# Fileset [fgm-1996-263-526.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/eb4d6ab5-ef79-4524-81df-354e0ab1eb25/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 (pp.263-526)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/aa8914ff-30db-4eed-9be7-91f6dd882210) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 263-268 EB-PVDの概念を応用したAl2O3-ZrO2 傾斜遮熱コーティングの微細構造と相安定性 Al2O3 - ZrO2 Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings by EB-PVD - Concept, Microstructure and Phase Stability U. Leushake, U. Shulz , T. Krell, M. Peters, W.A. KaysserDLR - German Aerospace Research Establishment, Institute of Materials Research, 51140 Cologne, Germany U. Leushake, U. Shulz , T. Krell, M. Peters, W.A. KaysserDLR - German Aerospace Research Establishment, Institute of Materials Research, 51140 Cologne, Germany Graded alumina/zirconia thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) offer a great potential to extend the application on aeroengine turbine blades integrating low oxygen diffusion layers of alumina. Since the thermal conductivity of alumina is higher than that of zirconia the design of the TBCs for the use in stationary temperature gradients has to be extended to same heatflux coating thickness. As a basis a processing route for alumina ingots was developed. Evaporation of alumina was carried out characterizing phase content and morphology. Co-evaporation of alumina/zirconia was used to fabricate lateral graded TBCs. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 269-274 プラズマ溶射で製造したZrO2/NiCoCrAlY傾斜機能コーティングの微細構造特性 Microstructure characteristic of plasma sprayed ZrO2/NiCoCrAlY graded coating Zhongda Yin, Xinghua Xiang, Jingchuan Zhu and Zhonghong LaiSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology,Campus Box 433, Harbin 150001, P.R. China Zhongda Yin, Xinghua Xiang, Jingchuan Zhu and Zhonghong LaiSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology,Campus Box 433, Harbin 150001, P.R. China The plasma sprayed ZrO2/NiCoCrAlY graded coating exhibits excellent gradually compositional distribution. The relative density of the graded coating is 90% or so, and contains a few pores inevitably. ZrO2 component contains some c, t and t' phases, as well as a little m phase, and the NiCoCrAlY component is mainly consists of (gamma)(Ni) and (gamma)' (Ni3Al), as well as a little (alpha)-Cr phase and (epsilon)-Co phase. During spraying process, NiCoCrAlY reacts with oxygen in air, and some NiO, Cr2O3, Al2O3 film formed on the particles surface. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 275-281 遠心法を加えた燃焼合成による傾斜機能材料の形成 FORMATION OF FUNCTIONALLY-GRADED MATERIALS THROUGH CENTRIFUGALLY-ASSISTED COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS W. Lai, Z. A. Munir, B.J. MiCoy, and S. H. RisbudDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. W. Lai, Z. A. Munir, B.J. MiCoy, and S. H. RisbudDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. The use of a centrifugal force during combustion synthesis to obtain functionally-graded materials was investigated. Composites formed by the reaction 2Al + 3CuO+x Cu =Al2O3 + (3 + x ) Cu were synthesized in a centrifuge. The effects of diluent content, x, relative density of the reactants, and the particle size of CuO were investigated. Graded zones between the ceramic and metallic phases were obtained under a given set of these parameters. Phase separation times were calculated from sedimentation theory and discussed in light of experimental observations. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 283-288 革新的な、ダイヤモンドを含む傾斜構造を持つ積層構造の製造に対する、新しい技術的アプローチとしてのSHS 法 SHS-A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR CREATION OF NOVEL MULTILAYERED DIAMOND-CONTAINING MATERIALS WITH GRADED STRUCTURE E.A.Levashova, I.P. Borovinskayaa, A.V. Yatsenkob, 大柳満之b, 細見暁c, 小泉光恵caSHS-Center of Moscow Steel and Alloys Inst. and Inst. of Structural Macrokinetics RAS, Leninsky pr., 4, Moscow, RussiabRussian Ministry of Science and Technical Policy, Tverskaya str., 11, 103905, Moscow, Russiac龍谷大学　520-21　大津市瀬田大江町横谷１－５dトウメイダイヤ（株）, Joto 4-5-1 Oyama 323, Japan E.A.Levashova, I.P. Borovinskayaa, A.V. Yatsenkob, M. Ohyanagib, S.Hosomic, M.KoizumicaSHS-Center of Moscow Steel and Alloys Inst. and Inst. of Structural Macrokinetics RAS, Leninsky pr., 4, Moscow, RussiabRussian Ministry of Science and Technical Policy, Tverskaya str., 11, 103905, Moscow, RussiacRyukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta, Ohtsu City 520-21, Japan dTomei Diamond Co. Ltd., Joto 4-5-1 Oyama 323, Japan Functionally gradient method enables to manufacture diamond tools and develop new materials.To produce multi-layered , diamond-containing and functionally gradient materials with a gradually from layer-to-layer changing diamond concentration, it needs to increase a material-impact resistance and strength, reduce the expensive diamond powder input and increase the diamond boundary concentration in the working layer.The SHS-method-allowed to produce 6-layer composites with (Ti,Mo)C ceramic binder and from layer-to-layer changing diamond concentration from 0 to 1 2 % with a step of 3 % and from 0 to 25 % with a step of 5 %.Regardless the composition of the exothermal mixture there is a boundary concentration of diamond powder in the mixture above which the SHS-process in the layer can't proceed. This can be explained by the fact that being an inert diluent diamond possesses a relatively high coefficient of thermal conductivity (lambda) as compared to the charge (lambda). The growth of its concentration results in the increase of heat losses from the diamond heating up and from the heat transfer through the diamond grains to the environment and finally the combustion process is interrupted. However it's possible to produce a thin (1-2 mm) diamond layer with the diamond concentration up to 90 % when diamond is introduced into the charge layer of the metal powder with a melting temperature much low than the combustion temperature of the mixture in the diamondless layer. After the metal melting in the diamond layer in course of the combustion process the melt saturates the porous skeleton of the capillary forcer. The diamond layer reduces and the diamond concentration sharply grows because the metal binder leaves the layer. The authors of the present work studied FGM in the system (Co+diamond)/(TiC+Co) obtained under various ratio of the layer masses. The behaviour of natural diamond in the combustion wave of various SHS-sysems (Ni-Al, Ti-Mo-C, Ti-Al-C, Ti-B, Ti-B-Si) was studied also for the production of bi-layered compositions with a FGM structure. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 289-294 TiB2系のサーミットに、SHS/動的擬等方圧縮法(DPIC)でダイアモンドを傾斜分散する方法 Graded Dispersion of Diamond in TiB2-based Cermet by SHS/Dynamic Pseudo Isostatic Compaction (DPIC) 大柳満之1), 辻上哲也2), 小泉光恵1), 細見暁3), E.A.Leavashov4) and I. P. Borovinskaya5)1) 龍谷大学　Dept. of Materials Chemistry2) 龍谷大学　Dept. of Mechanical and System Engineering3) トーメイダイヤ（株）4) Center of SHS, Moscow Steel & Alloys Institute, Russia. 5) Russian Academy of Science, ISMAN, Russia M. Ohyanagi1), T.Tsujikami2), M.Koizumi1), S.Hosomi3), E.A.Leavashov4) and I. P. Borovinskaya5)1) Dept. of Materials Chemistry, Ryukoku University, Japan.2) Dept. of Mechanical and System Engineering, Ryukoku University, Japan. 3) Tomei Diamond Co., Ltd., Japan. 4) Center of SHS, Moscow Steel & Alloys Institute, Russia. 5) Russian Academy of Science, ISMAN, Russia Graded dispersion of diamond in TiB2/Si cermet ( 70vol% diamond layer / 40vol% diamond layer / matrix ) was carried out by dynamic pseudo isostatic compaction ( DPIC ) just after self-propagating high temperature synthesis ( SHS ). The DPIC was performed using commercial casting sand as the pressure transmitting medium for the densification of cermet. The process enabled to simultaneously synthesize and densify the cermet matrix within a few minutes. Diamond ( and average particle size, approximately 30 micrometers ) mixed with the reactant was fixed in the matrix produced after the SHS. The maximum combustion temperatures were controlled to be approximately 2000 K to prevent the diamond to graphite transformation. X- ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra indicated that the diamond was embedded in the matrix mostly with no damage. The diamond particles were strongly fixed in the matrix even after lapping with a diamond abrasive. The primitive calculation for residual stress based on graded structure of diamond in the matrix was also performed. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 295-300 SHS/QP法で製造したセラミック/金属傾斜材料の焼きなまし Annealing of ceramic/metal graded materials fabricated by SHS/QP method A. N. Pityulina, Z. Y. Fub, M. J. Jinb , R. Z. Yuanb and A.G. Merzhanovaa Institute of Structual Macrokinetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russiab State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China A. N. Pityulina, Z. Y. Fub, M. J. Jinb , R. Z. Yuanb and A.G. Merzhanovaa Institute of Structual Macrokinetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russiab State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China SHS/QP is an efficient method for preparing FGM. But in synthesis process, high temperature and high velocity may result in some results not expected by us, which as a consequence will affect the FGM's performance. Also, repeatability of the concentration distribution is not good. In this work, FGMs were prepared by SHS/QP and heat treating, which had very thin gradient layer and wide range concentration distribution. The manufacturing was carried out as following: the pellet including mixture-metal two hours at 700 deg.C-1200deg.C. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out to different points in the gradient layer. The result indicates that the thickness of the gradient layer is decided by the heat treatment to a great extent. The chemical and phase composition, and the connection between grains show no great change. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 301-306 TiB2-Cu FGMの熱力学的計算と製造 Thermodynamic calculation and processing of TiB2-Cu FGM C.C.Ge, Z. X. Wang and W. B. CaoLaboratory of Special Ceramics & Powder Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. CHINA C.C.Ge, Z. X. Wang and W. B. CaoLaboratory of Special Ceramics & Powder Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. CHINA Thermodynamic calculation and SHS/HIP were successfully used for making TiB2-Cu FGM without macro-defects from element and diluent powders. In this case, SHS/HIP was used not only to create "a chemical oven" for densification of FGM, but also to combustion synthesize the foundmental constitute of FGM--TiB2. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 307-311 傾斜機能密度プロフィールを持つAl-Cu系材料の作成 Fabrication of Al-Cu system with functionally graded density profiles R. Tua Q. Shena J.-S. Huab L.-M. Zhanga R.-Z. YuanaaState Key Lab. of Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China, 430070bLaboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Southwest Institute of Fluid Physics, Chengdu, P.R. China, 610003 R. Tua Q. Shena J.-S. Huab L.-M. Zhanga R.-Z. YuanaaState Key Lab. of Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China, 430070bLaboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Southwest Institute of Fluid Physics, Chengdu, P.R. China, 610003 To lower the temperature-enhancement inside the target material and achieve higher pressure and velocity is important in dynamic high-pressure technology. It can be realized through quasi-isentropic loading by density functionally graded materials (DFGM). A kind of Al-Cu DFGM was hot-pressed by powder stacking with adjusting soaked temperature, load interval and pressure et al. The FGM has quasi-continuous density variation along the thickness direction. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 313-318 高温耐性を持つ傾斜機能接合成分としての、Ni超合金へのAl2O3拡散 Al2O3 to Ni-superalloy diffusion bonded FG-joints for high temperature applications Liisa Heikinheimoa Mika Sirena , Michael M. GasikbaTechnical Research Center of Finland - VTT Manufacturing Technology, FIN-02150 Espoo, FinlandbHelsinki University of Technology, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland Liisa Heikinheimoa Mika Sirena , Michael M. GasikbaTechnical Research Center of Finland - VTT Manufacturing Technology, FIN-02150 Espoo, FinlandbHelsinki University of Technology, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland The aim of this study is to manufacture alumina-superalloy joints for high temperature applications using direct diffusion bonding process with metallic interlayers and with functionally graded plasma spray coatings. In the study for the first graded joints with interlayers the bending strength values were found to be three to seven times higher than for the directly bonded materials. The functionally graded joints (FGJs), the transient produced coating, are characterised by a non-linear 3 D-distribution of phases and corresponding properties. The results show a great potential in respect with the high temperature properties. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 319-324 押し出し型フリーフォーム製造法を用いた傾斜機能材料製造にみられる進展 Advances in the Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials using Extrusion Freeform Fabrication Greg E. Hilmas, John L. Lombardi, and Robert A. HoffmanAdvanced Ceramics Research, Inc. 851 E. 47th Street, Tucson, Arizona, USA Greg E. Hilmas, John L. Lombardi, and Robert A. HoffmanAdvanced Ceramics Research, Inc. 851 E. 47th Street, Tucson, Arizona, USA The Extrusion Freeform Fabrication technology (EFF), developed by Advanced Ceramics Research, Inc. (ACR) offers tremendous potential for net shape rapid prototyping of polymers, metals, and ceramics, as well as their hybrids such as functionally graded materials (FGMs). Two unique EFF systems capable of rapid prototyping monolithic polymer, metal, and ceramic parts have been developed and entail the sequential deposition of layers of self supporting viscous suspensions or highly loaded thermoplastics using a computer controlled extrusion head. In particular, the extrusion head builds up a 3D body by sweeping out a path based on a CAD virtual image. For the fabrication of FGMs, the EFF systems are modified to contain two extruders which dispense dissimilar materials into a small mixing head. The composition of the bi-component extrudate is controlled by proportioning the raw material feedrate from the two extruders. In this maner, the composition can be continuously graded to produce a FGM component. The ACR EFF technique offers the advantages of being able to form the body into almost any shape which can then be processed through traditional powder metallurgical or ceramic firing routes. This approach is inexpensive and potentially feasible for grading between any thermodynamically compatible ceramic-metal, ceramic-ceramic, or metal-metal material combination English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 325-330 雰囲気に誘発されたド－パントの原子価傾斜を用いた、傾斜機能セラミックスの革新的製造法 Novel Routes to Functionally Graded Ceramics via Atmosphere-Induced Dopant Valence Gradients M. Kitayama, J. D. Powers and A. M. GlaeserDepartment of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering University of California, & Center for Advanced Materials, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720-1760, USA M. Kitayama, J. D. Powers and A. M. GlaeserDepartment of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering University of California, & Center for Advanced Materials, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720-1760, USA Alumina compacts, when doped with Ti, can be made to develop a dopant valence gradient during or after firing through control of the sintering/annealing atmosphere. The dopant valence, Ti3+ (vacuum) versus Ti4+ (air), has a pronounced effect on the resulting microstructure, and on the rate of grain boundary migration. It is possible to generate microstructures in which a transition from fine equiaxed grains to elongated facetted grains occurs. Grain boundary migration characteristics have been investigated by monitoring the growth of an oriented single crystal sapphire seed into Ti-doped and undoped Al2O3. An enhancement of the grain boundary mobility, relative to behavior in undoped Al2O3, is indicated for Ti3+-doped Al2O3. Opportunities for more widespread use of the furnace atmosphere as a means of producing microstructurally graded ceramics suggest themselves. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 331-336 ベルヌーイ法による傾斜機能結晶の成長 The Growth of Functionally Graded Crystals by Verneuil's Technique M.Ueltzen,a J.-F.Fournie,b Ch.Seega,b H.Altenburg ba SIMa Steinfurt,FH Munster,Stegerwaldstr.39,D-48565 Steinfurt,Germanyb FH Munster,Dept.ff Chemical Engineering,Germany M.Ueltzen,a J.-F.Fournie,b Ch.Seega,b H.Altenburg ba SIMa Steinfurt,FH Munster,Stegerwaldstr.39,D-48565 Steinfurt,Germanyb FH Munster,Dept.ff Chemical Engineering,Germany The potential of the Verneuil process in the fabrication of functionally graded materials is discussed in detail. The powder feeding system of a conventional Verneuil apparatus was changed in order to enable variations of stoichiometry in the growing crystal.The possibilities of this technique are shown with the system ruby-sapphire. Several graded crystals based on alumina, like ruby-leukosapphire and blue sapphire-leukosapphire-ruby, were grown. A model shows the way, in which the results can be transferred to other materials. An outlook on the possibilities of the Verneuil technique relating to other materials including non-oxide crystals is given. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 337-342 傾斜機能材料のエキサイマー・レーザー加工 Excimer Laser Processing of Functionally Graded Materials a 内田敬久,a 山田諄,a Y.P.Kathuria,b 林二一, 渡辺茂男,a 比嘉俊太郎,a 古橋秀夫, a 内田悦行a 愛知工業大学　電気、電子工学科470-03　豊田市八草町八千草１２４７E-mail:Uchiday@in.aitech.ac.jp Fax:+81-565-48-0070b 株式会社レーザックス　472　愛知県知立市新林町 Yoshihisa Uchida,a Jun Yamada,a Y.P.Kathuria,b Niichi Hayashi,Shigeo Watanabe,a Shuntaro Higa,a Hideo Furahashi a and Yoshiyuki Uchida aa Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Aichi Institute of Technology,1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-03,JapanE-mail:Uchiday@in.aitech.ac.jp Fax:+81-565-48-0070b Laser X Co.,Ltd.,Shinbayashi-cho, Chiryu,Aichi 472,Japan This paper reports on some characteristic properties of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) processed with pulsed KrF excimer and Nd-YAG lasers. In these experiments, a new production method - a progressive lamination with continuous gradation by filtration using a procedure resulting in a mechanical separation of solids and liquids - is used for producing thick blocks of FGMs. Ceramic-metal FGMs were produced by mixing Korean kaolin (SiO2-Al2O3) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) powders at 900deg.C of gas calcination temperature. Surface treating and cutting of some layers of FGMs were performed. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 343-348 圧搾作業によるステンレス鋼/PSZ傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of stainless steel/ PSZ functionally graded materials by means of an expression operation 隆賢治(a), 村上陽一(a), 石倉俊宏(a), 林二一(a),渡辺茂男(a), 内田悦行(a), 比嘉俊太郎(a), T.imura(a),d.dykes(a) 愛知工業大学, 470-03　愛知県豊田市八草町八千草(b) 四日市大学, 512　四日市市萱生町 K.Taka(a), Y.Murakami(a), T.Ishikura(a), N.Hayashi(a),S.Watanabe(a), Y.Uchida(a), S.Higa(a), T.imura(a),d.dykes(a) Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa Yakusa Toyota 470-03 JAPAN(b) Yokkaichi University, Kayo Yokkaichi 512 JAPAN Recently, with advances in technology, materials for the construction of machinery are now being utilized in various kinds of severe environment. It is in order to cope with difficulties of this kind that recourse to "functionally graded materials"(FGMs) has been proposed in Japan. However although various techniques are currently available for the manufacture of FGMs, it is very difficult to produce FGMs of the greater thickness widely required in manufacturing industry. This paper attempts to present a method of production for FGMs by means of an expression operation resulting in a mechanical separation of solids and liquids, using the two processes vacuum filtration and expression consolidation. It examines how this expression technology can be used to produce FGMs of greater thickness more simply and cheaply than has hitherto been possible. In this way, compressed FGM cakes materials could be manufactured using ZrO2 as the ceramic material and stainless steel powder as the metallic material. FGM cakes produced in this way were air dried and then baked in an electrically powered reducing furnace. FGM cakes produced in the above described way observed the case that it use an addition agent and an effect of the graded layer steps and an effect by the thickness of it. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 349-354 金属－セラミックFGMのマイクロ波による焼結 Microwave sintering of metal-ceramic FGM M.A. Willert-Porada and R.BorchertDepartmentof Chenucal Engineering, Div.of Materials Science,Unversity of Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany M.A. Willert-Porada and R.BorchertDepartmentof Chenucal Engineering, Div.of Materials Science,Unversity of Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany Introduction In the fabrication process of metal-ceramic FGM powder metallurgy is an attractive method, particularly when densification can be achieved by pressureless sintering. In order to achieve homogeneous densification across the compositional gradient, an adjustment of the local sintering rate to the microstructure and composition of the gradient structure is required. In case of conventional sintering techniques, full densification by pressureless sintering is only accomplished, when the sintering temperature of the metallic and the ceramic part of the FGM is adjusted, e.g. by using fine grained ceramic powders with a significantly increased sintering activity. However, this method is limited by the availability of ceramic as well as metallic powders with a sufficiently high or low sintering activity. Furthermore, adjustment of sintering activity by the grain size is mainly used to lower the sintering temperature of the ceramic phase, which on the other hand also decreases the temperature range of application of such FGM. As an alternative method not based solely on powder properties, application of microwave heating (2.45 GHz frequency) offers a solution to this problem, due to the sensitivity of the microwave heating behaviour to microstructural and compositional differences within the gradient material. In previous studies on metal-ceramic or semiconductor-insulator-mixtures the effect of composition on dissipation of microwave radiation into heat turned out to be much more pronounced than the influence of grain size or agglomeration on the heating rate [2] as long as no nanoscaled powders are applied. However, only few metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic-systems were investigated, e.g., Al2O3-Al [3], Al2O3-Steel {4} as will as WC-Co [3], Al2O3-TiC[5] and SiC-ZrO2[6]. The present study is therefore devoted to three different metal-ceramic-systems of a particular practical importance, e.g. Al2O3-steel, ZrO2-Ni80Cr20 and Al2O3-Mo, with the aim on an experimental proof of the general applicability of microwave sintering for metal-ceramic-FGM. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 355-360 温度勾配制御を伴うパルス放電による緻密化による、傾斜機能材料の残留応力制御 Residual Stress Control of Functionally Graded Materials via Pulse-Electric Discharge Consolidation with Temperature Gradient Control 木村博、佐藤達也防衛大学校　機械工学　239　横須賀市 Hiroshi Kimura and Tatsuya SatohDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The National Defense Academy,239 Yokosuka, Japan This article describes how one can control a residual stress profile of a functionally graded material via pulse-electric discharge consolidation with temperature gradient control, using the graphite die with specially designed outer shape. For a five layered materials graded from TiAl intermetallic to partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) with the compositional distribution of n=1, the temperature gradient necessary for a constant sintering rate is experimentally derived. Then, the stepped die, having a temperature gradient larger than the ideal one, can be used to show an increase in Vickers hardness from the prediction of the mixture rule at the PSZ layer and the layers with high volume fractions of PSZ. This increase strongly indicates the occurrence of a residual compressive stress during consolidation up to full density. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 361-366 放電プラズマ焼結法による傾斜超硬合金/スチールの組成の研究 Study on the Composition Graded Cemented Carbide/Steel by Spark Plasma Sintering 池ヶ谷明彦 a , Katsuya Uchino a , Tsugio Miyagawa b and Hidenori Kaneta ca 住友電気工業株式会社　伊丹研究所　664　兵庫県伊丹市昆陽北1-1-1b （財）金属系材料研究開発センタ－　105　東京都港区虎ノ門1-26-5b 石油公団　石油開発技術センター　261　千葉県千葉市美浜区浜田1-2-2 Akihiko Ikegaya a , Katsuya Uchino a , Tsugio Miyagawa b and Hidenori Kaneta ca Itami Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. 1- 1-1 I Koya- Kita, Itami 664, Japan b Japan Research and Development Center for Metals, 1- 26- 5 Toranomon Minato- ku, Tokyo 105, Japanb Technology Research Center, Japan National Oil Corporation, 1- 2- 2 Hamada Mihama- ku, Chiba 261, Japan Steel coated with high wear- resistant and high corrosion- resistant hard materials are widely used, but these composite materials do not always achieve the aimed properties, mainly because coating materials with high hardness could not be applied thickly and also could not be jointed firmly as desired. To overcome these problems, the new functionally graded materials were studied. To relieve the thermal stress, Co composition graded cemented carbide powders stacked in multiple layers on steel substrate were sintered and joined on the steel by the Spark Plasma Sintering. Because of low- temperature and short- time sintering, the graded composition of cemented carbide was maintained as desired and a crack- and peel- free coated product could be achieved by this process. From this study, we confirmed that it is possible to realize a high wear- resistant cemented carbide/steel composite material for practical use. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 367-372 傾斜機能Al2TiO5/ZrO2-Al2O3複合材料の相組成プロフィール特性 Phase Composition Profile Character of a Functionally-graded Al2TiO5/ZrO2-Al2O3 Composite S. Pratapa, B.H. O'Connor, and I.M.LOWMaterials Research Group, Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, WA. Australia 6001 S. Pratapa, B.H. O'Connor, and I.M.LOWMaterials Research Group, Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, WA. Australia 6001 The phase composition character of a functionally-graded Al2TiO5/ZrO2-Al2O3 composite, produced by infiltration involving an Al2O3-ZrO2 (90:10by weight) green body and a solution containing TiCl3, has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The Rietveld "whole pattern" refinement method was applied to diffraction patterns of the sample which were collected from the surface and at depths of 0. 1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.5 mm. The sub-surface measurements were made after polishing away the material to the designated depth. Absolute phase composition levels were estimated using diffraction data from an (alpha)-Al2O3 external standard. The results show that the weight fraction of Al2TiO5 is approximately 44.5% at the surface and reduces linearly to 9.5% at 0.3 mm, and then to 5.3% at 1.5 mm. The Al2O3 content increases with depth in a complementary manner. The results also indicate the presence of an amorphous phase of mean value 3 wt% in the specimen. The functionally-graded profile was verified by qualitative energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 373-378 傾斜機能材料を用いた誘電率傾斜素子の製造 The Use of a Functionally Graded Material in the Manufacture of a Graded Permittivity Element 渡辺茂男*, 石倉俊宏*, A. TOKUMURA*, Y. KIM** 林二一*, 内田悦行*, 比嘉俊太郎*, D. DYKES***, G. TOUCHARD***** 愛知工業大学, 470-03 豊田市八草町八千草 ** Yongwol Institute of Technology, Yongwol Kangwondo, 230-800 Korea. *** 四日市大学, 512　四日市市萱生町****Universite de Poitiers, 40 av. du Recteur Pineau, Poitiers 86022 France. S. WATANABE*, T. ISHIKURA*, A. TOKUMURA*, Y. KIM** N. HAYASHI*, Y. UCHIDA*, S. HIGA*, D. DYKES***, G. TOUCHARD***** Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachikusa Yakusa-cho Toyota 470-03 Japan. ** Yongwol Institute of Technology, Yongwol Kangwondo, 230-800 Korea. *** Yokkaichi University, Kayo-cho, Yokkaichi, 512 Japan. ****Universite de Poitiers, 40 av. du Recteur Pineau, Poitiers 86022 France. The authors of this paper have previously developed a vacuum filtration technique for the manufacture of functionally graded materials (FGMs) by a progressive lamination method. For this, they have been granted a U. S. patent. Using this method, it is possible to manufacture FGMs with thicknesses ranging from several millimetres to several centimetres. The authors have already produced an iron ( III ) oxide-kaolin FGM, the graded condition of which they have verified by means of a scanning electron microscope. In addition, they have performed measurements to determine this material's electrical properties viz: conductivity, relative permittivity and magnetic permeability. The present paper reports an experiment to create a different type of FGM, characterised by graded permittivity. The constituent materials used are titanium oxide and kaolin. The graded condition of manufactured specimens was investigated by mean of scanning electron microscope photographs and measurements of relative permittivity. Relative permittivity was found to vary between 2 and 5, while the photographs confirmed that the specimens were smoothly graded. On the basis of these results, it seems probable that graded permittivity elements can be manufactured using the authors' method. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 379-386 傾斜機能材料で発生する残留応力の評価およびモデリング -2例- Evaluation and Modelling of the Residual Stresses Generated on Functionally Graded Materials -Two examples- N. CherradilCherradi 1、D. Delfosse 2、P. Moeckli 11 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015 Lausanne, 2 swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials T esting and Research, EMPA, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland N. CherradilCherradi 1, D. Delfosse 2 and P. Moeckli 11 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015 Lausanne,2 swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials T esting and Research, EMPA, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland A parametric study was carried out to determine the influence of the compositional gradient on the residual stress distribution. The calculations were based on a cylindrical geometry for WC/Co samples and a rectangular geometry for CuNi samples with stepwise compositional variation at the interlayers. The effects of the gradation size and composition profile of the graded materials were investigated by a visco-elasto-plastic finite element analysis using the ABAQUS code. It was found that the degree of residual stress is mostly determined by the compositional distribution and its thickness, but not by the thermal history. The calculated stress values were compared with those measured experimentally either by X-ray diffraction on graded WC/Co specimens or by deflection measurements during electrochemical removal of subsequent layers for graded CuNi samples. The comparison with experimental methods showed good agreement, thus validating the results obtained by the parametric finite element study. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 387-396 複合中間層に接続するAl2O3-Ni結合部の残留歪および応力： FEM予測および実験の測定値 Residual Strains and Stresses in an Al2O3-Ni Joint Bonded with a Composite Interlayer: FEM Predictions and Experimental Measurements Barry H. Rabin、Richard L. Williamson、Hugh A. Bruck Idaho National Engineering Laboratoty, Idaho Falls, ID Xun-Li Wang and Tom R. Watkins Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN David R. Clarke University of California, Santa Barbara, CABarry H. Rabin, Richard L. Williamson and Hugh A. Bruck Idaho National Engineering Laboratoty, Idaho Falls, ID Xun-Li Wang and Tom R. Watkins Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN David R. Clarke University of California, Santa Barbara, CA Barry H. Rabin, Richard L. Williamson and Hugh A. BruckIdaho National Engineering Laboratoty, Idaho Falls, ID Xun-Li Wang and Tom R. Watkins Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN David R. Clarke University of California, Santa Barbara, CABarry H. Rabin, Richard L. Williamson and Hugh A. BruckIdaho National Engineering Laboratoty, Idaho Falls, ID Xun-Li Wang and Tom R. Watkins Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN David R. Clarke University of California, Santa Barbara, CA A cylindrical Al2O3-Ni joint bonded with a 4.0 mm thick composite interlayer of 40 vol.% Al2O3-60 vol.% Ni was fabricated by powder processing and the residual stresses and strains in the specimen were studied experimentally using neutron diffraction, x-ray diffraction and optical fluorescence spectroscopy. Experimental measurements were compared with finite element method (FEM) modeling results obtained using a variety of different constitutive assumptions . The predicted residual strain distribution within the Al2O3 along the center of the specimen was in excellent agreement with neutron diffraction measurements. Alternatively, the predicted peak strains and stresses within the Al2O3 along the specimen surface were significantly higher than those measured, suggesting stress-relief occurred near the free-edge during cooling. The mechanisms of stress-relief are uncertain, however localized plasticity and damage within the composite interlayer are believed to play a role. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 397-402 Ti-TiCx傾斜機能材料の残留熱応力 Residual Thermal Stresses in Functionally Graded Ti-TiCx Materials. N. Frage a、M.P. Dariel a、U. Admon b、A. Raveh ba Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University. Beer-Sheva. Israel, b Nuclear Research Center-Negev, P.O.Box 9001 , Beer-Sheva, Israel. N. Frage a, M.P. Dariel a, U. Admon b and A. Raveh ba Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University. Beer-Sheva. Israel, b Nuclear Research Center-Negev, P.O.Box 9001 , Beer-Sheva, Israel. Graded Ti-TiC nanoscale multilayers transform after an appropriate interdiffusion anneal into a functionally graded (FG) region between a TiC hard coating and a Ti substrate. Using the available database regarding the properties of the TiCx solid solution, it was possible to develop analytical expressions for the residual thermal stresses that develop in the FG-material. It was shown that by appropriate design of the graded concentration in the initial multilayer, it is possible to generate compressive stresses in the vicinity of the ceramic-like edge of the FG-transition zone. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 403-408 複合材料の構成成分および微細構造がTiC-Ni3Al FGMの残留熱応力に与える影響 The effect of constituent and microstructure of composites on the residual thermal stress in TiC-Ni3Al FGMs Ji-Hui Wang、Lian-Meng ZhangState Key Laboratory of Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Ji-Hui Wang and Lian-Meng ZhangState Key Laboratory of Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Based on the measured thermomechanical properties and the microstructure of the graded layer of TiC-Ni3Al functionally graded material, using the analysis method, the interface residual thermal stress of TiC-Ni3Al sphere in the sintering process was calculated. The relationship between the stress and the content of Ni3Al was presented. The results show that the failure mechanics of TiC-Ni3Al composite may be different in different content of Ni3Al. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 409-412 未知の多成分析出物を特定するためのFGMの新しい応用 New application of FGM to identification of unknown multicomponent precipitates 伊藤勲、山田英明、小島理規、乙黒靖男、中田博士、M. Matubara 群馬大学 大学院生群馬大学　機械システム工学科 I. Itoh, H. Yamada, Y. Kojima, Y. Otoguro, H. Nakata and M. Matubara Graduate Student, Gunma UniversityDepartment of Mechanical System Engineering, Gunma University It is well known that FGM is developed to relax the thermal stress which generates near the bonding interface of metal and ceramics. Recently FGM has been actively applied to many other fields. For example, there is a research project on the development of energy conversion materials through the formation of gradient structures (Research period:Phase 1 Fiscal 1993 to 1995)[1]. We have joined the project and studied the diffusion bonding of Al2O3 and Mo using the Al-Sn bonding method which we developed [2]. The objective of this research is to offer the new application of FGM that is the compositionally graded material (CGM). It is difficult to identify multicomponent precipitates because of the lack of multicomponent phase diagram and X-ray diffractometer' s data. Then we try to develop the method by which the precipitates can be easily identitified, that is, the method using CGM. When the diffusion couple of Cu-10 mass%Sn and Al-0. 5 mass%Sn is heated at 773 K which is lower than the eutectic temperature of 821 K in Cu-Al system, 4 intermetallic compounds are formed in the diffusion layer [3]. In this research, these compounds are judged by using CGM. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 413-418 ガスタービンエンジン用傾斜遮熱コーティングの評価 Evaluation of Graded Thermal Barrier Coating for Gas Turbine Engine 川村昌志、松崎祐司、日野春樹、岡崎章三川崎重工業株式会社 明石技術研究所　673 兵庫県明石市川崎町１番１号 M. Kawamura, Y. Matsuzaki, H. Hino, S. OkazakiAkashi Technical Institute, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. Kawasaki-cho 1-1, Akashi, Hyogo, 673 JAPAN The degradation processes of the bilayer and 6-layer graded TBCs are discussed both experimentally and computationally. Transient thermal cycle tests using the hydrogen combustion gas burner showed that the surface layer of both types of coating spalled immediately after the initiation of heating; namely, the top coat was delaminated near the top coat/bond coat interface in the bilayer coating case, while the graded coating showed delamination at the boundary between the 100% stabilized zirconia layer and the adjacent 80% stabilized zirconia-20% MCrAlY composite layer. The maximum heat load to cause the top coat spallation of the graded TBC was clearly greater and the substrate temperature was 200 degree higher than that of the bilayer coatings. Finite element model analysis simulating the thermal cycle tests demonstrated that the top coat spallation of both types of coating is caused by the buckling driven by delamination due to the transient large in-plane compressive stress development immediately after initiate heating. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 419-423 炭化ケイ素積層複合材料の力学的および電気的特性 Mechanical and electrical properties of multilayer composites of silicon carbide J. Hojoa、F. Hongo b、K. Kishi c、S. Umebayashi ca 九州大学工学部Department of Chemical Science and Technology　812 福岡市東区箱崎6-10-1 b 九州大学大学院　812 福岡市東区箱崎6-10-1 c 九州工業技術研究所　841 鳥栖市宿町807-1 J. Hojoa, F. Hongo b, K. Kishi c and S. Umebayashi ca Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, 8 12 Japanb Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, 812 Japan* c Kyushu National Industrial Research Institute, Shuku-machi, Tosu-shi, 841 Japan Multilayer composite disks of SiC-TiC-Ni system were fabricated by a powder sin-tering technique. The composition was graded stepwise between SiC and TiC, and between TiC and Ni. Cracking in the ceramic part was prevented by increase of the number of stacked layers. It was found by the Vickers indentation technique that large tensile stresses existed on the surface of SiC layer and at the disk edge. The reduction of residual stress by compositional gradient was confirmed by an analytical calculation. Furthermore, the electrical property of SiC-TiC gradient material was evaluated. The electrical conductivity measured in the direction from SiC to TiC revealed the ohmic behavior, indicating that metallic TiC is useful as electrode of semiconductive SiC. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 425-432 傾斜機能材料の熱伝導率に熱衝撃が与える影響 The Effect of Thermal Shock on the Thermal Conductivity of a Functionally Graded Material A.J.Slifka a、熊川彰長 b、B.J.Filla a、J.M.Phelps a、下田信之ca NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. b 科学技術庁航空宇宙技術研究所 角田宇宙推進技術研究センター 981-15 宮城県角田市君萱小金沢１ c 299-12 千葉県富津市新富20-1 新日本製鐵株式会社鉄鋼研究所 A.J.Slifka a, A.Kumakawa b, B.J.Filla a, J.M.Phelps a, N.Shimoda ca NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. b Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory, STA, 1 Koganezawa, Kimigaya, Miyagi 981- 15 Japan. c Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu, Chiba 299-12 Japan. We have measured the thermal conductivity of a Ni20Cr / 8% yttria-partially-stabilized-zirconia functionally graded 1.1 mm thick coating on a substrate of 403 stainless steel. We measured thermal conductivity of the as-received coated specimen, then thermally shocked the specimen and measured thermal conductivity again. The measurements were done using an absolute, steady-state technique over a temperature range from 400 K to 1200 K. The specimen was thermally shocked by heating in a furnace to 475 K, then quenching in water at 295 K. We discuss the effect of moderate thermal shock on the thermal conductivity of the coating. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 433-438 高周波渦電流法による炭素繊維強化構造の非破壊評価 Non-Destructive Evaluation of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Structures using High Frequency Eddy Current Methods G. Mook、O. Koser、R. LangeInstitute of Materials Science and Materials Testing, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, POB 4120, 39016 Magdeburg, Germany G. Mook, O. Koser, R. LangeInstitute of Materials Science and Materials Testing, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, POB 4120, 39016 Magdeburg, Germany Eddy current (EC) inspection of carbon fibre-reinforced structures bases on their anisotropic electrical properties. Great differences in conductivity between carbon fibres, polymer matrix and integrated functional components contribute to this circumstance. The paper describes suitable eddy current probes, the fundamental idea of modelling and measurement of EC distribution and provides a short survey of application potential to characterise CFRP non-destructively. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 439-444 SiC/C組成傾斜黒鉛材料の熱拡散率測定 Thermal diffusivity measurement for SiC/C compositionally graded graphite materials 中野純一、藤井貴美夫、山田禮司茨城県那珂郡東海村 日本原子力研究所　茨城県那珂郡東海村 J. Nakano, K. Fujii and R. YamadaJapan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan Thermal diffusivity of oxidation-resistant SiC/C compositionally graded graphite materials has been measured by using the laser flash method. In order to study the effect of the SiC/C graded layer on the diffusivity, the thickness of the graded layer and the SiC content were changed. In addition, the specific surface areas of the SiC/C materials have been measured. It is shown that the effect of the SiC/C graded layer on thermal diffusivity was small within SiC contents (0.27-8.52 mass%) used in this study. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 445-450 スモールパンチテストの評価による高温延性およびCr3C2添加剤の影響 High-Temperature Ductility of TiC as Evaluated by Small Punch Testing and the Effect of Cr3C2 Additive L. M. Zhang 1 J.-F. Li 2 渡辺龍三 2 平井敏雄 11 東北大学　金属材料研究所　仙台市　2 東北大学　工学部　材料加工学科　仙台市 L. M. Zhang 1 J.-F. Li 2 R. Watanabe 2 T.Hirai 11 Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 2 Department of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University. Sendai, Japan To study the mechanism by which TiC/Ni3Al FGMs are damaged under cyclic thermal shock, pure TiC and TiC composites with 1 to 5 vol% Cr3C2 additives were prepared by HP (Hot Pressing) at 2703 K and 1573 K, respectively, the relative densities of all the composites being above 97%. The high-temperature deformation behavior was investigated by means of a modified small punch testing (MSP) method at the critical temperatures of 1208 and 1373 K. Typical brittle fractures were found to occur in all the samples at 1208 K. When the testing temperature was increased to 1373 K, all the Cr3C2 -doped TiC composites exhibited obvious ductile deformation, such deformation behavior remaining unchanged. Compared to pure TiC, the composites had lower yield strength. The yield strength decreased and the ductile deformation increased with increasing Cr3C2 content, probably due to the existence of lower charged Cr compounds in the composites. The deformation transition behavior can be applied to explain the thermal shock property of TiC/Ni3Al FGMs. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 451-456 PSZ/Ni系超合金複合材料の力学的および熱物性 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of PSZ/Ni-Base Superalloy Composite 赤間信也防衛庁技術研究本部第4研究所　229　神奈川県相模原市淵野辺2-9-54 Shinya Akama4th Research Center, Technical Research & Development Institute Japan Defense Agency 2-9-54, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan Mechanical and thermal properties of non-graded Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ)/IN100 (Ni-Base Superalloy) composite materials were investigated at elevated temperature. The specimens were made by sintering method. The following results were obtained by 4-point bending tests. The yield strength of these uniformly composite materials abruptly decreases at temperatures over 1123 K when the concentration of PSZ in weight is under 50%. The specific yield strength (yield stress/density) of composites with more than 75 % PSZ is nearly equal to that of the CMSX-2 single crystal which is recently used for the turbine blades of the aero jet engines in the temperature range from 1173 K to 1273K. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 457-462 加工許容応力統一解析モデルおよびセラミック-金属傾斜機能材料の最適設計 Processing-working stress unified analysis model and optimum design of ceramic-metal functionally graded materials Peng-Cheng Zhai、Qing-Jie Zhang、Run-Zhang YuanState Key Laboratory of Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R.China Peng-Cheng Zhai, Qing-Jie Zhang and Run-Zhang YuanState Key Laboratory of Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R.China The processing-working unified analysis model and optimum design of ceramic-metal functionally graded materials are studied. Emphasis is placed on the effect of the residual stress on the working stress and optimum design of the materials. Two analysis models for the residual stress effect are examined: one is a separate analysis model and the other is an unified analysis model. It is indicated that the effect of the residual stress is significant and the optimum design of the FGMs should be based on the processing-working unified analysis model when the materials response is inelastic. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 463-468 SiC/C FGMでコーティングされたC/C複合材料の評価試験(航空宇宙への応用を目的に、シミュレーション条件下で実施) Evaluation test of C/C composites coated with SiC/C FGM, under simulated condition for aerospace application 若松義男 a、齋藤俊仁 a、小野文衛 a、石田清道 b、松崎貴至 b、濱村修 c、早田喜穂 d、久手幸徳 da 科学技術庁航空宇宙技術研究所 角田宇宙推進技術研究センター　981-15　 宮城県角田市 b 科学技術庁航空宇宙技術研究所　182 東京都調布市 c （株）エイ・イー・エス　305 茨城県つくば市 　d 日本石油株式会社 中央技術研究所　231 神奈川県横浜市中区 Y.Wakamatsu a, T.Saito a, F.Ono a, K.Ishida b, T.Matsuzaki b, O.Hamamura c, Y.Sohda d and Y.Kude da Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda, Miyagi, 981-15, Japanb National Aerospace Laboratory, Chofu, Tokyo 182, Japanc Advanced Engineering Service Company, Ltd., Tukuba, Ibaraki, 305, Japan d Central Technical Research Laboratory, Nippon Oil Company, Ltd., Naka-ku, Yokohama, 231, Japan The authors fabricated carbon/carbon composites coated with SiC/C functionally graded material (FGM). The fabricated specimens were hemispherical in shape with a diameter of 50 mm. They were tested in two kinds of heating devices to evaluate their durability. In hot gas flow tests, specimens were heated seven times for 30 seconds each before damage occurred. In arc-heated wind tunnel tests, a specimen was heated twice, 1,100 seconds each time, before damage appeared. Pinhole-like damage was observed on the surface of all the specimens and pores were found in the carbon under the SiC coating layer by means of X-ray CT. The results of these evaluation tests demonstrated that the FGM layer has reasonable durability although the SiC coating is subject to damage due to oxidation. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 469-474 ZrO2 /Ni傾斜機能材製再生冷却型スラストエンジンの耐性試験および高高度における性能試験 Durability and High Altitude Performance Tests of Regenaratively Cooled Thrust Engine Made of ZrO2 /Ni Functionally Graded Materials 黒田行郎 a、只野真 a、毛呂明夫 a、Yoshihiro Kawamata b、下田信之 ca 科学技術庁航空宇宙技術研究所　角田宇宙推進技術研究センター　981-15 宮城県角田市小金沢１ b 三菱重工業株式会社 　485　愛知県小牧市東田中1200 c 新日本製鐵株式会社　199-12 千葉県富津市新富20-1 Yukio Kuroda a, Makoto Tadano a, Akio Moro a, Yoshihiro Kawamata b, and Nobuyuki Shimoda ca Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory 1, Koganezawa, Kakuda, Miyagi 989-15, JAPANb Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LTD. 1200, Higashi-Tanaka, Komaki-Shi, Aichi-Ken 485, JAPAN c Nippon Steal Corporation. 20- I , Shintomi Futtsu Chiba-Ken, 299- 12, JAPAN Durability and high altitude performance tests of regeneratively cooled 1200 N thrust engine composed of two kinds of ZrO2/Ni FGM chambers were conducted with NTO/MMH propellant to evaluate the real engine performance of Ispv,, C* efficiency of the engine and also to obtain thermal data of the engine. It was shown that a high level of combustion efficiency can be achieved in the operating test conditions. In the high altitude performance tests, the vacuum specific impulse Ispv was 318 s at Pc=1.3 MPa. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 475-482 日本における、傾斜機能材料の製造技術による、熱電性能指数の向上に関する研究 Research on Enhancement of Thermoelectric Figure of Merit through Functionally Graded Material Processing Technology in Japan 梶川武信湘南工科大学　251 神奈川県藤沢市 Takenobu KajikawaShonan Institute of Technology Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251 Japan For useful thermoelectric elements, the figure of merit should be high over wide temperature range. In order to realize such a thermoelectric performance, Functionally Graded Material (FGM) approach has attracted engineers' attention. The research activities on the enhancement of thermoelectric figure of merit through FGM processing technology in Japan are reviewed in the paper. After the fundamental design guideline of FGM thermoelectric element is presented, the experimental results for several kinds of FGM approach are introduced mainly based on the FGM projects named "Development of Energy Conversion Material though Formation of Graded Structures" promoted by Science and Technology Agency and "Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials" supported by Ministry of Education and Culture. The technological problems and future prospects are also discussed. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 483-488 傾斜機能熱電材料の設計方法 A Design Procedure of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials 寺木潤一a、平野徹 aa ダイキン工業株式会社MEC研究所305 茨城県つくば市御幸が丘3番地 J.Teraki a and T. Hirano aa Daikin Industries, Ltd., MEC Laboratory, 3 Banchi, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305, JAPAN. A computational design procedure of a thermoelectric power device using Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) is presented. A model of thermoelectric materials is presented for transport properties of heavily doped semiconductors, electron and phonon transport coefficients are calculated using band theory. And, a procedure of an elastic thermal stress analysis is presented on a functionally graded thermoelectric device by two-dimensional finite element technique. First, temperature distributions are calculated by two-dimensional non-linear finite element method based on expressions of thermoelectric phenomenon. Next, using temperature distributions, thermal stress distributions are computed by two-dimensional elastic finite element analysis. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 489-494 多重遮断層系の移動特性 Transport Properties in Multi-Barrier Systems 西尾好正、平野徹ダイキン工業株式会社MEC研究所 　305　茨城県つくば市御幸が丘3番地 Y. Nishio and T. HiranoMEC Laboratory, Daikin Industries Limited, 3 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Thermoelectric properties in a multi-barrier system have been investigated theoretically to develop a high-Z materials by eliminating the lower energetic carriers by barriers. It has been shown that the elimination of lower energetic carriers by barriers always brings an enhancement of thermoelectric figure of merit. The optimal height of potential barrier is given analytically. By using the Kane model, role of minority carriers are clarified. The enhancement of figure of merit due to the elimination of minority carriers are greater than that due to the elimination of lower energetic majority carriers . English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 495-500 焼結材料の熱電性能指数における論理的推測および粒子サイズの傾斜構造に関する提案 Theoretical estimation of thermoelectric figure of merit in sintered materials and proposal of grain-size-graded structures. 吉野淳二東京工業大学　物理学科　152 東京都目黒区 Junji YoshinoDepartment of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1 52, Japan Thermoelectric figure of merit for n-type sintered materials of SiGe and PbTe has been calculated based on Boltzmann equation and a heterostructure grain boundary model. The results reveals that thermoelectric figure of merit are expected to be improved in both materials reducing the grain size. However, maximum thermoelectric figure of merit is expected to achieve at different grain sizes for SiGe and PbTe, owing to difference of their sound velocities. SUMMARY Thermoelectric figure of merit for sintered materials has been investigated theoretically based on classical transport equation and a grain boundary model. The calculations reveals that enhancement of ZT by phonon scattering at grain boundaries are expected to be dominant at grain sizes of below 10micrometers for SiGe and 1micrometer for PbTe. Since such enhancement is strongly affected by quality of grain boundaries, further effort to control the quality of grain boundaries is expected to result in enhancement of ZT due to grain size reduction. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 501-507 熱電傾斜機能材料のコンピューターによる設計 Computer design of thermoelectric functionally graded materials L.I.Anatychuk、L.N.ViknorInstitute of Thermoelectricity, General Post-Office, Box 86, 274000, Chemivisi, Ukraine L.I.Anatychuk, L.N.ViknorInstitute of Thermoelectricity, General Post-Office, Box 86, 274000, Chemivisi, Ukraine The results of the optimal control theory use have been presented for program creation of functionally graded material computer modeling. Modeling results such as limiting values for FGM generators efficiency, functionally graded material advantages resulting from the computer modeling have been. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 509-514 HgBr2でドーピングを施したn型Bi2Te2.85Se0.15単結晶に散在する異方性キャリア Anisotropic carrier scattering in n-type Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 single crystal doped with HgBr2 大杉功 a、小島勉 a、海部宏昌 b、坂田亮 c、西田勲夫 da 育英工業高等専門学校　167 東京都杉並区井草2-35-11 b 東京都立大学　192-03 東京都八王子市南大沢１-１ c 杏林大学　181 東京都三鷹市新川6-20-2 d 科学技術庁金属材料技術研究所 　305 茨城県つくば市千現1-2-1 I.J. Ohsugi a, T. Kojima a, H.T. Kaibe b, M. Sakata c and I.A. Nishida da Salesian Polytechnic, Igusa 2-35-11, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 167, Japanb Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-03, Japan. c Kyorin University, Shinkawa 6-20-2, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181, Japan d National Research Institute for Metals, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japan Anisotropic thermoelectricity of n-type Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 single crystal doped with HgBr2 is discussed on the basis of a multivalley model and an anisotropic scattering mechanism. Temperature dependence of the anisotropy parameters of the six-valley model are calculated from observed galvanomagnetic data. It is confirmed that below 200 K, a weakly anisotropic band (the first conduction band) is dominant, while above 200 K, a strongly anisotropic band (the second conduction band) also contributes the conduction. Anisotropic scattering parameters are determined from observed thermoelectric powers. It is concluded that conduction electrons are scattered by not only acoustic phonons but also optical phonons, and that the effect of optical phonons in the c-direction is greater than that in the a-direction. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 515-519 粉末冶金SiGeおよびPbTe傾斜複合材料のパーコレーション設計 Percolation design of graded composite of powder metallurgically prepared SiGe and PbTe 渡辺龍三 a、宮島雅史 b、川崎亮 a、岡村寛志 ba 東北大学工学部材料加工学科 　980-77 仙台市 b 東北大学工学部大学院生　980-77 仙台市 R. Watanabe　a, M. Miyajima 　b, A. Kawasaki　a and　 H.Okamura 　ba Department of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-77, Japan b Graduate Student, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-77, Japan The design and the powder metallurgical fabrication of functionally graded thermoelectric material have been studied with specific interest to enlarge the working temperature range and increase the figure of merit. The percolation control of the electrical resistivity of the composite phases has been taken into account in the design scheme of the graded composite. The materials combination of SiGe and PbTe was selected as a model system for the verification of the percolation concept. The measurements were carried out on the thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient, which are involved in the figure of merit, of non-graded composites, as well as of the monolithic SiGe and PbTe. Summary Application of percolation conduction model on thermoelectric composite material has been considered using simple numerical model. The possible thermoelectric property enhancement were illustrated on SiGe / PbTe composite and graded structure model. The model, however, does not include composite microstructure geometry explicitly, so far. The possible experimental procedure and some results were also described. With simple powder metallurgical experiments on preparing composite SiGe/PbTe mixed phase material, the following results were obtained : (1) The electrical resistivity of the composite made by those doped powders become very high, compared to monolithic phases. We consider the results to have been caused by Ge diffusion between SiGe/ PbTe interface. (2) The thermal conductivity of the SiGe/PbTe composite showed modest monotonous reduction with increase of second phase (PbTe) composition. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 521-526 熱電変換システム用円柱型RI熱源の傾斜多機能構造の設計 Design of Multi-Functionally Graded Structure of Cylindrical RI Heat Source for Thermoelectric Conversion System 天田重庚 a、寺内淳一郎 a、千田哲也 ba 群馬大学工学部　376 群馬県桐生市天神町1-5-1 b 船舶技術研究所　181 三鷹市新川6-38-1 S.Amada　a, J.Terauchi a and T.Senda ba Dep. Of Mech. Eng., Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma, 376, JAPANb Ship Research Institute, 6-38-1, Arakawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181, JAPAN The graded structure with the multiple functions is required to construct a radio-isotope (RI) heat source for a thermoelectric conversion system. The first function is to get the surface temperature of the heat source as possible as high and the other must have a radiation shielding function. This structure is a cylinder, composed of RI-SrTiO3 as a heat source and BN as a radiation shielding material. The composite RI-cylinder must be designed to maxmize the surface temperature and to minimize the radiation intensity. It is presented that an optimum graded distribution of RI-SrTiO3 exists to satisfy two distinct requirements. English