# Fileset

[Advanced Physics Research - 2025 - Rani - Magneto‐Tunable Thermal Diode Based on Bulk Superconductor.pdf](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/de193ae3-0217-440a-8213-7477bcef35e5/download)

## Creator

Poonam Rani, Masayuki Mashiko, Keisuke Hirata, [Ken‐ichi Uchida](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-3051), [Yoshikazu Mizuguchi](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4771-7805)

## Rights

[Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

## Other metadata

[Magneto‐Tunable Thermal Diode Based on Bulk Superconductor](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/903e02f9-5acd-47fb-b566-213895ae8844)

## Fulltext

Magneto‐Tunable Thermal Diode Based on Bulk SuperconductorRESEARCH ARTICLEwww.advphysicsres.comMagneto-Tunable Thermal Diode Based on BulkSuperconductorPoonam Rani, Masayuki Mashiko, Keisuke Hirata, Ken-ichi Uchida,and Yoshikazu Mizuguchi*The thermal diode is a growing technology and is important for active thermalflow control. Since the theoretical designing of thermal diode in 2004, variouskinds of solid-state thermal diodes have been theoretically and experimentallyinvestigated. Here, thermal rectification in bulk-size superconductor–normalmetal junctions is reported. High-purity (5N) wires of Pb and Al are soldered,and the thermal conductivity (𝜿) of the junctions is measured in two differentdirections of the heat flow, forward (𝜿F) and reverse (𝜿R) directions. Thermalrectification ratio (𝜿F / 𝜿R) of 1.75 is obtained at T ∼ 5.2 K with H = 400 Oe.The merit of the Pb–Al junction is a large difference of 𝜿 in the order of severalhundred W m−1 K−1 and magneto-tunability of the working temperature.1. IntroductionThermal management is one of the technologies crucial for cre-ating new application and improving the performance of elec-tronic devices.[1–4] Among the thermal management technolo-gies, thermal switches, which achieve a large change in ther-mal conductivity (𝜅), and thermal diodes, which enable thermalrectification under temperature difference, are essential for ac-tive heat control. Materials and devices for thermal switches anddiodes have been actively studied,[5–8] and superconducting ma-terials are good candidate for thermal switching because of alarge change in 𝜅 through the superconducting transition, byP. Rani, M. Mashiko, Y. MizuguchiDepartment of PhysicsTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji 192-0397, JapanE-mail: mizugu@tmu.ac.jpK.Hirata, K.-ichiUchidaDepartment of AdvancedMaterials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesTheUniversity of TokyoKashiwa 277-0882, JapanK.-ichiUchidaNational Institute forMaterials Science (NIMS)Tsukuba 305-0047, JapanThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this articlecan be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/apxr.202500080© 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Physics Research published byWiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distributionand reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properlycited.DOI: 10.1002/apxr.202500080changing temperature (T) and/or mag-netic field (H), while the workingtemperature is limited to below thetransition temperature (TSC).[9] Usingpure-element superconductors, a largemagneto-thermal switching (MTS) witha MTS ratio (MTSR), which is calculatedas MTSR (T, H) = [𝜅(T, H)−𝜅(T, H =0 Oe)]/ 𝜅(T, H = 0 Oe), can be obtaineddue to the large change in electronicthermal conductivity (𝜅el). In the super-conducting states, electrons form Cooperpairs, and the carrier thermal transportis suppressed. For high-purity Nb and Pbsamples,MTSR of 650% and 2000%wereobserved, respectively.[10,11] Furthermore, nonvolatility of MTScan be achieved using phase-separated superconducting alloysbecause of flux trapping, which results in the suppression ofbulkiness of superconducting states of the lower-TSC regions andhigher 𝜅el; nonvolatile MTS has been observed in Sn–Pb and In–Sn solders.[12,13] Nonvolatile MTS appears also in a type-II super-conductor Nb in themixed states due to the changes in the latticethermal conductivity (𝜅 lat) in it mixed states; at higher tempera-tures the fluxes also affect 𝜅el.[14] Nonvolatile MTS at a highertemperature can be achieved using high-TSC superconductorslike MgB2,[15] although the switching ratio is still small (<20%in comparison between initial and demagnetized 𝜅).After the theoretical design of thermal diodes,[16–19] the ther-mal diodes using superconductors have been proposed in2013.[20,21] The concept of superconductor-based thermal diodes(SC thermal diode) is based on the junction made of supercon-ductor and normal metal or the use of Josephson junction, whichis composed of superconductor-insulator-superconductor junc-tion. In general, the thermal rectification effect can be attributedto asymmetric interfacial thermal resistance between dissimilarmaterials. This mechanism, along with its extensions to variousmaterial systems, has been comprehensively discussed in a re-cent review article.[22] Zhang et al. recently demonstrated a sus-tainable all-solid elastocaloric cooling device that exploits non-reciprocal heat transfer to enhance efficiency and reduce energyconsumption.[23] If efficient SC thermal diodes can be obtainedand easily used in various cryogenic applications, the efficiencyof cryogenic devices will be highly improved owing to active ther-mal control. However, most studies on SC thermal diodes havebeen based on simulation and investigation of nano-scale devicesat low temperatures (lower than 1 K),[24–26] and the experimen-tal observation of SC thermal diode effect in a bulk-size mate-rials has not been reported so far. Inspired by recent works onAdv. Physics Res. 2025, 4, e00080 e00080 (1 of 6) © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Physics Research published by Wiley-VCH GmbHhttp://www.advphysicsres.commailto:mizugu@tmu.ac.jphttps://doi.org/10.1002/apxr.202500080http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1002%2Fapxr.202500080&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2025-10-19www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advphysicsres.comFigure 1. Design strategy for Pb–Al thermal diode.thermal rectification and related applications, we fabricated athermal diode based on superconductors. Here, we show thatthe bulk superconductor-normal conductor junction made ofhigh-purity wires of Pb (5N purity) and Al (5N purity) exhibitsclear thermal rectification. In this paper, effective thermal con-ductivity for the junction (𝜅*) is measured where the 𝜅* wascalculated by assuming that the sample shape is a uniformwire with a diameter of 0.5 mm. The highest thermal rectifi-cation ratio (TRR), defined as TRR = 𝜅*F/𝜅*R where 𝜅*F and𝜅*R are 𝜅* measured in the forward and reverse direction, re-spectively, reaching 1.75 was observed at T = 5.2 K under H= 400 Oe. Furthermore, the Pb–Al diode exhibits a large dif-ference in effective thermal conductivity (Δ𝜅*) between forwardand reverse heat directions; the largest Δ𝜅* observed in thisstudy is 270 W m−1 K−1. The large Δ𝜅* would be the advan-tage of this material in designing practical applications. In ad-dition, the Pb–Al thermal diode can work with a small temper-ature difference, and the working (TRR-maximum) temperatureis systematically tunable by an applied magnetic field. The Pb–Al thermal diode could open new pathways to the application oncryogenic thermal regulation for superconducting quantum cir-cuits and sensors, space instrumentation where passive, low-lossthermal control is essential, and energy-efficient refrigeration orwaste-heat harvesting systems. These applications would high-light how superconductivity-driven rectification can contribute tosustainable thermal management and next-generation phononicor caloritronic devices.2. Fabrication of SC Thermal DiodeThe design strategy for SC thermal diode based on the Pb andAl wires is summarized in Figure 1. To obtain larger TRR andΔ𝜅*, a larger change in 𝜅* is preferred. The total thermal resis-tance (Wtot) is given by the summation of thermal resistance atthe Pb wire (WPb), the Al wire (WAl), and the joint (Wjoint). For ex-ample,WPb is calculated usingW = L/𝜅S where L and S are thedistance from one thermometer to the joint and cross-sectionalarea, respectively. Therefore, we need a metal with high 𝜅, and Al(5N) was used for this study. The joint between Pb and Al wireswere made using Sn60-Pb40 solder. As reported in Ref. [12], Sn–Pb solder is a phase-separated composite, and Tsc of the solder is7.2 K, same as pure Pb. As discussed in the discussion, the ther-mal resistance of the solder part is high, and its change in ther-mal conductivity at Tc is limited. Furthermore, the temperaturegradient is basically made in the wire parts. Therefore, the highthermal resistance at the joint has less affection on the thermalrectification properties.Since thermal diodes work under the presence of tempera-ture difference,[18–20] TSC of Pb should be in between T of twothermometers, T (high) and T (low), to get a higher TRR. Thesetup for measurements using thermal transport option (TTO)on Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS-Dynacool,Quantum Design) is displayed in Figure 2. By reversing theorientation of the sample, the forward and reverse measure-ments have been performed. Here, we define the forward di-Adv. Physics Res. 2025, 4, e00080 e00080 (2 of 6) © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Physics Research published by Wiley-VCH GmbH 27511200, 2025, 12, Downloaded from https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/apxr.202500080 by National Institute For, Wiley Online Library on [12/12/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons Licensehttp://www.advancedsciencenews.comhttp://www.advphysicsres.comwww.advancedsciencenews.com www.advphysicsres.comFigure 2. a) Sample setup for TTO measurements. b) Photo of the fabricated Pb–Al thermal diode (sample #1). The length ratio of Pb:Al is close to 1:1(Pb50%–Al50%).Figure 3. T dependence of 𝜅 under magnetic field (H = 0, 400, 800 Oe) of the used Pb-5N wire a) and Al-5N wire b). H was applied parallel to the heatflow. The original data of (a) has been published in Ref. [27].rection as shown in Figure 1; Pb is on the hot side for for-ward measurements. In the ideal case of the forward measure-ments where the center temperature is TSC of Pb, both Pb andAl are in normal conducting states with higher 𝜅; TSC of Al islower than the examined T range. In contrast, in the reversesetup, the Al part is normal conducting, but the Pb part be-comes superconductive with low 𝜅. The strategy for designingthe SC thermal diode is quite simple as explained here, but theexperimental observation has been challenging because the re-duction of 𝜅 below TSC is generally broad even in pure-elementsuperconductors. As reported in Ref. [11], even in the Pb-5Nwire, the drop of 𝜅 in 𝜅-T is broad at around TSC. When theapplied H is perpendicular to the heat flow direction. We re-cently, however, found that the 𝜅-T for the 5N-Pb wire exhibitsa quite sharp reduction when the applied H is parallel to theheat flow direction (Figure 3a).[27] This anomalous temperaturedependence enables the observation of SC thermal diode effectwith the presence of a small temperature difference (ΔT) be-tween the two thermometers. Figure 3b shows the 𝜅-T for Al-5N wire measured under variousH. There are positive magneto-thermal resistance effects, and the temperature dependence isalso not negligible. Therefore, thermal rectification is also ob-served at T far from the TSC, which is consistent with the con-ventional thermal diode design.[18,19] because of high 𝜅 for thefabricated Pb–Al diode, we measured long samples as shown inFigure 2b.Adv. Physics Res. 2025, 4, e00080 e00080 (3 of 6) © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Physics Research published by Wiley-VCH GmbH 27511200, 2025, 12, Downloaded from https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/apxr.202500080 by National Institute For, Wiley Online Library on [12/12/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons Licensehttp://www.advancedsciencenews.comhttp://www.advphysicsres.comwww.advancedsciencenews.com www.advphysicsres.comFigure 4. T dependence of 𝜅* under magnetic field of H = b) 0, c) 200, a) 400, d) 600, e) 800 Oe for the Pb–Al diode (sample #1) on the forward andreverse setups.Table 1. Data at H = 800 Oe and calculation of joint thermal resistance. The 𝜅 data of Sn60-Pb40 solder was taken from Ref. [12].T [K] 𝜅 [W m−1 K−1] W [K W−1] 𝜅* [W m−1 K−1] Average of 𝜅*F and𝜅*RCalculatedWjoint [K W−1](Sn60-Pb40 solder)𝜅 [W m−1 K−1] (Sn60-Pb40 solder)Pb Al Pb Al3.0 2700 7550 33.6 12.0 350 473 29 [Ref. [12]]4.0 1880 9350 48.2 9.7 500 305 44 [Ref. [12]]3. Results and DiscussionIn Figure 4, we show both the forward and reverse results (𝜅*-T);the T of the horizontal axis is the average T between T (high) andT (low). A clear difference in the 𝜅*-drop temperature is observedatH= 400 Oe as shown in Figure 4a. The observation of the largedifference between 𝜅*F and 𝜅*R suggests efficient thermal recti-fication at the temperature. At H = 0 Oe, the Δ𝜅* is small in thewhole T range while the sift of TSC is observed. Clear differenceappears atH = 200 Oe, which suggests the thermal rectification.AtH = 600 Oe, the temperature dependence changes, and the 𝜅*far from TSC exhibits Δ𝜅*. This is caused by the thermal rectifi-cation originated from the different gradient of 𝜅-T particularlyin the normal states of Pb and Al as shown in Figure 3. At H= 800 Oe, no superconducting transition is observed, and smallrectification is seen due to the above-mentioned mechanism. Inthe 𝜅*-T at H = 600 and 800 Oe, the normal-state 𝜅* (T > Tsc)decreases with decreasing temperature. Because of the large in-crease in 𝜅 in Pb at lower temperature, higher 𝜅* is simply ex-pected due to high 𝜅 of both the Pb and Al wires. In Table 1, 𝜅,W, and 𝜅* (average of 𝜅*F and 𝜅*R) for the Pb and Al wires atH =800 Oe and the calculatedW at the Sn-Pb joint are summarized.Here, the length of the Pb and Al wires between is assumed as17.8 mm. The estimated jointW at T = 3.0K is 1.55 times largerthan thatW at T= 4.0K, which is consistent with the temperatureevolution of 𝜅 of Sn60-Pb40 solder; 𝜅 = 29 and 44 W m−1 K−1 atT = 3.0 and 4.0 K, respectively (1.52 times larger at T = 3.0 K).[12]The discussion above clearly suggests that the resulting 𝜅* is af-fected by the jointW, and the improvement of the joint conditionof the fabricated Pb-Al thermal diode can result in a higher 𝜅*.Although the absolute value of 𝜅* is affected by the jointW, theworking temperature of the thermal diode and TRR are basicallydetermined by the properties of the wire parts.Using the 𝜅*-T data shown in Figure 4, the T dependence ofΔ𝜅* and TRR are estimated and plotted in Figure 5. With increas-ing H, the peak temperature of Δ𝜅* and TRR clearly shifts to alower temperature, which proves that the largest Δ𝜅* and TRRcan be achieved using the sharp drop of 𝜅 near the superconduct-ing transition of Pb. The observed TRR is not the highest amongthe experimentally studied thermal diodes,[7] the observedΔ𝜅* isAdv. Physics Res. 2025, 4, e00080 e00080 (4 of 6) © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Physics Research published by Wiley-VCH GmbH 27511200, 2025, 12, Downloaded from https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/apxr.202500080 by National Institute For, Wiley Online Library on [12/12/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons Licensehttp://www.advancedsciencenews.comhttp://www.advphysicsres.comwww.advancedsciencenews.com www.advphysicsres.comFigure 5. T dependence of Δ𝜅* under magnetic field of H = a) 0, b) 200, c) 400, d) 600, e) 800 Oe for the Pb–Al diode (sample #1). T dependence ofTRR under magnetic field of H = f) 0, g) 200, h) 400, i) 600, j) 800 Oe for the Pb–Al diode (sample #1).Figure 6. H dependence of peak temperature where the TRR becomesmaximum.the largest among them to the best of our knowledge. The studiesaiming a higher TRR have been focusing on the materials withlow 𝜅 lat; hence, the total 𝜅 of the target material was relatively low.The present study uses high-𝜅 metals, and the resulting rectifi-cation Δ𝜅* is quite large. We consider that the thermal rectifica-tion with a largeΔ𝜅* will open new pathway of cryogenic thermalmanagement.From the peak position of the TRR in TRR-T, we estimatethe field dependence of the peak temperature of TRR (Figure6). The peak temperature indicates the temperature at whichthe thermal rectification is maximized. Therefore, the peak tem-Table 2. Effective thermal conductivity and TRRweremeasuredwith similarΔT values between the forward and reverse measurements.T [K] ΔT [K] 𝜅*R [W m−1 K−1] 𝜅*R [W m−1 K−1] TRR5.34 0.30 543 580 0.945.12 0.34 512 340 1.515.10 0.33 489 332 1.47perature demonstrates the best working temperature of the SCthermal diode. As shown in Figure 6, the working tempera-ture is systematically tuned by applied magnetic field, whichis related to the critical field of Pb. Because we expect thatthe SC thermal diode is used at low temperatures under po-tential temperature variation (fluctuation), tunability of work-ing temperature by changing the applied magnetic field is use-ful for maximizing the thermal rectification. Importantly, Hneeded for the control is lower than 1000 Oe because the crit-ical field of Pb is 800 Oe (T = 0 K). The tunability with lowmagnetic field enables the use of SC diode as a simple com-ponent (structure) in cryogenic devices. To confirm the repro-ducibility of the results shown above, four different sampleswere investigated and showed similar behavior. 𝜅*-T, Δ𝜅*, andTTR for sample #2 are summarized in Figure S1 (SupportingInformation).In this study, we measured 𝜅* using the target temperaturerise of 10% of the average temperature. At a temperature nearthe superconducting transition, however, the resulting tempera-ture rise and ΔT slightly changed. In a conventional way of theestimation of the thermal rectification and TRR is the compari-son of 𝜅* or heat flow density (J) with the same ΔT.[8] Therefore,to confirm the emergence of thermal rectification in the presentPb–Al thermal diode, many 𝜅* data were taken, and the 𝜅 havingthe same T and ΔT were selected and compared between the for-ward and reverse conditions (Table 2). From the data, we confirmAdv. Physics Res. 2025, 4, e00080 e00080 (5 of 6) © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Physics Research published by Wiley-VCH GmbH 27511200, 2025, 12, Downloaded from https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/apxr.202500080 by National Institute For, Wiley Online Library on [12/12/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons Licensehttp://www.advancedsciencenews.comhttp://www.advphysicsres.comwww.advancedsciencenews.com www.advphysicsres.comthat the similar TRR can be reproduced under the same ΔT.To investigate the effect of the length ratio of Pb and Al,the samples of Pb40%–Al60% and Pb60%–Al40% where the Pblength between the two thermometers is 40% and 60%of the totallength, respectively. In Figure S2 (Supporting Information), thetemperature dependence of 𝜅*, Δ𝜅*, and TRR for the Pb40%–Al60% and Pb60%–Al40% is summarized. The observed TRR isslightly lower than that observed for the Pb50%–Al50% samplemainly discussed in this work. As shown in Figure S2b (Support-ing Information), the Δ𝜅* for Pb40%–Al60% is larger than thatfor Pb50%–Al50%, which is caused by low thermal resistance ofthe Al part. Therefore,Δ𝜅* can be optimized by changing the Pb-to-Al ratio.4. ConclusionWe fabricated superconductor thermal diodes using high-purity(5N) polycrystalline wires of superconducting Pb and normal-conducting Al. Under H // J, Pb wire shows a sharp drop of 𝜅at TSC, and the thermal rectification was clearly observed for thePb-Al junction, which works as a thermal diode. The largest TRRand Δ𝜅* observed at H = 400 Oe and T ≈ 5.2 K were 1.75 and270Wm−1 K−1, respectively. The temperature where the TRR be-comes largest can be tuned byH, which suggests that the thermalrectification performance is easily maximized according to theenvironment. The observation of thermal rectification in a sim-ple bulk superconductor-based junction will be useful for furtherdevelopment of cryogenic thermal management devices becauseof the tunability of the diode size and working temperature.5. Experimental SectionThe Pb (5N purity) and Al (5N purity) polycrystalline wires with a diam-eter of 0.5 mm were purchased from The Nilaco Corporation. To make ajoint, Sn-Pb (flux-cored) commercial solders (Sn60-Pb40) was used. Mea-surements of 𝜅 with four-terminal methods were performed on the Phys-ical Property Measurement System (PPMS-Dynacool, Quantum Design)using the thermal transport option (TTO). For the 𝜅 measurements, theterminals were fabricated using Ag paste and Cu wires with a diameter of0.2 mm, and the field direction (H // J) was controlled by changing thesample setup. The typical measurement period was 5–10 s, and the tem-perature sweep speed for 𝜅*-T was 0.05 K min−1. To obtain a relativelylarge temperature difference between two thermometers, the target tem-perature rise was fixed to 10%; that this condition results in a good wave-form in the 𝜅* measurements was confirmed. For the 𝜅-T measurementsshown in Figure 3, the target temperature rise of 3% was used.Supporting InformationSupporting Information is available from the Wiley Online Library or fromthe author.AcknowledgementsP.R. and M.M. contributed equally to this work. The authors thank M.Yoshida, H. Arima, T. Ichikawa, A. Yamashita, and Y. Oikawa for discussionon the thermal transport and diode effect. This work was partly supportedby JST-ERATO (No.: JPMJER2201) and TMU research funds for young sci-entists.Conflict of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.Data Availability StatementThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the cor-responding author upon reasonable request.Keywordsmagneto-tunable, Pb wire, superconductor, thermal conductivity, thermaldiodeReceived: June 17, 2025Revised: September 26, 2025Published online: October 20, 2025[1] J. Jia, S. Li, X. Chen, Y. Shigesato,Adv. Funct.Mater. 2024, 34, 2406667.[2] N. Li, J. Ren, L. Wang, G. Zhang, P. Hanggi, B. Li, Rev. Mod. Phys.2012, 84, 1045.[3] G. Wehmeyer, T. Yabuki, C. Monachon, J. Wu, C. Dames, Appl. Phys.Rev. 2017, 4, 041304.[4] Q. Zheng, M. Hao, R. Miao, J. Schaadt, C. Dames, Prog. Energy 2021,3, 012002.[5] J. Kimling, J. Gooth, K. Nielsch, Phys. Rev. B 2015, 91, 144405.[6] H. Nakayama, B. Xu, S. Iwamoto, K. Yamamoto, R. Iguchi, A. Miura,T. Hirai, Y. Miura, Y. Sakuraba, J. Shiomi, K. Uchida, Appl. Phys. Lett.2021, 118, 042409.[7] M. Y. Wong, C. Y. Tso, T. C. Ho, H. H. Lee, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer2021, 164, 120607.[8] K. Hirata, T. Matsunaga, S. Singh, M. Matsunami, T. Takeuchi, J. Elec-tron. Mater. 2020, 49, 2895.[9] H. Arima, T. Murakami, P. Rani, Y. Mizuguchi, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater.2025, 26, 2506978.[10] M. Yoshida, M. R. Kasem, A. Yamashita, K. Uchida, Y. Mizuguchi,Appl. Phys. Express 2023, 16, 033002.[11] M. Yoshida, H. Arima, A. Yamashita, K. Uchida, Y. Mizuguchi, J. Appl.Phys. 2023, 134, 065102.[12] H. Arima, M. R. Kasem, H. Sepehri-Amin, F. Ando, K. Uchida, Y.Kinoshita, M. Tokunaga, Y. Mizuguchi, Commun. Mater. 2024, 5, 34.[13] P. Rani, T. Murakami, Y. Watanabe, H. Sepehri-Amin, H. Arima, A.Yamashita, Y. Mizuguchi, Appl. Phys. Express 2025, 18, 033001.[14] P. H. Kes, J. P. M. van der Veeken, D. de Kierk, J. Low Temp. Phys. 1975,18, 355.[15] H. Arima, Y. Mizuguchi, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 2023, 92, 103702.[16] B. Li, L. Wang, G. Casati, PRL 2004, 93, 184301.[17] B. Li, J. Lan, L. Wang, PRL 2005, 95, 104302.[18] M. Peyrard, EPL 2006, 76, 49.[19] B. Hu, D. He, L. Yang, Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. E 2006, 74, 060201.[20] F. Giazotto, F. S. Bergeret, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 103, 242602.[21] M. J. Martínez-Pérez, F. Giazotto, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 102, 182602.[22] J. Chen, X. Xu, J. Zhou, B. Li, Rev. Mod. Phys. 2022, 94, 025002.[23] J. Zhang, X. Shen, M. Chen, W. Luo, B. Wei, T. Luo, B. Li, G. Zhu,Nat.Sustain. 2025, 8, 651.[24] M. J. Martínez-Pérez, A. Fornieri, F. Giazotto,Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015,10, 303.[25] A. Fornieri, F. Giazotto, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2017, 12, 944.[26] F. Antola, F. Braggio, G. De Simoni, F. Giazotto, Supercond. Sci. Tech-nol. 2024, 37, 115023.[27] P. Rani, Y. Watanabe, T. Shiga, Y. Sakuraba, H. Takeda, M. Yamashita,K. Uchida, A. Yamashita, Y. Mizuguchi, arXiv 2025, arXiv:2506.00427.Adv. Physics Res. 2025, 4, e00080 e00080 (6 of 6) © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Physics Research published by Wiley-VCH GmbH 27511200, 2025, 12, Downloaded from https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/apxr.202500080 by National Institute For, Wiley Online Library on [12/12/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons Licensehttp://www.advancedsciencenews.comhttp://www.advphysicsres.com Magneto-Tunable Thermal Diode Based on Bulk Superconductor 1. Introduction 2. Fabrication of SC Thermal Diode 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusion 5. Experimental Section Supporting Information Acknowledgements Conflict of Interest Data Availability Statement Keywords