hiroto Yamaoka, Kenichi Tahara, Toshio lrisawa Akira Kawasaki, Ryuzo WatanabeResearch Institute, Ishikawajima - Harima Heavy Industries Co.,Ltd. Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University  This study aims to develop the dipping process which makes it easy to stack the powders for FGM on substrates of complicated shapes.      In this process, the powders are deposited on the substrate which is dipped into the ethanol slurry containing the mixed powders with desired composition.      Deposited product is dryed,CIPP'ed, encapsulated and HIPP'ed.      As a result of this study, we obtained the sintered FGM sample consisted of PSZ and SUS 304. The deposition of FGM layer was on the columned substrate (dia. 10 mm) made of SUS 304, and realized by the dipping processes which were repeated to five times with varying in composition of the mixed powders in slurry from SUS - 20 vol% PSZ to 100 vol % PSZ at an interval of 20 vol %. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.16 FGMnews No.16   16 1992-04-25 8-11 湿式濾過を用いた2成分系試料の傾斜充填 Packing of Particulate Mixture with Continuous Composition Profile by Use of Filtration Method 岩田政司名古屋大学　工学部　分子化学工学科 Masashi IwataDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University  The packing technique which can smoothly vary the composition of formed material is investigated by use of filtration operation. Continuous change of the composition of filtered slurry by mixing two slurries gives the filter cake with composition profile.      The profile carresponds to the mixing process and can be easily determined from themass balance for the filtration process . Experiments for alumina - nickel composites support the availability of this technique. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.16 FGMnews No.16   16 1992-04-25 11-23 屈折率傾斜型光学機能材料 Gradient Index Optical Polymer Materials 小池康博,二瓶栄輔慶應義塾大学　理工学部　応用化学科 Yasuhiro Koike and Eisuke NiheiFaculty of Science and Technology Keio University  A gradient - index (GRIN) materials display unique and useful optical properties which are not achieved by conventional optical devices with a constant refractive index. In this paper, GRIN polymer materials for bifocal GRIN contact lens and GRIN polymer optical fibers are described.      In the GRIN fiber, the bandwidth is about 1GHz*km which is two hundred times largerth an that of conventional step - index (SI) polymer optical fiber. The total attenuation of transmission is 90 - 100 dB/km at 572 - nm wavelength.      The contact lens was obtained by polishing the GRIN rod with 12 mm diameter. It was theoretically and experimentally confirmed that the GRIN contact lens exactly satisfied the bifocal condition. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.17 FGMnews No.17   17 1992-08-10 12-18 アルミニウム超微粉を用いる窒化アルミニウム・金属系の傾斜機能材料 Functionally Gradient Materials of Aluminum Nitride and Metal Systems Using Aluminum Ultra-fine Particle 新谷光二北海道大学　工学部附属金属化学研究施設　高温化学部門 Koji AtarashiyaHigh Temperature Metal Chemistry Laboratory, Metals Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Hokhaido University  Generally speaking, the preparation of FGM - blocks, especially in the metal nitride - metal systems, by the method of powder metallurgy needs extremely high temperature and high pressure. But, in this work using an aluminum ultrafine particle, the FGM - blocks were easily prepared by a powder metallurgy at a low temperature.      A compositionally gradient mixture of an aluminum ultrafine particle and a coarse metallic powder was pressed under 20 MPa in a steel die followed by heating at 878 - 1473 k in flowing nitrogen. In this process, the aluminum ultrafine particle was reacted with nitrogen into aluminum nitride, but, the coarse metallic powder does not react with nitrogen. Thus, the FGM - blocks of metal nitride - metal systems were completely accomplished. The FGM -blocks of AlN - Al and AlN - Ni systems prepared by this method were characterized. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.17 FGMnews No.17   17 1992-08-10 24-27 半導体ヘテロ接合および組成の傾斜化による新機能の発現とその作製技術 Physics in heterostructures and functionally gradient structures of semiconductors and their preparation techniques 吉野淳二東京工業大学　像情報工学研究施設 Junji YoshinoImaging Science and Engineering Laboratory Tokyo Institute of Technology  Gradient - structures have been used not only for buffer layers of largely lattice - mismatched heterostructures to reduce the dislocation density, but for active layers to introduce graded electronic potential in semiconductor devices. In this talk, the application of functionally gradient structures for semiconductor materials and devices has been reviewed briefly, including recent topics of microheterostructures. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.18 FGMnews No.18   18 1992-10-16 4-9 宇宙と原子力の融合領域を目指して(FGMパート II の展望) Aiming at Harmony Between Space and Atomic Energy 新野正之科学技術庁　航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所　ロケット高空性能研究室 Masayuki NiinoRocket High Altitude Performance Section, National Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda Research Center, STA  FGM Part II project aimes at to develop the very high efficiency energy conversion materials by using FGM concept for the future space power unit which will use both solar energy and atomic energy. Developing System will be composed from theoretical design - , energy conversion mechanism - , optimum processing - and evaluation - research group. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.18 FGMnews No.18   18 1992-10-16 10-13 粉末冶金法による傾斜機能材料の作製および評価 Development of Functionally Gradient Materials via Powder Metallurgy 渡辺龍三東北大学工学部材料加工学科 Ryuzo WatanabeDepartment of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980 Japan  Powder Metallurgical (P/M) processing of thermal - stress relief type of functionally gradient materials (FGM) was reviewed on the basis of the work achieved by the authors'laboratory of Tohoku University. The role of thermal stress relaxation function in thermalbarrier performance was emphasized. The processing routes of FGM were briefly summarized, in which the sintering balance for different mixing conditions of metals and ceramics and the fineness of compositional profile were mentioned. Spray deposition technique and differential temperature sintering have been developed of material species. The characteristic microstructural transition in a graded materials and the accompanying property transion were demonstrated. Two aspects in designing an optimum compositional profiles were described for the reduction of the thermal stress generated during processing ( during cooling from sintering temperature) and in a temperature gradient of thermal barrier situation. Two kinds of thermal loading tests were applied for the evaluation of thermal barrier performance of P/M FGM; a thermal shock test and a differential thermal loading test. The thermal stress conditions during the testing were discussed. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.18 FGMnews No.18   18 1992-10-16 14-18 地熱エネルギーと材料 Geothermal Energy and the Material 池内準東北工業技術試験所 Jun IkeuchiGovernment Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku  Under the current situation of environmental and energy problems, which are growing toa global scale toward the 21st century, geothermal energy is becoming an object of publicpattention as a clean and renewable energy containing almost no CO2 gas.      Under the circumstances, this article describes the present status of geothermal energy -development and the present and the future material problems concerning efficient utilization of geothermal energy. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.18 FGMnews No.18   18 1992-10-16 18-22 インテリジェント材料 Intelligent Materials 高橋清東京工業大学　工学部　電子物理工学科 Kiyoshi TakahashiDepartment ot Physical Electronics Tokyo Institute ot Technology  With the advancement of modern science and technology, highly "advanced" materials becomes demanded. Although natural materials have been used to develop science and technology until now, the development of future materials should be directed toward design and creation of materials with functions which natural materials do not have. One of such functions is " intelligence " . Intelligent materials have recently received a great deal of attention. This paper reviews historical background, concept, examples and creation methods of intelligent materials .      Intelligent materials are equipped with built - in software and can be created by genetic control in materials scince. Realization of intelligent materials will make integrated systems more flexible and their functions closer to those of a human brain. Intelligent materials are to greatly contribute to further advancement of science and technology. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.18 FGMnews No.18   18 1992-10-16 29-32 熱電エネルギー変換材料 Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Materials 西田勲夫金属材料技術研究所材料科学部門 Isao A. NisidaDepartment of Materials Science National Research Institute for Metals  The thermoelectric material is the semiconductor having both higher carrier concentration and lower thermal conductivity, and it is utilized as the thermocouple consisting of p -and n - type materials. The thermoelectric conversion system using the thermocouples requires the advanced joining techniques with the physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Thus, the evaluation of thermoelectric materials and several joints of dissimler materials are summarized, and the high performance of the thermoelectric conversion efficiency by the functionally gradient materials (FGM) technique is also introduced. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.19 FGMnews No.19   19 1992-12-18 9-13 金属・セラミックス傾斜組成体の作製プロセス Fabrication Process of Metal-Ceramic Compositional Gradient Mixture by Using Filtration Method 外山茂樹,森英利名古屋大学　工学部分子化学工学科 Shigeki TOYAMA and Hidetoshi MORIDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University  Fabrication process of metal - ceramic smoothly gradient mixture was studied to provide a fundamental idea for manufacturing FGM, in which process chloride reduced metallic particles were infiltrated within a ceramic packing. The experiment using nickel chloride and alumina packing proved that the gradient was easily controlled by changing the flow rate of purge gas and the structure of the packing. The infiltration process was successively simulated with a filtration theory which allowed the design of the optimal gradients.      Another method was also investigated, based on semi - batchwise filtration process of two slurries. In this process the slurry of light particles was mixed with the slurry of heavy particles continuously fed in a tank and simultaneously filtrated to form a compositional cake layers. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.19 FGMnews No.19   19 1992-12-18 14-17 SiC/C傾斜組成層による炭素系材料の耐酸化性の改良 Improvement of Oxidation Resistance of Carbon and Graphite Materials by Compositionally Gradient SiC/C Layer 新藤雅美日本原子力研究所　燃料・材料工学部 Masami ShindoDepartment of Fuels and Materials Research, JAERI  For improvement of oxidation resistance of carbon and graphite materials, the preparation study of compositionally gradient SiC/C layer has been performed. The compositionally gradient SiC/C layer is prepared by a combination of surface and in - pore diffusion reactions between gaseous SiO and carbon or graphite ahd surface SiC coating. This report introduces the preparation method of compositionally gradient SiC/C layer and some results of evaluation tests for graphite materials with compositionally gradient SiC/C layer. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.20 FGMnews No.20   20 1993-05-18 28-32 非定常加熱を受ける傾斜機能平板の材料組成最適化問題 Theoretical Approach of Optimum Design for A Plate of Functionally Gradient Materials Under Thermal Loading 谷川義信大阪府立大学工学部 Yoshinobu TanigawaFaculty of Engineering, University of Osaka Prefecture.  Transient heat conduction problems and the associated thermal stress problems of nonhomogeneous material such as FGM are treated theoretically. A thick plate with infinitely long extent and composed of nonhomogeneous material is considered. Thereafter, transient heat conduction problems for such materials are solved using the laminated composite method, and the temperature solution is given by the integral form of arbitrary nonhomogeneous material properties. The optimum material composition for the purpose of reducing the thermal stress distribution is given by numerical results. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.20 FGMnews No.20   20 1993-05-18 33-36 電鋳複合めっき法によるFGMの作成 Making a FGM by Composite Electroforming 松村宗順上村工業株式会社　技術企画室 Sowjun MatsumuraTechnical Planning Dep. C.Uyemura & Co. , Ltd.  Report is carried out the special technology which, in the formation of electroformed layers by electroplating technique of composite plating process, disperses and simultaneously deposite stabilized zirconium oxide particles in its film, and forms metallic nickel on one surface, and the functionally gradient material, in which more zirconium oxide particles are deposited toward the other surface, its shape of the film, and further, the physical properties such as heat resistance that the formed functionally gradient material processes. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.21 FGMnews No.21   21 1993-10-30 4-9 FGMパート II プロジェクトの紹介 Introduction of FGM Part - II 新野正之科学技術庁　航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所 Masayuki NiinoNational Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda Research Center, STA  The national project titled, "Research on Energy Conversion Materials with Functionally Gradient Structure," with special promoting funds from the Science and Technology Agency of Japan was started this April. This program contains efforts on improvements of the energy conversion efficiency due to functionally gradient structure technology; including, heatsource and / or heat collector, thermoelectric and thermionic converter, radiator as well as the system design technology. The final goal was set at developing a high -efficiency thermoelectric / thermionic composite conversion system. In order to promote the program efficiently, an organization was structured of five technical groups: Material design, Thermo- electric conversion, Thermionic conversion, Elements & processing, as well as Evaluation. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.21 FGMnews No.21   21 1993-10-30 10-16 傾斜機能エネルギー変換材料のための傾斜ポテンシャル設計 Gradient Potential Design for Functionally Gradient Energy Conversion Materials 平野徹, 吉野淳二ダイキン工業(株)MEC研究所, 東京工業大学　理学部 Tohru HiranoJunji YoshinoMEC Laboratory, Daikin Industries, Ltd. Faculty of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology  In order to improve the conversion efficiency of energy conversion materials, precise estimation of electronic properties and tailoring of microstructure are required. This paper describes several estimation methods for the material properties which are necessary for the design of functionally gradient energy conversion materials. Current research on gradient potential design for thermoelectric materials is also depicted. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.21 FGMnews No.21   21 1993-10-30 17-20 傾斜構造による高効率熱電変換材料の可能性 Possibility of High Efficient Thermoelectric Materials by FGM Technique 西田勲夫金属材料技術研究所　機能特性研究部 Isao A. NishidaPhysical Properties Division National Research Institute for Metals  A possibility of improving the thermoelecric material performance is evaluated. The functionally gradient material(FGM), which is fabricated by controlling the carrier concentration and texture of the material, is one of candidates for increasing the figure of merit of commonly used thermoelectric materials. For example, an examination of an n -type PbTe leg fabricated by such a way suggests that the figure of merit increases as much as 1.5 times higher than that of ordinal leg in the temperature range from 400 to 900K. In addition, when Bi2 Te3 , PbTe, SiGe and LaTe1.4 are connected in series, the average figure of merit and maximum energy conversion efficiency give rise up to 1.4 x 10**(-3)/K and 22.3%, respectively, over the temperature range from 300 to 1400K. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.21 FGMnews No.21   21 1993-10-30 21-24 傾斜構造形成によるエネルギー変換材料の素子形成技術調査について On the Investigation of Design of Gradient Structure and Process Technology for Energy Conversion Devices 宮本欽生大阪大学　産業科学研究所 Yoshinari MiyamotoThe Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University  As a feasibility study of a project plan for the development of highly efficient energy convertible materials with the graded structures, the present status and potentials of the process technology for the device formation were investigated. The project goal is to construct a combined system of the thermionic and thermoelectric converters with a conversion efficiency of 40 % up, which can be used in the space and deep sea as well as on the earth. The items inquired were on the heat energy collector from sun light and radio isotopes, electrodes and insulations, cooling system, thermal stress relaxation, joining, protect layers, and stability of gradient structure. The results of the investigation are sketched. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.22 FGMnews No.22   22 1994-03-21 7-11 プラズマ・イオンプロセス技術による熱電材料の微細構造制御に関する研究 Microstructure Control of Thermoelectric Materials Using Rf - Plasma Processing 松原覚衛・岸本堅剛・小柳剛山口大学　工学部 K.Matsubara, K.Kishimoto and K.KoyanagiFaculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University  An rf - plasma processing of FeSi2 articles in O2 , SiH4 and GeH4 has been studied to control a microstructure of the ceramics and improve thermoelectric figure of merit values of the ceramics. Fine particles of arc- melted FeSi2 alloys(-2 micro meter in average size) were treated in an rf - plasma, followed by sintering at 1170 deg.C for 3 hr in vacuum and annealing at 840 deg.C for 50 hr in air. The plasma treatment results in a significant increase of thermo-electric figure of merit values for FeSi2 ceramics. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.22 FGMnews No.22   22 1994-03-21 12-15 放電プラズマ焼結法による一体化焼結SiGe熱電素子と熱発電モジュール Co- sintered SiGe Thermoelectric Elements by Spark Plasma Sintering and Power Generation Thermoelectric Modules 持丸敏明・高橋一寿・増田忠・池野卓人・東口安宏・野口照夫真空冶金株式会社 T.Mochimaru, K.Takahasi, T.Masuda, T.Ikeno, Y.Higashiguchi, T.NoguchiVacuum Metallurgical Co., Ltd.  The manufacturing process of a U - shaped co - sintered Si - Ge thermoelectric device has beenestablished by using a spark plasma sintering. A hot temperature electrode of the device is consisting of a p - n junction formed by direct co - sintering which enables to dispense with a subsequent process to make the p -n junction. The thermoelectric characteristics of the device are fairly competitive with that made by hot pressing processes. The figure of merit of the device is approximately 4 x 10**(-4)/K at 600 deg.C, and the maximum power genarated in a condition of temperature differences of 710 deg.C is 0.34 W resulting in a specific power per a unit mass of 30 W/kg. The device has mechanical strengths as strong as endurable for practical usages.      A thermoelectric power generation module was assembled using 40 U - shaped Si - Ge elements. An electric power the module generated in a 2 Ohms load was 8 Watts when the temperature differences between the hot and the cold ends were 520 deg.C. The power density for the above result was 440 W/m2 , and a specific power per unit mass was 18 W/kg. It was found that the forced cooling of the colds ends was effective to enhance the power generation, and that the module was stable against 800 thermal cycles between 300 deg.C and 760 deg.C. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.23 FGMnews No.23   23 1994-07-30 3-8 核融合炉内配管用傾斜機能型電気絶縁継手の開発 Development of High Electric Resistant Connector Made of Functionally Gradient Material for Fusion Reactor Piping System 西尾敏,多田栄介,阿部哲也, 山崎誠一郎,川村昌志,松崎祐司,藤岡順三日本原子力研究所 核融合工学部川崎重工業株式会社 Satoshi NISHIO, Eisuke TADA, Tetsuya ABE, Seiichiro YAMAZAKI, Masashi KAWAMURA, Yuji MATSUZAKI, Junzo FUJIOKA,Department of Fusion Enginnering Research, JAERIKawasaki Heavy Industries, LTD.  In a tokamak fusion reactor, a electric insulation is needed to prevent damages of invessel piping system from a transient electromagnetic force during a plasma disruption. Here, a stainless steel/ceramic/stainless steel functionally gradient material (FGM) has been proposed and developed as an integrated insulation joint of cooling pipe. This joint can be welded to the usual pipe at both ends of the joint, and expected to be reliable in the fusion reactor environment.      In this study, a residual thermal stress analysis was carried out for preventing crack generation after sintering of the FGM insulation joint. Based on the calculation results, several tubular FGM elements were successfully manufactured. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.24 FGMnews No.24   24 1994-09-01 32-37 熱電エネルギー変換材料 Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Material 西田勲夫科学技術庁　金属材料技術研究所, つくば市千現1-2-1 I.A. NishidaNational Research institute for metals, STA, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305, Japan  The thermoelectric energy conversion material (thermoelectric material) is the semiconductor with both higher carrier concentration and lower thermal conductivity. The thermocouple consists of p- and n- type thermoelectric materials, and works as a heat<=>electricity energy convertor. The thermocouples are assembled to form a thermomodule. The module requires the advanced joining techniques. In this review, the fundamentals of thermoelectric material and the applications of joining techniques to the thermomodule are summarized, and the higher performance thermoelectric materials with functionally gradient materials(FGM) structures are also introduced. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.26 FGMnews No.26   26 1995-05-15 22-25 Bi2Te3系化合物の傾斜機能化と熱電・電流磁気効果の異方性 Thermoelectric and Galvanomagnetic Anisotropies of n-type Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 Single Crystals with FGM Structure 海部宏昌東京都立大学 Hiromasa T. KaibeTokyo Metropolitan University  The single crystals of n-type Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 doped with different amount of HgBr2 were grown by the Bridgman technique. The anisotropy of the Hall coefficient and the magnetresistivity decreased with decreasing of electron concentration. These results indicate that the constant-energy surface transforms from the anisotropic six-valley into more spherical one corresponding to the decrease of the electron concentration. Therefore, it is required to clarify the dependence of anisotropies of the galvanomagnetic parameters such as the resistivity and Hall coefficient on the carrier concentration for designing the Bi2Te3 thermoelectric materials with FGM structure and for analyzing the preferred orientation of crystallites for the hot pressed materials. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.27 FGMnews No.27 27 1995-08-01 6-9 傾斜硬化合金の焼結についての考察 CONSIDERATIONS ON THE SINTERING OF GRADED HARD METALS N.Cherradi, N.Desmonts, M. Cans and B.IlschnerSwiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Switzerland N.Cherradi, N.Desmonts, M. Cans and B.IlschnerSwiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Switzerland  The graded structures concept has been applied to the fabrication of cutting tools. The introduction of a gradient in this material aims at combining the hardness of the surface with the toughness of the core in a continuous manner in order to improve the performance and/or life time of the tools.      In this work, Functionally Graded Materials of WC/Co system have been prepared by powder metallurgy using a centrifugal forming process. Emphasis has been placed on the influence of the Liquid Phase Sintering of graded WC/Co experimentally and by numerical modelling English ＦＧＭニュースNo.28 FGMnews No.28   28 1995-10-12 10-15 有機高分子からのセラミックス合成 New Functional Ceramics Derived from organic Precursors 佐々木眞東北大学 金属材料研究所 Makoto SasakiInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University  Boron containing polysilazanes were synthesized by the reaction of monomers like tris [(dichloromethylsilyl)ethyl] borane with ammonia or by the cross-linking of polysilazanes with boron containing monomers such as dimethylsulfide - borane and characterized by spectroscopic methods and chemical analysis. Pyrolysis of these polymers in an argon -atmosphere at 1273 K results in the formation of amorphous ceramics in the quaternary system Si - B - C - N. Si - B - C -N ceramic fibres were also fabricated by using the same precursors. 5.5 wt% B - containing Si - B - C - N bulk ceramics showed excellent thermal stability and oxidation resistance. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.29 FGMnews No.29   29 1995-10-12 14-17 微細構造を制御した熱電材料セラミックスの性能指数のシミュレーション Simulation of figure-of-merit for microstructure-controlled thermoelectric ceramics 岸本堅剛、長尾圭吾、小柳剛、松原覚衛山口大学・工学部 Kengo Kishimoto, Keigo Nagao, Tsuyoshi Koyanagi, and Kakuei MatsubaraFaculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University  A simulation of the thermoelectric figure - of - merit Z was made for the microstructure -controlled ceramics, which was composed of FeSi2 grains surrounded by a SiGe grain boundary. In the simulation, it was assumed that the grain boundary was composed of non - doped SiGe with a high mobility value and that carriers of the grain boundary were supplied from FeSi2 grains. Further, we took account of the quantum size effect in the thin SiGe grain boundary. The Z value of the microstructure - controlled ceramics is improved by the optimization of Z of the SiGe grain boundary without lowering the mobility and the quantum size effect in the SiGe grain boundary, and reached at 1.6 x 10**(-3)/K at the grain size of 100 angstrom and the grain boundary thickness of 10 angstrom. The results of the simulation suggest the possibility of improvement of the figure - of - merit for FeSi2 ceramics by controlling their microstructure. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.29 FGMnews No.29   29 1995-10-12 18-21 熱電発電モジュールの最適設計に関する研究 Optimum Design of a Thermoelectric Generating Module 津吉彰松浦虔士神戸市立工業高等専門学校大阪大学 Akira TsuyoshiKenji MatsuuraKobe City College of TechnologyOsaka University  A thermoelectric module cost should be reduced so that a thermoelectric generator can compete in generating cost with conventional method. Because the modules will be the most costly item in any large scale generating system. The currently cost of a thermoelectric generating module used in the 300 degC - 500 degC range may be $10 per 1W(e). Thus in the case when a generator will be continually operated for 10 years, a module cost is 11 cents per kWh. This price is more expensive than one of electricity generated by conventional method. At least a module cost should be reduced to around $1 per W(e). One of the way to reduce a module cost is an improvement of a module construction. In this paper the optimum design of a thermoelectric generating module for use in a commercially available thermoelectric generator was discussed. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.29 FGMnews No.29   29 1995-10-12 22-24 ハンバーガー型熱電素子で構成された新型モジュール A New-Type Thermoelectric Module Composed of Hamburger-Type Elements 佐藤利三郎（株）東北テクノプレインズ Risaburo SatoTohoku Techno Brains Co.Ltd.  Three kinds of thermoelectric elements of 'hamburger-type' are devised. Composed of single burger elements which are sandwitched by copper blocks with screw holes at the center, a new- type module is proposed. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.30 FGMnews No.30   30 1996-05-20 3-8 高熱流束受熱板のためのタングステン／銅傾斜組成材料の開発 Development of Tungsten/Copper Graded Composite for High-Heat Flux Components 伊藤義康　高橋雅士高野廣久（株）東芝　重電技術研究所（株）東芝　京浜事業所 Yoshiyasu Itoh, Masashi TakahashiHirohisa TakanoHeavy Apparatus Engineering Laboratory Toshiba CorporationKeihin Product Operations Toshiba Corporation  A thermal stress analysis system of multi - layered composite has been newly developed for designing functionally gradient materials. And, a sintering and infiltration technique to fabricate functionally gradient materials has been developed. This technique consists of two steps. The first step is to make a sintered tungsten with a gradient pore distribution. The second step is to infiltrate a molten copper into the pores.      The tungsten/copper graded composite has an excellent ability to reduce thermal stresses and has a good thermal conductivity from the tungsten surface to the copper. It is because of the continuous microstructure change from the tungsten surface to the copper. The results of heating tests using electron beam irradiation equipment successfully showed that the tungsten/copper graded composite can endure a stationary heat flux of up to 15 MW/m2. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.31 FGMnews No.31   31 1996-06-01 2-5 傾斜構造の形成を通してのエネルギー変換材料の開発の研究（研究期間：1993から1995年度第1期） Research on the Development of Energy Conversion Materials through the Formation of Gradient Structures (Research period: Phase 1 Fiscal 1993 to 1995) 佐々木悟＊日本　100、東京　科学技術庁　省間研究開発部　材料研究開発所（現住所：日本　319-11　茨城県　東海村　動力炉および核燃料開発事業団　核燃料技術開発部） Satoru Sasaki*Office of material research and development, Inter-ministerial research and development division, Science and technology agency, Tokyo, 100 Japan ( Present address: Nuclear fuel technology development division, Power reactor and nuclear fuel development corporation, Tokai-mura, lbaraki-ken, 319-11 Japan)  The objective of this research was to expand the concept of functionally graded materials (hereinafter, referred to as FGM) - composite materials derived from the pursuit of functions by artificially imparting continuous nonuniformity to materials, as opposed to materials of uniform properties, thereby opening new possibilities as functional materials beyond FGMs for the relaxation of thermal stress as structural materials. Specifically, the research focused on thermoelectric conversion materials, thermoelectronic conversion materials and other functional materials of energy conversion type that contribute to the solution of recent issues associated with energy supplies and the conservation of the global environment, and it thus aimed at the development of fundamental technology for achieving vastly improved conversion efficiency of various types of energy conversion material through use of FGM technology. English ＦＧＭニュースNo.31 FGMnews No.31   31 1996-06-01 21-24 イオンビームミキシング法を用いた薄膜形成によるポリマー素地材料上での多機能化の試行 Trials for multi-functionalization on polymer based materials by thin film formation using the ion beam mixing method 矢ヶ崎隆義、木村雄二工学院大学　Department of Chemical Engineering　163　東京都新宿区西新宿１丁目２４－２ T. YAGASAKI*, Y. KIMURA**Department of Chemical Engineering, Kogakuin University.,  24-2, Nishishinjuku 1chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 163 Japan  We have been researching the degradation behavior of polymer based materials as a result of water absorption and ultraviolet (UV) ray irradiation, and are attempting to apply a thin film to the surface of such materials using the ion beam mixing method in order to functionalize the surface and to prevent degradation of materials. It was found that where the thin film was applied, the component elements of film and polymer-molecules became graded through forming a mixed layer between the thin film and polymer based material. And it resulted in the improvement of adhesive strength. The present paper primarily reports the effectiveness of applying a thin film for preventing degradation and also the results of an investigation into the characteristics of the thin film were indicated English ＦＧＭニュースNo.33 FGMnews No.33   33 1996-10-01 30-33 PbTe熱電材料のプラズマ活性焼結 Plasma-Activated Sintering of PbTe Thermoelectric Materials 野田泰稔東北大学　工学部 Y. NODADepartment of Materials Science. Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-Aramaki . Aoba-ku. Sendai 980-77, Japan  PbTe FGM, non-FGM and thermoelectric device were prepared by plasma-activated sintering(PAS). The thermoelectric properties of the non-FGM were comparable to those of the melt-grown single crystals. The 2-stage carrier concentration FGM was made by joining PbTe component materials doped with 2000 and 4000 molppm Pbl2, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the FGM was intermediate between those of the two components. At the FGM joint boundary, the electric potential profile showed an abrupt change within the width of 0.5 mm. The joining between metal electrode and semiconductor materials was successfully performed, judged from the optical micrograph observation and electric potential profile measurements. A simultaneous sintering among electrode and PbTe powder materials by PAS enabled us to fabricate the II-shaped thermoelectric device, which is expected to realize a high efficient module based on the thermoelectric FGM English ＦＧＭニュースNo.34 FGMnews No.34   34 1997-07-01 13-17 傾斜機能構造型歯科用インプラントの開発 Development of Dental Implant with Functionally Graded Structure 亘理文夫、横山敦郎＊、佐相史徳＊、宇尾基弘、松野浩宣＊、川崎貴生＊北海道大学歯学部歯科理工学講座、＊歯科補綴字第一講座 Fumio WATARI, Atsuro YOKOYAMA* , Fuminori SASO* , Motohiro UO, Hironobu MATSUNO* , Takao KAWASAKI*Department of Dental Materials and Engineering, * Department of Removable Prosthodontics , School of Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, JAPAN  The dental implant composed of biocompatible metal, Ti, and ceramics, hydroxyapatite(HAP) , with the structure of functionally graded materials (FGM) was fabricated in the size 6 phi x15 mm by CIP and sintering process to satisfy both mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The gradual change of concentration in the longitudinal direction of implant was confirmed by the analysis of elemental distribution using EPMA. Animal implantation test was done using the miniature(2 phi x10mm) specimens of Ti, Ti/20% HAP FGM and Ti/30% HAP FGM implants to evaluate biocompatibility. The new bone formation around the implant was clearly observed by EPMA elemental mapping method using the unstained specimen. Ti/HAP FGM specimens showed no inflammation and a direct contact of newly formed bone on implant surface after 4 week, suggesting a sufficiently good biocompatibility. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.35 FGMnews No.35   35 1997-11-01 13-17 FGM化熱電子発電器の試作と発電特性 Development of the FGM Thermionic Energy Converter 福田隆三磯貝和博、加藤寿仁五十嵐廉、加藤昌宏電子技術総合研究所三井造船（株）千葉研究所東京タングステン（株） Ryuzo Fukuda,Kazuhiro Isogai, Toshihito Kato,Tadashi lgarashi,Masahiro KatohRyuzo Fukuda, ( Electrotechnical Laboratory ) Kazuhiro Isogai, Toshihito Kato, ( Mitsui Eng. & Shipbuilding Co.,Ltd.) Tadashi lgarashi, Masahiro Katoh, ( Tokyo Tungsten Co.,Ltd.)  A solar thermionic energy converter with plane-parallel electrodes and the elective area of 3cm**2 was designed and fabricated. Distinctive features of the converter were; (1) Plasma sprayed TiC/Mo composition graded layer on the back side of the emitter for efficient heat absorption. (2) (OOO1)Re/W/Mo emitter with graded structure. The bare work function of the ( OOO1) oriented Re was 5.2eV. (3) NbOx Iayer sputter-coated on the Mo collector substrate. (4) The interelectrode spacing was held to be 0.2mm by 3 sapphire rod spacers.      The maximum output power of 8w/cm**2 at the emitter temperature 1826K was recorded by the electrical heating power generation test. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.35 FGMnews No.35   35 1997-11-01 18-21 PAS法によるセグメント型熱電変換素子の作製 Preparation of segmented thermoelectric elements by PAS 康　燕生航空宇宙技術研究所　角田宇宙推進技術研究センター Yan-Sheng KANGKakuda Research center, National Aerospace Laboratory  This is a report on a method of preparation of segmented thermoelectric (TE) element using plasma activated sintering (PAS). The segmented TE element was composed of a semiconductor of PbTe, a Bi-Te base solid solution and metallic electrodes of Ni, Cu, or Fe and Al. In this research, the element was successfully prepared by two stages of PAS those included two temperatures for densifying different kinds of semiconductor materials. Characterizations were conducted for joint between semiconductor/semiconductor and metal/semiconductor using SEM, EPMA and 4-probe method. The observation of SEM and analysis result of EPMA indicate that the joint of metal/semiconductor or semiconductor/semiconductor has no crack and nor severe reaction except at the Cu/semiconductor interface. The results of potential voltage profiles indicate that junctions with low electric resistivity are realizable and they are suitable for composing a useful segmented TE branches in an electric generator. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.40/41 FGMnews No.40/41   40 2000-03-01 7-13 有機無機傾斜薄膜の形成と応用－光触媒コーティングへの応用を中心にして－ Preparation and Application of Graded Organic and Inorganic Film- Application of Graded Intermediate Film for Preparation Process of Photocatalyst Coating 渡部俊也　高見和之　中島章　橋本和仁東京大学先端科学技術研究センター Toshiya Watanabe ,Kazuyuki Takami,Akira Nakajima,Kazuhito HashimotoR-CAST, The University of Tokyo  An intermediate layer between polymer substrate and photocatalyst coatings is inevitably important not only for improving adhesive strength between them but also for protecting polymer surface from photocatalytic degradation. The degradation of photocatalyst coatings strongly depends on the structure of intermediate layer. We have prepared graded intermediate layer between PMMA and SiO2 by adsorption process of TEOS modified PMMA polymer onto polymer substrate. The prepared graded layer exhibited the best weather resistant as compared with PMMA layer, SiO2 layer or usual PMMA and SiO2 hybrid polymer. The prepared graded coatings can be applied not only for photocatalyst coatings but also for low refractive coatings, hard coatings and so on. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.40/41 FGMnews No.40/41   40 2000-03-01 15-18 マルテンサイト変態法による磁気的傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of Magnetically Graded Materials by Martensitic Transformation Technique 渡辺義見信州大学　繊維学部機能機械学科 Yoshimi WatanabeDepartment of Functional Machinery and Mechanics, Shinshu University  The paramagnetic phase in austenitic stainless steels, such as SUS304 (Fe-18Cr-8Ni), is transformed into the ferromagnetic martensite phase by plastic deformation. Since the amount of the deformation induced martensite increases with the local strain, the saturation magnetization of the deformed austenitic stainless steel also increases with increasing strain. Using this phenomenon, magnetically graded materials can be fabricated by inhomogeneously deforming the stainless steel. This method is named a martensitic transformation technique. In this paper, the fabrication methods will be briefly described, and then some advantages of the materials will be discussed. Japanese