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National Institute for Materials Science

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[Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM2002) (pp.417-600)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/2f0d699c-dc96-4301-b704-d4d22a3f5804)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 417-421 化学共沈ナノ粒子から生成した(Ba,Sr)TiO3 傾斜機能性誘電セラミックの特性化 Characterization of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Functionally Graded Dielectric Ceramics Fabricated From Chemical Coprecipitated Nano-particles  Jingchuan Zhu, Shuyan Wu, Huarong Cheng, Zhongda Yin, Jaeho Jeon Jingchuan Zhu, Shuyan Wu, Huarong Cheng, Zhongda Yin, Jaeho Jeon  Several (Ba1-xSrx)TiO3 ceramic powders were synthesized through chemical coprecipitation process, and then (Ba,Sr)TiO3 functionally graded dielectric ceramics were fabricated from these particles by cold compacting and sintering. Their chemical composition, microstructure and dielectric properties were investigated by means of thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy and permittivity-temperature test. The results indicate that, the powders exist in cubic (Ba1-xSrx)TiO3 solid solution with nanometer particles. After sintering the grains coarsened somewhat especially for pure BaTiO3, and there were a certain number of pores. The original cubic paraelectric phase transformed partly to tetragonal ferroelectric phase after sintering, and the ferroelectric domains were observed. The graded composition in (Ba,Sr)TiO3 FGM effectively broadened the curie temperature zone and improved their dielectric-temperature stability. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 423-426 スパークプラズマ焼結によるCu/PZT 傾斜機能性アクチュエータの成形 Fabrication of Cu/PZT Functionally Graded Actuators by Spark Plasma Sintering Fang Minghao, Pan Wei, Wang Ruigang, Cao Zhenzhu, Chen Jian, Hou Likun Fang Minghao, Pan Wei, Wang Ruigang, Cao Zhenzhu, Chen Jian, Hou Likun  A new design method of piezoelectric actuator was proposed, which applied the graded-structure concept to the design of piezoelectric PZT actuator. Copper/lead zirconate titanate functionally graded actuator sintered with graded temperature field by spark plasma sintering were fabricated and characterized, varying the alignment of the amount of Cu using powder layering method. Physical and electric properties of Cu/PZT composites and FGMs were investigated, such as optimum sintered temperature, electric conductivity, relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss. Microstructure of Cu/PZT FGMs was observed by scanning electron microscopy. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 427-430 RAMに向けた傾斜機能性材料の設計とそのマイクロ波反射率 Design of Functionally Graded Materials towards RAM and Their Microwave Reflectivity Haitao Liu, Maosheng Cao, Chengjun Qiu, Jing Zhu Haitao Liu, Maosheng Cao, Chengjun Qiu, Jing Zhu  Carbonyl iron particles (CIP) with graded dispersion in polyester are prepared by controlled-sedimentation method for the first time. In order to examine the electromagnetic response of the system, the dispersion configuration of CIP, including the content varying as sedimentation height, is investigated. According to impedance matching theory and graded dispersion experiments of CIP, three kinds of multi-layer graded RAM are designed, and their microwave reflectivity curves are also measured. Experimental results have shown that the graded dispersion with CIP corresponds to well microwave absorbability. In other words, the absorbing band depends on the graded dispersion configuration of CIP in polyester matrix. The most important is that experiments of multi-layer graded RAM proved that the artificial RAMs could show ideal absorbability. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 431-434 多成分PMN-PT強誘電体セラミックスの焦電影響に関する検討 Investigation on Pyroelectric Effect of Multi-Component PMN-PT Ferroelectric Ceramics Ni Zhong, Dazhi Sun, Hui Du, Hong Yang, Xianlin Dong Ni Zhong, Dazhi Sun, Hui Du, Hong Yang, Xianlin Dong  The Fr-Ft phase transition behavior of ferroelectric PMN-PT gradient ceramics has been investigated. Ferroelectric PMN-PT ceramics with high pyroelectric coefficients in a related wide temperature region was obtained by changing composition paralleled configuration. It is found that this kind of material obtains a high pyroelectric coefficient (27x 10-8 C/cm2*K) which is four times as high as normal pyroelectric materials. The microstructure and ion diffusion of the gradient material were investigated, and the effects of them on Fr-Ft phase transition were analyzed and discussed. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 435-440 マルテンサイト変態技法により成形した磁性傾斜機能性材料に於ける磁性勾配の制御 Control of Magnetic Gradient in Magnetically Graded Materials Fabricated by Martensitic Transformation Technique 渡辺義見, 酒井博詞 Yoshimi Watanabe, Hiroshi Sakai  The present work describes martensitic transformation technique that control magnetic gradient in magnetically graded materials. An initially wedge-shaped 304 stainless steel is compression deformed into a rectangular cross section under plane-strain conditions at liquid nitrogen temperature (77K). The magnetization distributions within the specimens are evaluated with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It is found that the functionally graded material, in which the saturation magnetization changes linearly, concavely or convexly, could be fabricated by compression deformation of wedge-shaped stainless steel under plane-strain conditions at liquid nitrogen temperature. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 441-444 組成的傾斜材料プロトン伝導酸化物のプロトン伝導性 Proton Conductivity of Compositionally Graded Proton Conducting Oxides S. Yamaguchi, T. Shishido, 大森守, 大久保昭, S. Yamamoto S. Yamaguchi, T. Shishido, M. Omori, A. Okubo, S. Yamamoto  Some acceptor-doped perovskite type oxides exhibit proton conduction. These materials are of special interest because of their potential application as a solid electrolyte used in H2/O2 fuel cells. In order to increase the power density as well as to reduce the operation temperature of the fuel cells, development of the electrolyte materials with high proton conductivity is required. In the present study, we measure dc conductivity on the compositionally graded proton conducting oxides, and reveal the existence of the compositionally gradient effect in these oxides. That is the dc conductivity for the downhill configuration, with respect to the chemical potential for the hydration, is about three times larger than that for the uphill configuration. Moreover, the internal resistance of the fuel cells based on the compositionally graded electrolyte of the downhill configuration is reduced 25-30% compared with that of the uphill configuration. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 445-448 異種形状ZnOを有する(PEO)16LiClO4 の熱的／機械的性質とイオン伝導性 Thermal, Mechanical Properties and Ionic Conductivity of (PEO)16LiClO4 Electrolytes with Different Shape ZnO Lizhen Fan, Zhimin Dang, Ce-Wen Nan, Ming Li Lizhen Fan, Zhimin Dang, Ce-Wen Nan, Ming Li  Polymer electrolytes complexed with different shape ZnO powders were prepared by solution casting technique. Ionic Conductivity, mechanical and thermal properties of composite polymer electrolytes were studied. The addition of different shape ZnO powders alter the value of Tg, Tm and crystallinity of the (PEO)16LiClO4 in the different degrees. At the temperature below the melting temperature, the addition of small amount of different shape ZnO powders enhanced the ionic conductivity of the PEO based electrolyte by several times to tens more than the plain system, which is attributed to the low crystallinity in the electrolytes resulting from the dispersed ZnO powder. The mechanical properties of polymer electrolyte films were also investigated. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 449-452 テープキャスティングによる固体酸化物燃料電池（SOFC)用の傾斜Ni/SDC陽極 Gradient Ni/SDC Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Tape Casting Jigui Cheng, Haibin Li, Xingqin Liu, Guangyao Meng Jigui Cheng, Haibin Li, Xingqin Liu, Guangyao Meng  NiO/samaria doped ceria (NiO/SDC) anodes with gradient Ni composition distribution were prepared by a process based on tape casting and laminating. Sintering behaviors, microstructure and thermal properties of the gradient anodes were investigated, and compared with those of two NiO/SDC anodes with single NiO composition (75 and 55% NiO). It was shown that the gradient NiO/SDC anode has fine pore and grain structure and steady thermal expansion coefficients (TEC) than each anode with homogeneous Ni composition distribution. Owing to the better microstructure and properties, SOFCs based on the gradient anode with a SDC electrolyte film of about 100 micrometers in thickness and a LSCF cathode showed a maximum power density of 80 mW/cm2 at 600 deg.C. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 453-460 β-FeSi2から作製したFGM熱センサ特性の線状化 Linearization of the Characteristics of a FGM Thermal Sensor Made from beta-FeSi2 E. Mueller, C. Drasar, H. Ernst, W. A. Kaysser E. Mueller, C. Drasar, H. Ernst, W. A. Kaysser  Highly sensitive miniature thermal sensors can be developed when using semiconducting materials instead of conventional metallic alloys in high temperature thermoelectric (TE) detectors. The principle of functionally graded materials (FGM) has been evidenced to be capable to tune the temperature characteristics of the signal responsivity of thermal sensors in a manner that it becomes almost independent from temperature over a range of several hundred K. A preparation technique for segmented thermoelectric FGM made of double doped FeSi2 is demonstrated. Correlated variation of the TE properties caused by modification of doping type and concentration has been reported before. The doping content of the semiconductor was tuned to vary the temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient S and its ratio to the thermal conductivity S/kappa. These quantities have to be held constant over temperature to insure sensor linearity, i. e. to accomplish temperature independent responsivity of a thermal sensor in particular application cases (e.g. embedded or free-standing design). For p-type FeSi2 this could not be achieved by any homogeneous material, but by preparing a stack of segments with significantly different temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient. Constant integral thermopower of a p-type FeSi2 FGM could be achieved over a wide temperature range (between -50 deg.C and +500 deg.C) with a comparably high value of about 270 micro V/K with a variation lower than +-2%. Segmented pilot thermocouples were prepared according to the theoretical model. Desired constancy of the integral thermopower was found experimentally. First calibration tests showed good linearity of a pre-prototype sensor specimen. Hence, the FGM thermal sensors concept was extended to p/n-type stacked elements in order to increase responsivity. Modeling of up to 4-segment FGM of doped FeSi2 materials with dissimilar temperature dependence results in high values of sensor responsivity and extremely good linearity, in particular when combining p- and n-type segments. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 461-465 形状記憶合金（SMA）スプリングアクチュエータ用の電子熱駆動機構 Electrothermal Driving Mechanism for SMA Spring Actuators Jinhui Wang, Feng Xu, Shaoze Yan, Shizhu Wen Jinhui Wang, Feng Xu, Shaoze Yan, Shizhu Wen  This paper developed the electrothermal driving mechanism and the driving characteristics of three types of SMA actuators by experiment-based analysis. The results are: the bandwidth of actuators depends on the driving current, pre-tensile length, cooling speed and load; the restoring velocity of biased actuators is proportional to the driving current; the bandwidth of difference actuators is constrained to the cooling speed of SMA springs, it's necessary to control the driving current; difference actuators are better in driving characteristics than biased actuators; the difference actuators have a great potential for wide application in intelligent mechanical structures. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 467-470 波動インピーダンス勾配を有するフライヤープレート材料の設計および最適化 Design and Optimization of Flier-Plate Materials with Wave Impedance Gradient Qiang Shen, Lianmeng Zhang, Hua Tan, Fuqian Jing Qiang Shen, Lianmeng Zhang, Hua Tan, Fuqian Jing  Flier-plates with wave impedance gradient can be regarded as a new kind of FGM, which has come to show great potential for the application in dynamic high-pressure technology. In the present paper, theoretical model of generating quasi-isentropic compression via W-Mo-Ti system FGMs has been established, and study on the numerical simulation was carried out. The results show that, the process of quasi-isentropic compression on target can be seen as the successive overlap of a series of small shock loading waves generated by the transient layers. The design for flier-plates with graded wave impedance should conform to the parabolic or cubic function relationship between the impedance and the thickness. And the thickness of target should also be well designed as for creating a better quasi-isentropic compressive wave profile. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 471-473 ゼラチン中でのハロゲン化銀エマルション調製に及ぼす磁場の影響 Effect of Magnetic Field on the Preparation of Silver Halide Emulsion in Gelatin J. Yan, H. P. Cui, X. Q. Liu, J. Z. Liu, Z. M. Zhao J. Yan, H. P. Cui, X. Q. Liu, J. Z. Liu, Z. M. Zhao  In this paper the effect of magnetic field on the preparation of silver halide emulsion in gelatin by single jet method has been reported. The UV spectrum of magnetized AgNO3 solution showed the strength of absorption increased. SEM photographs and size distribution curves showed that silver halide grain obtained by magnetic treatment was more sizable and better-dispersed particles with longer diameter, compared with that without magnetic treatment. It has been confirmed that magnetic field does affect the crystallization process of silver halide in gelatin. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 475-478 混合酸化物半導体への光触媒水分解の実験的および理論的検討 Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Photocatalytic Water Splitting on Mixed Oxide Semiconductors Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye  We investigated the relation among the bulk crystal structure, the related electronic properties, photophysical behavior and the photocatalytic activity on oxide photocatalyst InMO4 (M=4d-Nb and 5d-Ta) by light absorption measured, the first principle calculations as well as water splitting experimental results. These oxide photocatalysts crystallize in the same crystal structure: wolframite type, monoclinic with space group P2/a. However, the octahedral TaO6 in InTaO4 slightly expands from that of NbO6 in InNbO4, leading to the longer lattice parameters in InTaO4. Under visible light irradiation ((lambda)>420nm), the oxide photocatalysts were found to evolve H2 from water. The band gaps of InTaO4 and InNbO4 were estimated to be 2.6 and 2.5eV, respectively. The slight difference in the band gaps of the two photocatalysts is due to their different conduction band levels formed by 5d-Ta in TaO6 and 4d-Nb in NbO6, resulting in little difference in photocatalytic activity of the two photocatalysts. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 479-483 新しい光触媒CaIn0.5M0.5O3 (M=Nb,Ta) の光物理／光触媒性質 Photophysical and Photocatalytic Properties of New Photocatalysts CaIn0.5M0.5O3 (M=Nb,Ta)  Jiang Yin, Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye Jiang Yin, Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye  New photocatalysts CaIn0.5M0.5O3 (M=Nb,Ta) with ABO3-type perovskite structure were synthesized and characterized by structural analysis, diffuse reflectance spectra and photocatalytic activity measurement under UV and visible light irradiation, respectively. From the photo-absorption behavior it is suggested that the conduction bands of the CaIn0.5Nb0.5O3 and CaIn0.5Ta0.5O3 photocatalysts are composed of In 5s-level and Nb 4d-level(or Ta 5d-level), and the valence bands are composed of O 2p level. For CaIn0.5Nb0.5O3 the band gap corresponding to O 2p -> Nb 4d transition was determined as 4.2 eV, and for CaIn0.5Ta0.5O3 that corresponding to O 2p -> Ta 5d transition was determined as 4.9eV, respectively. Both compounds show an obvious photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation ((lambda)>420 nm). English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 485-490 新しい水素発生光触媒Bi2InTaO7の合成，構造および光触媒性質 Synthesis, Structure and Photocatalytic Property of A New Hydrogen Evolving Photocatalyst Bi2InTaO7 Junhu Wang, Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye Junhu Wang, Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye  A new compound Bi2InTaO7 was synthesized by solid-state reaction and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld structure refinement. Bi2InTaO7 crystallizes in the pyrochlore-type structure, cubic system with space group Fd3m and the lattice parameter a = 10.7612(2)  Angstrom. The band gap was estimated to be 2.9 eV. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by H2 evolution from the aqueous CH3OH/H2O solution and by O2 evolution from the aqueous Ce(SO4)2/H2O solution. The results indicated that Bi2InTaO7 has potential for splitting water into H2 and O2 under ultraviolet light irradiation. Bi2InTaO7 exhibits much larger photocatalytic activity for evolving H2 from the aqueous CH3OH/H2O solution than the reported Bi2InNbO7 compound. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 491-494 太陽光エネルギー変換による水素発生用の新しいスピネル型光触媒の開発 Development of Novel Spinel-type Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation by Solar Energy Conversion Defa Wang, Junhu Wang, Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye Defa Wang, Junhu Wang, Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye  Two spinel-type oxide semiconductors InGaZnO4 and BaCr2O4 crystallized in rhombohedral and orthorhombic structures, respectively, have been developed as photocatalysts for hydrogen generation. The crystal structure was determined by powder X-ray diffraction. The photo-absorption property was measured with an UV-vis spectrometer. Photocatalytic activities of Pt or NiOx loaded powder photocatalyst were evaluated by H2 evolution from aqueous CH3OH solution or pure water under UV and/or visible light irradiation. It was found that: (1) Pt or NiOx loaded InGaZnO4 exhibited substantial activity of H2 evolution from aqueous CH3OH solution or pure water under UV light irradiation. (2) In BaCr2O4, the internal photo-excitation of electrons from the split Cr3d-t2g orbit to Cr3d-eg orbit was supposed to play an important role in the photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 495-499 アルミナおよび半田充填剤金属界面の検討 Research of Alumina and Brazing Filler Metal Interface H. L. Ning, Z. T. Geng, J. S. Ma, F. X. Huang, Z. D. Han, J. G. Cui H. L. Ning, Z. T. Geng, J. S. Ma, F. X. Huang, Z. D. Han, J. G. Cui  Hot-pressed 99 % Al2O3 ceramic and sapphire were joined using Ag70.5Cu27.5Ti2 bracing filler metal at 845 to 859 deg.C for 6 min in a vacuum. The interface reaction between Ag70.5Cu27.5Ti2 alloy and alumina during brazing is reported. The joining strength and the airtight of the specimen are influenced by the surface condition of alumina ceramic and the factor of welding condition. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 501-504 ポリアクリル系濃化剤のレオロジー性質 Rheological Properties of Polyacrylate Thickening Agent Jingxia Wang, Lizhen Fan, Feng Zhang, Shanpu Yu, Deshan Liu Jingxia Wang, Lizhen Fan, Feng Zhang, Shanpu Yu, Deshan Liu  A series of polyacrylate thickening agents have been prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization. Rheological properties of the resultant polyacrylate thickening agent have been investigated. It was found that the ratio of acrylamide (AM)/acrylic acid (AA), the amount of water, crosslinking agent in the recipe affect the thixotropic index and dilution curve. In addition, reaction temperature and concentration of thickening agent have also played a great role on rheological properties. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 505-508 傾斜指数ポリマ光ファイバプレホームの調製 Preparation of Graded-index Polymer Optical Fiber Preform Wen Ding, Chuanxiang Xu, Shoutai Wang Wen Ding, Chuanxiang Xu, Shoutai Wang  In this paper, PMMA-BB graded-index polymer optical fiber (GI POF) preform was prepared by interfacial-gel polymerization technique, whose refractive index distribution was measured by reflection method. The mechanism of the preparation and the regularities of the refractive index distribution were discussed. Gel effect and selective diffusion is considered to be the main reason that results in forming a parabolic refractive index distributing of GI POF preform, and the polymerization rate is considered to be the key role to form the optimum refractive index distribution of GI POF preform. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 509-513 ポリマー傾斜材料の構造検討 Structure Study of Polymer Gradient Materials Bianying Wen, Qingchun Li, Shaohua Hou, Gang Wu Bianying Wen, Qingchun Li, Shaohua Hou, Gang Wu  A columnar gradient material has been prepared by a specific extruding technique. The gradient variations of components via sampling along the radius of columnar gradient material was confirmed and characterized through measurements of DSC melting behavior and elemental analysis. The morphological variation was studied using SEM observation. The results indicate that the percentage of PP gradually decreased while PA6 gradually increased with increasing radius. The SEM photographs exhibit that the morphology also evolved gradually with the varying in the percentage ratio of two polymers. A phase inversion phenomenon was recognized in this gradient material. These results indicate that the PP/PA6 blend with gradient structure is prepared successfully by using of this unique technique. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 515-518 モデル実験によるポリアクリル酸エステル濃化剤のレオロジー性質 Rheological Properties of Polyacrylate Thickening Agent by Model Experiments Jingxia Wang, Feng Zhang, Lizhen Fan, Shanpu Yu, Deshan Liu Jingxia Wang, Feng Zhang, Lizhen Fan, Shanpu Yu, Deshan Liu  A series of model experiments were designed to investigate rheological properties of polyacrylate thickening agents prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization. The model experiments were carried out via solution polymerization, and the relationship of stress-strain for resultant polymers was studied, and the effects of the amount of water and crosslinking agent on modulus of polymer were also investigated. It was concluded that the modulus decreased with increasing amount of water and decreasing amount of crosslinking agent. In addition, the relationship between viscosity and concentration of thickening agent with various amounts of crosslinking agent was explained by investigating the swollen state properties of the polymer. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 519-522 GI POFプレホームの屈折率分布の因子 Factors of Refractive Index Distribution of GI POF Preform Wen Ding, Chuanxiang Xu, Shoutai Wang Wen Ding, Chuanxiang Xu, Shoutai Wang  In this paper, the factors affecting the refractive index distribution of graded index polymer preform, such as polymerization reaction temperature, concentration of dopant, molecular volume of dopant, refractive index of dopant., were discussed systematically. According to the relationship between the factors and the refractive index distribution of GI POF preform, high performance GI polymer preform was prepared by interfacial-gel polymerization technique, in which diphenyl sulfide was used as higher refractive index molecules (M2), MMA was used as monomer (M1), BOP was regarded as polymerization initiator, and n-LB was used as chain transfer agent. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 523-528 傾斜被膜剥離に及ぼす結合被膜と酸化物層の影響 The Influence of Bond Coat and Oxide Layer on the Debonding of Graded Coatings F. Erdogan, T.-C. Chiu F. Erdogan, T.-C. Chiu  In this study the axisymmetric interface crack problem in a layered medium that consists of a substrate, bond coat, thermally grown oxide and a graded top coat is considered. The top coat is assumed to be under thermally or mechanically induced compressive stresses. By using a nonlinear continuum theory the instability and postbuckling problems are solved, the crack opening displacement, the strain energy release rate and the stress intensity factors are calculated, and the results are compared with that obtained from the von Karman plate theory. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 529-533 PVDで成形したCrNx/H13 傾斜機能性被膜の生成動力学と性質 Formation Kinetics and Properties of CrNx/H13 Functionally Graded Coating Fabricated by PVD Q. G. Zhou, X. D. Bai, Y. H. Ling, X. W. Chen, D. Q. Peng Q. G. Zhou, X. D. Bai, Y. H. Ling, X. W. Chen, D. Q. Peng  The traditional physical vapor deposition could only get coating with homogeneous component and this restricted the further increase of integer properties. CrNx coatings, Cr-N of various stoichimetries, were deposited on AISI H13 steel to improve the hardness and electrochemical properties. And a new CrNx/H13 functionally graded coating (FGC) was fabricated on H13 steel substrate by PVD. The component, structure and formation of graded CrNx coating were mainly controlled by the formation kinetics. Specimens under different conditions were prepared with bias voltage of -200 V, substrate temperature below 300 deg.C, and nitrogen partial pressure from 0.05 to 2 Pa. The relationship of microstructure and properties was studied, and a kinetics model of graded CrNx coating was constituted. The microstructure and crystallinity of chromium nitride have been investigated using X-ray diffraction, X-ray Electrical Spectrum. The electrochemical property was carried out by Zahner IM6e electrochemical workstation, and the surface status was detected by scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical, microhardness and thermal shock experiment results showed that the graded coating have a better performance than duplex CrN coating. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 535-538 融解塩反応によるAlN表面上傾斜機能被覆の調製 Preparation of Functionally Graded Coating on AlN Surface by Molten Salt Reaction Jianqiang Li, Pan Wei, Dan Xie, Jian Chen, Wangyang Fu Jianqiang Li, Pan Wei, Dan Xie, Jian Chen, Wangyang Fu  To improve the bonding strength, the concept of functionally graded coating was applied in the joining of AlN ceramics to metals. Functionally graded Ti metallic coating was prepared by molten salt reaction. The coating thickness increased linearly with reaction temperature, time and initial K2TiF6 concentration. The disproportionation of Ti2+ was the rate-determining step of poly-step coating process and its activation energy was estimated to be 192.4 kJ/mol. The phases appeared in the coating were TiO, TiO1-x and TiN. The coating has a lamellar microstructure TiO/TiO1-x/TiN/TiN +AlN FGM interlayer. No obvious interface between AlN and coating was observed. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 539-541 CBN/Tiビトリファイド結合傾斜材料におけるTi被覆の挙動 Behavior of Ti Coating in CBN/Ti/Vitrified Bond Gradient Materials Yumei Zhu, Zhihong Li, Xiawan Wu Yumei Zhu, Zhihong Li, Xiawan Wu  The Behavior of titanium (Ti) coating in CBN/titanium/vitrified bond gradient material was investigated. The experimental results were contrary to the references. The experimental results showed that the titanium began to oxidize at about 650 deg.C, and formed to discontinuous coating of TiO2 on CBN abrasive surfaces. The existence of Ti-coating could not protect CBN abrasives from heat damage, instead, it reduced the bonding strength between CBN abrasives and vitrified bond. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 543-545 アーク法により蒸着したTiN被覆 TiN Coating Deposited By ARC Method Shen Wang, Shu-Hua Li,Hui-Min Tan Shen Wang, Shu-Hua Li,Hui-Min Tan  Arc deposition methods are simple in construction and provide easy handling and economic operation for the production coating of wear-resistant, erosion-resistant and decorative coatings. However, layers coated by arc deposition methods have many serious problems, such as porous and rough surfaces and poor adhesion, in particular on substrates of large thermal capacity. The main cause of such problems is droplets from the cathode. This paper focuses on the process of heating the coat surface of substrate by high energy ion bombardment from the cathode, an attempt has been made to preheat the substrate using additional radiant heater units instead of ion bombardment. In this way, a satisfactory improvement in the surface adhesive quality of arc-coated layers on some cutting tools has been achieved. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 547-550 SHS反応溶射により調製したAl2O3‐Al2Cu3被覆 Al2O3-Al2Cu3 Coating Produced by SHS Reactive Spraying X.K.Du, J.J.Wang, L.Zhou,,M.H.Ye, Z.M.Zhao X.K.Du, J.J.Wang, L.Zhou,,M.H.Ye, Z.M.Zhao  Using SHS reactive flame spraying, Al2O3-Al2Cu3 multiphase coating was produced on iron substrate surface taking Al and CuO as main reactants. Phase constituent and structure were analyzed and reactive procedure was discussed. The procedure of chemical combustion and structure transformation, reactive mechanism, and solidifying behavior during spaying were emphasized. It was revealed as follows. Formation of coating included double procedures respectively physical and chemical process synchronously and mutually affected with each other. In the latter process, it covered three successive stages of preheating, SHS combustion, structure formation and solidification. The process of preheating was controlled by melting and capillary movement of Al and reactive process between Al and CuO was controlled by indirect inter-diffusion through in-between laminar mainly composed of atom-ion melt. Due to remarkable temperature gradient and super-cooling degree, two kinds of morphology on Al2O3 were formed respectively of inner-crystalline solution in matrix with minimum diameter less than 100nm and large size of aggregated particles about microns. It similarly showed unevenness and imbalance during solidifying of Al and Cu mixture fusion. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 551-554 セラミック／金属傾斜熱障壁被覆の耐熱衝撃性 Thermal Shock Resistance of Ceramic/Metal Gradient Thermal Barrier Coating Jinsheng Xiao, Jie Liu, Wenhua Zhao, Weibiao Fu Jinsheng Xiao, Jie Liu, Wenhua Zhao, Weibiao Fu  The thermal shock experiment is an important measure to evaluate the thermal shock resistance of ceramic/metal gradient thermal barrier coatings. Two substrate materials and four coating schemes were adopted to make the specimens. Before and after the thermal shock experiments, the microstructure of specimens was observed. The heat transfer and the associated thermal stresses produced in the thermal shock procedure were simulated by finite element software ANSYS. The simulation results showed that the gradient coating scheme is much better than layered coating schemes and 2Cr13 is more suitable than 1Cr18Ni9Ti as substrate material. The experiment results demonstrated that the large thermal shock stresses and the large thermal stress gradient are the main reasons of crack initiation and propagation. The finite element simulation results agree with the thermal shock experiment results. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 555-559 セラミック／金属傾斜熱遮蔽被覆の熱残留応力の分析と測定 "Analysis and Measurement of Thermal Residual Stresses in Ceramic/Metal Gradient Thermal Barrier Coatings" Jinsheng Xiao, Chunxiao Liu, Wenhua Zhao, Weibiao Fu Jinsheng Xiao, Chunxiao Liu, Wenhua Zhao, Weibiao Fu  Ceramic/metal gradient coatings with two substrate materials (i.e., 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13), two substrate structures (i.e., convex top and concave top) and four coating schemes are considered and compared in the numerical analysis and the experiment study. Four coating schemes include: i) two-layer coating, ii) three-layer coating, iii) four-layer coating, and iv) gradient coating. The numerical results obtained by finite element method show that gradient coating with 2Cr13 concave top substrate is an optimal coating scheme. The measurement results by the hole-drilling method show that compressional stresses present in the coatings on 1Cr18Ni9Ti substrate and tensile stresses present in the coatings on 2Cr13 substrate, which agrees with the numerical analysis results. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 561-564 Ni基自溶性合金被覆のプラズマ浸炭プロセスの研究 Study on Plasma-Carburization Process of Ni-base Self-Fluxing Alloy Coating Heng Han, 北川裕之, 野田泰稔, Kazuto Arakawa, 金山信幸 Heng Han, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Yasutoshi Noda, Kazuto Arakawa, Nobuyuki Kanayama  The plasma heat-treatments were performed at 1338K for the thermally sprayed self-fluxing Ni-base alloy coatings, which are simple fusing and carburization subsequent to the fusion. The fusion changes the as-sprayed metallographic structure into the fine structure of predominant Ni phase. After the carburization, X-ray diffraction patterns show additional peaks, which were not identified, and the Cr, Mo, B-rich stripes and fine grains on the layer surface and in the middle region of the layer characterize the EPMA diagrams, respectively. In the Ni(C) matrix. The Vicker's hardness increased with increasing carburization time, where the values at the surface and middle region of the layer are 2000-1600 and that of the bottom region remains low lying at 600. The results indicate that the plasma-spray coating on stainless steel will be strengthened with the plasma heat-treatment. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 565-568 ゾル‐ゲル法によるSr(1-x)BaxBi4Ti4O15傾斜機能薄膜の調製と特性化 The Fabrication and Characteristics of Sr(1-x)BaxBi4Ti4O15 Functionally Graded Thin Films by Sol-Gel Method Dan Xie, Wei Pan, Jianqiang Li, Dan Xie, Wei Pan, Jianqiang Li,  Thin films of Sr1-xBaxBi4Ti4O15 (SBBT, x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) with gradients in composition were prepared on silicon(100) substrate by a modified sol-gel technique using the salts of Sr, Ba, Bi and TiO2 as sources. Two types of graded thin films were designed. A special heating treatment procedure was employed in this study to form the uniform composition gradients at the temperature below 850 deg.C. The results of Auger depth profiling indicate that the special process produces smooth and linear composition gradients. X-ray diffraction study clearly shows the formation of the Bi-based layered structure. Some of the peaks of the SrBi4Ti4O15, BaBi4Ti4O15 and the graded SBBT thin films were analyzed, as well as the relationship between the microstructural evolution of graded thin films and annealing conditions. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 569-572 自己還元ゾル-ゲルルートによるナノ結晶性マグネタイト(Fe3O4)膜の合成 Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Magnetite (Fe3O4) Films by Self-Reduction Sol-Gel Route Qun Wang, Jianlin Shi, 陳立東, Dongsheng Yan Qun Wang, Jianlin Shi, Lidong Chen, Dongsheng Yan  Nanocrystalline films of magnetite have been prepared by a novel sol-gel route. By use of the self-reduction effect resulted from the reductive gas generated in the heat treatment process of the precursor xerogels films, Fe3O4 films with nanoparticles ranging from 20nm to 110nm were successfully prepared under N2 atmosphere at different temperatures using trivalent iron nitrate as iron source. No organic residues have been detected in the prepared Fe3O4 films by the FTIR analysis. The formation mechanism of Fe3O4 films was discussed. The coercive force and the saturation magnetization of the resulted films range in 38.9-56.2 Oe and in 58-59 emu/g, respectively. The lower coercive force is advantageous to reducing the required saturated magnetic field in giant magnetic resistance application. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 573-575 傾斜機能材料薄膜作成へのパルスレーザ蒸着の新規応用 A New Application of Pulsed Laser Deposition to Produce Functional Graded Material Thin Films Y.Wang, M.Chen, L.Z.Qi, Z.L.Liu, K.L.Yao, Q.L.Wang Y.Wang, M.Chen, L.Z.Qi, Z.L.Liu, K.L.Yao, Q.L.Wang  A new fabricating method of functional graded material (FGM) thin films characterized by continuous component distribution, based on dual-beam pulse laser deposition, was proposed in this paper. A controlled lens system splits one beam laser from one excimer laser into two beams, which are focused on two different targets in a depositing chamber, respectively. Two plasma plumes mix and deposit together on same substrate. The component of thin film changes as the intensity ratio of two beams changes. Therefore, FGM thin films with continuous graded component, instead of stepped gradient, are obtained. This method has great advantages especially for very thin FGM films, also a great potential for fabrication of composite thin films. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 577-578 SHSによるFGMs構造のAl2O3被覆の研究 Investigation of Al2O3 Coating with FGMs Structure by SHS Zhang Lingzhen, Shi Suilin, Huang Hongjun Zhang Lingzhen, Shi Suilin, Huang Hongjun  Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) has been an attractive method of producing advanced materials, such as blocks or powders of ceramics, intermetallic compounds, composites and cermets. In this paper, thermite reaction which involve metallo-thermite reduction had been employed in the ceramic coating. The microstructure of the coating exhibits the FGMs structure, which strengthened the linkage between the steel tube and ceramic coating. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 579-583 ストロンチウム‐バリウム‐ビスマスチタン酸塩傾斜薄膜の調製と光学的性質 Preparation and Optical Properties of Strontium-Barium-Bismuth Titanate Graded Thin Films Dan Xie, Wei Pan, Likun Hou Dan Xie, Wei Pan, Likun Hou  Strontium-barium-bismuth titanate - Sr1-xBaxBi4Ti4O15 (SBBT) thin films and graded thin films with gradients in composition were prepared on fused quartz substrate by sol-gel technique. Three types of graded thin films were designed. At 750 deg.C for 10 min and then annealing at 800 deg.C for 60 min, the smooth graded thin films were obtained. The band edge absorption of SBBT thin films are all between 260 - 350 nm, and with the increase of the contents of barium cations, the band edge absorption red-shifts. The band edge absorption of the graded thin films is between that of BBT and SBT. It indicates that the structure of graded thin films will affect the absorption bands of this material. Annealing conditions have a great influence on optical properties of graded thin film. With the increases of annealing temperature, some impurity energy levels appear due to the various defects are produced during the heating process, which will lead to absorption. The absorption bands of DL and SL impurity energy levels appear when type C graded thin film was treated at 800 deg.C. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 585-589 フィルタ陰極真空アーク蒸着による調製した 四面体非晶質炭素膜 Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Films Prepared by Filtered Catholic Vacuum Arc Deposition Xu Zhang, Xiangying Wu, Huixing Zhang, Tonghe Zhang Xu Zhang, Xiangying Wu, Huixing Zhang, Tonghe Zhang  The tetrahedral amorphous carbon films are attracting materials because of their properties similar to diamond, such as high hardness, resistivity, optical transparency, chemical inertness and low coefficient of friction. These properties make it ideal for wear resistance application on cutting tools, automotive component, aerospace components and orthopedic prosthesis etc. In this paper the structures, mechanical properties adhesion and wear resistance of the tetrahedral amorphous carbon films deposited on silicon, Cr18Ni9 stainless steel and high speed steel and M2 steel substrate by pulsed and direct current filtered catholic vacuum arc deposition system have been investigated. The high quality tetrahedral amorphous carbon film has been obtained. The hardness and elastic modulus of the tetrahedral amorphous carbon films higher than 78GPa and 435GPa respectively determined by nano indentation tests. The friction performance of the tetrahedral amorphous carbon films was also studied by SRV tests, the results show: the tetrahedral amorphous carbon films have much lower wear coefficient and wear rate than that of silicon, stainless steel and high speed steel substrate. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 591-592  FGMsの揮発腐食膜構造の調製 Fabrication of the Volatile Corrosion Film with FGMs Structure Huang HongJun, Wan HongJin, Li ZhiGuang, Zhang Min Huang HongJun, Wan HongJun, Li ZhiGuang, Zhang Min  The polyethylene film has been used in industry production. In this article, the Polyethylene (PE) film was fabricated as Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor Film (VCI-F) by adding proper Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor, and the anticorrosion effect of VCI-F was studied by accelerating corrosion experiment. The result shows that the VCI-F exhibits significant anticorrosion effect and its maximum useful-life was up to 8 years. So it can prevent metal and alloy material from corrosion. The microstructure shows the distribution of Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor in the VCI-F possesses the FGMs structure which is responsible to the anticorrosion effect. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 593-598 傾斜機能ジョイントの強度：傾斜に直交する亀裂の亀裂経路及び残留応力 The Strength of Functionally Graded Joints: Crack Paths and Residual Stress for Cracks Perpendicular to the Gradient Ivar Reimanis, J.Chapa Ivar Reimanis, J.Chapa  It is critical to understand the fracture behavior of joints in structural applications if they are to behave in a reliable manner. Joints with graded interlayers have the potential of optimizing performance by allowing for multifunctionality as well as reducing residual stress, but their behavior is not understood well enough to provide suitable guidelines. This is particularly true when critical flaws are oriented asymmetrically within the gradient. This paper reviews the important parameters that affect the fracture behavior, and provides examples, with particular focus on predicting crack paths. Some work in the literature is described, but mostly the author's own work is presented. Parameters of discussed include elastic-plastic property mismatch, residual stress distribution, and graded architectural and geometrical parameters. In some cases the fracture behavior is simple, and simple models work, but in other cases the various geometric parameters combine synergistically with residual stress effects to produce behavior that is difficult to predict. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 599-600 傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of Functionally Gradient Materials Min Zhang, Hongjun Huang, Hongjin Wang, Zhiguang Li Min Zhang, Hongjun Huang, Hongjun Wang, Zhiguang Li  The development of functionally gradient materials (FGMs) has provided the research of scientists a wider space and more new thoughts and FGMs have a brilliant future in application. This article briefly introduced the appearance and development of FGM from 1980s to now and described main fabricating techniques and property evaluation available for FGM. Emphasis was set on description and analysis of material designing. English