# Fileset [fgm-2000-3-404.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/dcff9332-20a7-4c9d-be16-67c39aa5e904/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [Functionally Graded Materials (FGM2000) (pp.3-404)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/e86db827-5f60-47bb-9731-c23e22c72331) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 3-7 光造形法による格子間隔傾斜セラミック/エポキシフォトニック結晶の作製 FABRICATION OF CERAMIC/EPOXY PHOTONIC CRYSTALS WITH GRADED LATTICE SPACINGS BY STEREOLITHOGRAPHY 桐原聡秀、宮本欽生、梶山健二 Soshu Kirihara, Yoshinari Miyamoto and Kenji Kajiyama "Three-dimensional photonic crystals with periodic variations in dielectric constant which can totally reflect electromagnetic waves were fabricated by a method of stereolithographic rapid prototyping. The structures are composed of millimeter-order epoxy lattices including 10- vol.% TiO2 particles with a diamond structure. The attenuation of transmission amplitude through the photonic crystals clearly showed the formation of bandgaps in a microwave range. The diamond photonic crystals with graded lattice spacings which can form wide bandgaps were also fabricated. Development of engineering these photonic crystals and lattice modifications has a large potential of applications to high performance filters, antennas, and other devices in GHz range for telecommunication systems." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 9-12 階段状の傾斜屈折率形状を持ったSiO2-ZrO2系42層フィルムの光学的特性 OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF A 42-LAYER SiO2-ZrO2 SYSTEM MULTILAYER FILM WITH STEPWISE GRADED REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILES 王新栄、陳立東、平井敏雄、染野義博 Xinrong Wang, Lidong Chen, Toshio Hirai and Yoshihiro Someno " A new SiO2-ZrO2 system multilayer reflection filter with stepwise graded refractive index profiles was designed and prepared by helicon plasma sputtering. This filter has a 42-layer configuration that can be written as BK7|LABC(2D)(2E)CFBGAH(LH)**9LGAFB(2D)(2E)(2D)CBAL|Air. H, L, A, B, C, D, E, F and G are ZrO2, SiO2 layers and SiO2-ZrO2 composite layers with quarter-wave optical thickness and different refractive indices. The prepared filter exhibited a good optical performance characterized by a sharp cutoff reflection band around the reference wavelength of 770 nm." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 15-21 宇宙分野へのFGMの展開 LAUNCH INTO SPACE WITH FGM 熊川彰長、新野正之、森谷信一、毛呂明夫 A. Kumakawa, M. Niino, S. Moriya, and A. Moro "The authors suggested several applications of FGMs (Functionally Graded Materials) which might be contributed to the design and construction of new types of hypersonic space planes and/or reusable launch vehicles (RLVs). The next-generation of space plane must be developed within a relatively short period of time to be competitive in the world market, while we strive to reduce the cost and establish reliability. In the development of such vehicles, it is a good opportunity to demonstrate the superiority of the FGM concept. We have accumulated the findings and expertise gained though numerous projects in Japan. These results are not only limited to the field of thermal stress relaxation, but also are extended in the fields of energy converter, the application of which has a good potential for various usages such as health monitoring sensors of RLVs." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 23-30 FeSi2基熱電FGMの連動した機能特性の相互依存性 INTERDEPENDENCE OF COUPLED FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES IN THERMOELECTRIC FeSi2 BASED FGM E. Muller, K. Schackenberg, H. Ernst, 海部宏昌, L. Rauscher, C. Reinhard, W. A. Kaysser E. Muller, K. Schackenberg, H. Ernst, H. T. Kaibe, L. Rauscher, C. Reinhard, and W.A. Kaysser "Highly sensitive thermal sensors can be developed when replacing metallic alloys in high temperature thermoelectric (TE) detectors by semiconducting materials. FGM can be used to control their temperature characteristics. Segmented TE FGM were made of FeSi2:Al, FeSi2:Co, FeSi2:Mn, Al. The correlated variation of TE properties was evaluated. The doping content of the material was varied to control the temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient S. Consequently, the electrical (sigma) and thermal conductivity (kappa) are shifted. For highly responsive feat flux sensors, high S and low (kappa) are desired. Significant (kappa) reduction was achieved by Al+Mn double doping, as well as by increased porosity and strong alloy scattering (Co doping). Increased S values have been found for high Mn content. The functional properties are essentially influenced by doping content and microstructural features such as conductive and non-conductive second phase inclusions. Formation of metallic (epsilon)-FeSi could be suppressed by adding excess Si to the powdermetallurgical preparation route. The systematic variation of the thermal properties in dependence on the Al, Mn, and Co content reveals several distinct processes of phonon scattering. Evidence of significant reduction of thermal conduction by oxidic inclusions was found. The slope with T of the electrical conductivity is changed from increasing to decreasing type by increase of the Al content. The S(T) curve shows an opposite tendency for Al, Mn double doping above room temperature. A numerical calculation shows that the temperature dependence of the integral Seebeck coefficient of a segmented FGM can be modified in a controlled manner over the relevant application temperature range." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 31-38 傾斜機能IV-VI 半導体における大幅な温度領域でピン止めされたフェルミ準位 FERMI LEVEL PINNING OVER A WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED IV-VI SEMICONDUCTORS Z. Dashevsky, S. Shusterman, M. P. Dariel Z. Dashevsky, S. Shusterman, M. P. Dariel "The elevated electron mobility of the A**IVB**VI semiconductor compounds in the heavily doped state and their low lattice thermal conductivity make them useful materials for thermoelectric energy conversion. High efficiency thermoelectric conversion is achieved by using materials with a maximum figure merit, Z=S**2x(sigma)/k(S- thermoelectric powder, (sigma) and k-electrical and thermal conductivity) over a wide temperature range. High quality homogeneous thermoelectric materials usually display elevated values of Z only over a narrow temperature range. A maximum value of Z is attained only for one specific position of the Fermi level, EF with respect to the conduction band edge, Ec. In order to maintain the optimal Z value, namely maintain a constant location of the Fermi level, ND must increase with increasing temperature. The objective of the study was to develop a dopant concentration profile, along the temperature gradient, that would give rise to a constant location of the Fermi level, hence optimal Z, over a wide temperature range (100-600 deg.C) in PbTe single crystals.Indium has a high solubility up to 5 at.% and displays unique donor properties in PbTe (each In atom occupies a Pb lattice site, contributes one free electron and two states). By diffusion into PbTe crystals from a surface source, In concentration profiles were generated that allowed keeping the Fermi level practically in coincidence with the impurity level (pinning of the Fermi level) over the operating temperature range." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 39-45 熱電PbTeのドーパント拡散プロセス DOPANT DIFFUSION PROCESS IN THRMOELECTRIC MATERIAL PbTe 篠原嘉一、今井義雄、磯田幸宏、海部宏昌 Yoshikazu Shinohara, Yoshio Imai, Yukihiro Isoda, Hiromasa T. Kaibe Diffusion of PbI2 and ZrCl4 dopants into PbTe has been investigated as a fundamental method to form continuous gradient carrier concentrations. High purity of non-doped PbTe, which was p-type, was prepared using rocking furnace, and heat treated in PbI2 and ZrCl4 vapors. Diffusion thickness was evaluated by resistance measurement of one-probe an four-probe methods. All of the treated PbTe in PbI2 vapor changed to n-type independently of heat treatment conditions. This is not due to PbI2 diffusion but to an intrinsic transport-property change of PbTe. The treated PbTe in ZrCl4 vapor showed diffusion thickness of 0.3mm at 973K for 50 h. ZrCl4 diffusion in PbTe is as slow as Pb self-diffusion. English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 47-54 ゾーンメルティング法によって成長した低温ペルチェクーラー用傾斜機能ビスマス・アンチモン・テルル結晶 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED BISMUTH ANTIMONY TELLURIDE CRYSTALS FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE PELTIER COOLERS GROWN BY ZONE MELTING M. Ueltzen, W. Heiliger, W. Seifert, P. Reinshaus M. Ueltzen, W. Heiliger, W. Seifert, P. Reinshaus "A growth process for functionally graded thermoelectric materials based on modified zone melting has been developed. The influence of the material parameters and the limits of the technique are calculated from a simple materials balance model and compared with practical results. The grown crystals are characterized by electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and SEEBECK micro-thermoprobe measurements, which yield a locally resolving micro-imaging of the thermoelectric power. The characterization measurements show the capability of the growth technique to control the axial composition (Bi:Sb ratio, Te excess) of the ingot. Even a series of graded regions within a crystal of a few centimeters in length can be produced. The FGM concept will be applied to the enhancement of the efficiency of PELTIER coolers below room temperature. A mathematical description of thermoelectric cooling and heat pumping in functionally graded materials will show advantages and the limits of the FGM concept in this application." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 57-64 Tiおよびハイドロキシアパタイトから成る生体活性FGMの作製 FABRICATION OF BIOACTIVE FGM FROM Ti AND HYDROXYAPATITE 大森守、大久保昭、平井敏雄、Rika Miyao、亘理文夫 Mamoru Omori, Akira Okubo, Toshio Hirai, Rika Miyao, Fumio Watari "Composites of hydroxyapatite (HA) and titanium (Ti) were decomposed for several days. The composite prepared from titanium hydride (TiH) and HA was stable for more than two years, and its toughness was very low. HA was decomposed by the catalytic action of Ti in spite of the use of TiH. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) fabricated from TiH and HA were cracked in the HA layer by residual stress due to a thermal expansion mismatch between Ti and HA, as the density of the HA layer was high. Partially nitrided titanium (Ti(N)) was synthesized in N2 gas at 800 deg.C for 180 min, resulting in the formation of stable composites with HA. HA was decomposed by a catalytic action of Ti(N). The composite of titanium nitride (TiN) and HA was stable more than 1000 deg.C. A Ti/TiN-HA FGM consisted of a dense Ti layer and a stable HA-TiN composite of which HA was not decomposed. This FGM was composed of layers of Ti, Ti(N), 80 vol.%Ti(N)-20 vol.% HA, 60 vol.%Ti(N)-40 vol.%HA and 40 vol.%TiN-60 vol.%HA. This FGM maintained the ductility of Ti and crystal structure of HA and avoided cracking, using the hard-to-sinter and inactive compound such as TiN." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 65-72 骨移植用傾斜機能コラーゲン・ハイドロキシアパタイト材料 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED COLLAGEN-HYDROXYAPATITE MATERIALS FOR BONE REPLACEMENT Wolfgang Pompe, Michael Gelinsky, Ines Hofinger and Birgit Knepper-Nicolai Wolfgang Pompe, Michael Gelinsky, Ines Hofinger and Birgit Knepper-Nicolai "Two complementary processing routes for the formation of functionally graded collagen/hydroxyapatite (HAP)-composites for bone replacement are described: one approach is based on the preparation of laminated materials composed from collagen/HAP-tapes manufactured by vacuum filtration of liquid precursors. The mechanical properties of these tapes are outstanding. A second group of materials concerns monolithic composites of mineralized collagen and HAP. In a sintered porous HAP material a liquid collagen/HAP-precursor has been infiltrated. Depending on the process parameters graded profiles of chemical composition and porosity have been prepared. The effects of osteocalcin and hyaluronic acid on the structure, the mechanical and biological behavior have been investigated. It has been shown that osteocalcin influences the dissolution/precipitation kinetics of HAP. The chemotactic activity and the adhesion promoting effect of osteocalcin for osteoblasts and osteoclasts can be used for the initiation of the remodeling of the bone replacement. Alternatively, functionalization of surface near regions with hyaluronic acid allows a controlled limitation of the cell interaction." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 73-80 傾斜機能インプラントに誘導される傾斜組織反応 GRADIENT TISSUE REACTION INDUCED BY FUNCTIONALLY GRADED IMPLANT 亘理文夫、横山敦郎、松野浩宣、Rika MIYAO、宇尾基弘、Y. Tamura、川崎貴生、大森守、平井敏雄 F. Watari, A. Yokoyama, H. Matsuno, R. Miyao, M. Uo, Y. Tamura, T. Kawasaki, M. Omori, T. Hirai "An animal implantation test was done to investigate the influence of FGM implant on the response of tissue. The Ti/Co FGM of cylindrical shape with the gradually changed Co concentration from pure Ti to pure Co in the longitudinal direction was implanted in soft tissue of rats. The thickness of the fibrous connective tissue formed around implant was increased gradiently with Co concentration. The FGM with the graded composition from pure Ti to Ti-20%hydroxyapatite (Ti/20HAP) implanted in bone marrow of rabbits showed that new bone formation in direct contact to the implant surface increased with HAP content. The Ti/100HAP FGM implanted in bone marrow of rats showed the similar results. These results demonstrated that the tissue reaction, either biocompatibility in soft tissue or osteogenesis in hard tissue, occurred over a gradient on the order of millimeters in response to the graded structure of FGM." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 81-88 HA-Ti/Ti/HA-Ti傾斜機能生体材料の特性および最適設計 CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMIZED DESIGN OF HA-Ti/Ti/HA-Ti SYMMETRICAL FUNCTIONALLY GRADED BIOMATERIAL Chenglin Chu, Zhongda Yin, Jingchuan Zhu, Shidong Wang and Pinghua Lin Chenglin Chu, Zhongda Yin, Jingchuan Zhu, Shidong Wang and Pinghua Lin "The optimized distribution function of components of the hydroxyapatite (HA)-Ti symmetrical functionally graded biomaterial (FGM) has been obtained based on the classical lamination theory and thermo-elastic mechanics firstly. The FGM was fabricated by hot pressing successfully whose actual distributions of compositions and thermal residual stress have been analyzed by electron probe microanalyser (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction method, which are consistent with those designed theoretically. Its integral apparent bending strength can reach to 159 MPa, which is higher than that of human bone. HA-Ti symmetrical FGM behaved integral-fracture without falling apart or delaminating under all loading modes. As a result, the pure titanium layer could provide an effective support of mechanical properties for the whole FGM." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 89-96 傾斜機能ブレードカーボン線維/エポキシ複合材の引っ張り挙動 TENSILE BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED BRAIDED CARBON FIBER/EPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIAL Qiongan Wang, Zhengming Huang and S. Ramakrishna Qiongan Wang, Zhengming Huang and S. Ramakrishna "Primary objective of this research work is experimentally to investigate the tensile behavior of functionally graded braided composite rods. Composite rods were made using tubular braided carbon fiber fabrics and epoxy resin. Functional gradient was achieved by changing the braiding angle continuously along the length direction of the rod. For comparison and analysis purpose, both functionally-graded-braiding-angle composite rods (FG rods) and constant-braiding-angle composite rods (CBA rods, non-FGM) were fabricated. Mechanical properties of these composite rods were determined through tensile tests. From the test results of CBA rods, the effect of braiding angle on the composite properties was established. The data were also used to analyze the mechanical properties of FG rods. It has been demonstrated that the elastic tensile modulus of a FG rod can be estimated from the elastic tensile moduli of a series of CBA rods. It has also been found that the tensile strength of a FG rod is always higher than the tensile strength of the CBA rod whose braiding angle is equal to the largest braiding angle of this FG rod, although they were originally supposed to be equal based on the results of CBA rods." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 97-108 分解性ポリエステルおよびボーン・ライクりん酸カルシウムから成る骨移植用傾斜機能材料 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS AND BONE-LIKE CALCIUM PHOSPHATES FOR BONE REPLACEMENT Carsten Schiller, Michael Siedler, Fabian Peters, Matthias Epple Carsten Schiller, Michael Siedler, Fabian Peters, Matthias Epple "The concept of functionally graded materials was transposed to biomaterials designed for filling bone defects. Ideally an implant should have chemical, biological, mechanical and morphological properties that resemble the defect site. We report on composite materials of polyesters (polyglycolide and polylactide) with bone-like amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate that exhibit variable porosities (from compact to 80 vol.%). The mechanical properties show the expected decrease with increasing porosity but are still in a sufficient range. Enhanced degradation at 70 deg.C was used to study the bulk erosion behavior. The erosion rate was higher for macroporous polyglycolide (400 micrometer pore diameter), compact polyglycolide and lower for microporous polyglycolide (< 1 micrometer pore diameter) and poly-L-lactide. It can be fine-tuned in a functionally graded way to meet the specific requirements at the operation site." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 111-118 溶射FGMをベースにした損傷耐性トライボコーティング DAMAGE TOLERANT TRIBOLOGICAL COATINGS BASED ON THERMAL SPRAYED FGMS L. Prchlik, A. Vaidya, S. Sampath L. Prchlik, A. Vaidya, S. Sampath "A wide variety of refractory carbide coatings are used in Industrial components to lower friction and improve wear resistance. Traditional thermal sprayed hard coatings have deficiencies in these applications due to their high hardness, brittleness and inherent stresses. FGM concepts offer a means for tuning the tribological performance, allow for processing of thick deposits and enable meeting other system requirements. In this study, steel/cermet based FGMs have been prepared through plasma spray and high velocity oxy-fuel spray processes (HVOF). HVOF WC-Co/stainless steel and plasma Mo-Mo2C/stainless steel FGM were fabricated after optimizing the processing conditions. Basic mechanical properties, wear and frictional responses have been evaluated, and their implications for the FGM real-component performance were discussed." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 119-126 傾斜機能ダイヤモンド/窒化シリコンコーティングの内部応力分散 INTERNAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE FUNCTIONALLY GRADED DIAMOND/SILICON NITRIDE COATINGS M. Kamiya, R. Sasai, S. S. Lee, H. Itoh, K. Tanaka M. Kamiya, R. Sasai, S. S. Lee, H. Itoh, K. Tanaka "Strongly adherent diamond coating on silicon nitride substrate was prepared by two-stage microwave plasma CVD in the CO-H2 system. The substrate was pretreated in a hot and strong acid and then microflawed ultrasonically with diamond grains. An anchored deposition of diamond into the micropores and the subsequent long-term diamond CVD resulted in a graded microstructure from substrate to diamond film. Internal stress distribution was analyzed by the X-ray stress measurement method to determine the intrinsic/ thermal stress relationship in the coatings. The residual stress value of diamond film gradually approached that of the pretreated substrate with increasing CVD treatment time." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 127-133 金属-カーバイド傾斜クラッド材の微細構造および特性 MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF GRADED METAL-CARBIDE CLADDINGS Carmen Theiler, Thomas Seefeld, Gerd Sepold Carmen Theiler, Thomas Seefeld, Gerd Sepold "The powder-fed laser beam cladding process is an attractive processing method to produce a graded metal-carbide multilayer structure by varying the chemical composition starting from a metal-rich composite up to a carbide-rich outer region. Detailed investigations have been carried out using NiBSi as matrix alloy and chromium carbide (Cr3C2) as hard and wear resistant phase. The particle shape and the distribution of the reinforced phase were determined for cladded graded structures using chromium carbide with two different particle sizes. The dependence of the microstructure and the wear resistance on the carbide content and the laser process parameters were determined." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 135-141 溶射金属-セラミックFGMの熱機械的および摺動特性における不完全性および特有の応力の役割 ROLE OF IMPERFECTIONS AND INTRINSIC STRESSES ON THE THERMOMECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMAL SPRAYED METAL-CERAMIC FGMS Lubos Prchlik, Jiri Matejicek, Anirudha Vaidya and Sanjay Sampath Lubos Prchlik, Jiri Matejicek, Anirudha Vaidya and Sanjay Sampath "Functionally graded oxide-metal thermal spray coatings are finding increased applications in Industrial components. The versatility, economics and inherent flexibility of thermal spray processes offer unique advantages for the synthesis and application of such coatings. Thermal spray processes produce layered microstructures with some degree of porosity and microcracking especially in the ceramic component. The coatings also contain process induced quenching and thermal stresses, which can affect both the fabrication of thick coatings and their performance. The spray method and process conditions directly affect these characteristics. In this study, oxide-metal FGM-NiCrAlY/Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia-coatings have been prepared by the plasma spray process. Graded as well as composite deposits have been prepared and their properties investigated. The intrinsic stresses, microstructures and elastic modulii of the coatings were investigated. The intrinsic stress, microstructures and elastic modulii of the coatings were investigated. The in-situ curvature technique applied to FGM allowed predictions of the distribution of stresses through the thickness of the FGM, and represents a powerful tool for the prediction of contact response of such coatings." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 143-150 スラリーめっき加工によりSi-MoSi2コーティング処置されたカーボン/カーボン複合材の耐酸化性 OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITES COATED WITH A Si-MoSi2 BY SLURRY DIPPING PROCESS Jae-Ho Jeon, Yoo-Dong Hahn, Hai-Tao Fang, Zhong-Da Yin Jae-Ho Jeon, Yoo-Dong Hahn, Hai-Tao Fang, Zhong-Da Yin "Carbon-carbon (C/C) composites have received increased attention as structural materials for aerospace application due to their attractive physical properties. Because all the carbon forms oxidize above 400 deg.C causing catastrophic damage, the development of reliable oxidation protection is crucial to utilizing the full potential of C/C composites. Pure Si inner layer and Si-Mo outer layer was coated to a 2-D C/C composite by a slurry dipping process, and then it was heat-treated at 1420 deg.C for 10 min in a vacuum. The oxidation resistance of the C/C composite with coated layers was examined and discussed in terms of microstructure and phase." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 151-158 移行性プラズマ(PTA)溶接を用いて高硬度および摩耗挙動が改善した傾斜アルミニウムコンポーネントの加工および特性評価 PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRADED ALUMINIUM COMPONENTS WITH HIGH HARDNESS AND IMPROVED WEAR BEHAVIOR USING PLASMA TRANSFERRED ARC WELDING (PTA) PROCESSES U. Dilthey, B. Balachov and L. Kabatnik U. Dilthey, B. Balachov and L. Kabatnik "Aluminium alloy are widely used materials due to their advantageous properties like excellent corrosion behavior and low density. However, applications are limited when hard surfaces with a good wear resistance are needed. The Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) welding process has been used to modify aluminium alloys to obtain materials of improved wear behavior and high hardness exceeding HV 400. Due to the differences in the structural material properties of the base materiel and the alloyed surface layer, a graded material composition is needed. Both different welding powders mainly based on the system Al-Cu-Ni and the influence of different process parameters, e.g. weld current, powder feeding rate and single/multi-layer welds, on the graded structure and specific properties has been investigated. Possible applications are discussed." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 159-166 耐摩耗性の応用として真鍮の上に傾斜窒化クロムをコーティングした時の亀裂挙動 CRACKING BEHAVIOR OF GRADED CHROMIUM NITRIDE COATINGS ON BRASS FOR WEAR RESISTANT APPLICATIONS. Saki Krishnamurthy and Ivar E. Reimanis Saki Krishnamurthy and Ivar E. Reimanis "A test designed to assess the fracture behavior of brittle coatings on ductile substrates was applied to CrxN coatings on brass. Brass was chosen so that the substrate yield stress could be systematically varied with the intent of evaluating the range of applicability of the current model used to describe fracture. The substrate was pulled in tension, and the initiation, evolution and morphology of cracks formed was examined using optical or scanning electron microscopy. Single composition coatings (Cr2N) and bilayer coatings (Cr2N/CrN) were prepared by sputter deposition. Initial results show that the bilayer coating system exhibited fracture resistance than the single composition coatings. Potential reasons for this improved fracture performance are discussed." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 167-172 熱反応性放電表面強化技術(TRESS) TERMOREACTIVE ELECTROSPARK SURFACE STRENGTHENING (TRESS) E.A. Levashov、E.I. Kharlamov、細見暁、大柳満之、小泉光恵 E.A. Levashov, E.I. Kharlamov, S.Hosomi, M. Ohyanagi, M. Koizumi "The mechanism of mass transfer and structure formation in coatings based on titanium borides, including diamond-containing ones, in the Thermoreactive Electrospark Surface Strengthening (TRESS) and Electrospark Alloying (ESA) processes are studied. It is shown that impulse discharge energy essentially affect the structure and properties of coatings and the degree of graphitization." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 177-186 4点曲げ負荷下におけるNiCrAlY/YSZ熱遮蔽コーティングの亀裂挙動 CRACKING BEHAVIOR OF NiCrAlY/YSZ THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS UNDER FOUR POINT BEND LOADS Ahmet Kucuk, Christopher G. Dambra, Christopher C. Berndt, Ufuk Senturk and Rogerio S. Lima Ahmet Kucuk, Christopher G. Dambra, Christopher C. Berndt, Ufuk Senturk and Rogerio S. Lima "Thermal barrier coatings with a NiCrAlY bond coat and a yttria partially stabilized zirconia overlayer were air plasma sprayed using various process parameters including different bond and top coat thickness substrate temperature and stand off distance. The coatings were four point bend tested and coupled with simultaneous acoustic emission (AE) detection via a transducer. Cracks which occurred during the tests were examined using an optical microscope after the tests. The crack patterns obtained were correlated to the mechanical properties of coatings and the recorded AE signals during the tests.The thermal spray processing route for the formation of these coatings can be interpreted in terms of a 3-D structure that consists of variably-stressed and compositionally identical (yet phase-differentiated) microstructural units of splats. Therefore, these structures are very much akin to FGMs and their properties are interpreted with respect to their processing schedules to highlight how the cracking behavior can be altered." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 187-195 傾斜機能NZP熱遮蔽コーティングの開発 DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONALLY-GRADED, NZP-BASED THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS R. Nageswaran, S. Sampath R. Nageswaran, S. Sampath "Next generation aerospace propulsion and power generation systems have to meet requirements of higher efficiencies, greater fuel economy, and longer lifetimes. Higher firing temperatures and better insulation are required to improve engine efficiency and lifetimes of components in such systems. State-of-the art thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) based on yttria partially-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) have deficiencies for higher temperature applications due to: (i) oxidation related problems, (ii) low thermo-chemical stability, (iii) in-service microstructural changes, and (iv) low inherent strain tolerance.This (ongoing) program is aimed at developing an advanced TBC technology that is based on low thermal expansion NZP ceramics with very low thermal and oxygen ion conductivity, and high thermal cycling stability. A functionally graded approach is being pursued to overlay NZP on YSZ to reduce the expansion mismatch between NZP and YSZ. Results, so far, indicate that the use of NZPs in conjunction with YSZ has considerable potential to advance the state of the art with respect to TBCs." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 197-204 Al2O3傾斜中間層をもつEB-PVDジルコニア熱遮蔽コーティング EB-PVD ZIRCONIA THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS WITH GRADED Al2O3-PYSZ INTERLAYERS T. Krell, U. Schulz, M. Peters, W. A. Kaysser T. Krell, U. Schulz, M. Peters, W. A. Kaysser "Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with graded Al2O3-PYSZ interlayers were processed by means of electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) in a dual source process. Three alternative coating routes with intermediate annealing were carried out. Interruption of processing and carrying out annealing treatments at 1100 deg.C were necessary in order to get a stable phase and grain structure of the graded Al2O3-PYSZ interlayer. Investigation of graded coatings with SEM and TEM show a dense and coarse columnar microstructure. Single columns consist of nanocrystalline alumina and zirconia grains. Thermal cycling and isothermal oxidation behavior at 1100 deg.C of the different graded TBC systems were investigated in comparison to the standard duplex zirconia TBC. For one graded coating system slight advantages in lifetime were found." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 205-212 熱遮蔽傾斜コーティング：レーザー照射による亀裂および界面靭性の測定 GRADED THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS: CRACKING DUE TO LASER IRRADIATION AND DETERMINING OF INTERFACE TOUGHNESS H. Balke, H.-A. Bahr, A. S. Semenov, I. Hofinger, C. Haeusler, G. Kirchhoff and H.-J. Weiss H. Balke, H.-A. Bahr, A. S. Semenov, I. Hofinger, C. Haeusler, G. Kirchhoff and H.-J. Weiss "The damage resistance of (graded) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) can be quantified by cyclic surface heating with laser beam. Damage was found to develop in several stages: vertical cracking delamination blistering effect of progressive shrinkage due to sintering during thermal cycling, which increases the energy release rate for vertical cracks which subsequently turn into delamination crack propagation is modeled by means of FEM. An increase of interface fracture toughness due to grading and a decrease due to aging has been measured in a 4-point bending test modified by a stiffening layer. Correlation with the observed damage in cyclic heating is discussed. It is explained in which way grading is able to reduce the damage." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 213-221 傾斜機能熱遮蔽コーティングの熱衝撃 THERMAL SHOCK OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS Klod Kokini, Jeffrey DeJonge, Sudarshan Rangaraj, Brad Beardsley Klod Kokini, Jeffrey DeJonge, Sudarshan Rangaraj, Brad Beardsley "An experimental study was conducted to develop an understanding of the thermal fracture behavior of plasma sprayed graded thermal barrier coatings when subjected to a thermal shock loading. For this purpose, two coating architectures with similar thermal resistances were studied. The thermal loading was applied using a continuous Co2 laser. The heating period for each beam shaped specimen was four seconds, followed by cooling in ambient air. The two architectures considered were a two-layer system and a four-layer system. The results showed that the grading increased the temperature at which interface cracks initiated. Also, the length of interface cracks for a given surface temperature was shorter for the graded specimen. It was concluded that the grading of thermal barrier coatings with similar thermal resistance causes an increased resistance to surface and interface cracking under thermal shock loading." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 223-229 傾斜機能熱遮蔽コーティングの熱機械的モデリング THERMO-MECHANICAL MODELLING OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS N. Nomura, M. Gasik, 川崎亮、渡辺龍三 N. Nomura, M. Gasik, A. Kawasaki and R. Watanabe "The introduction of oxygen diffusion barrier such as alumina is one of the promising solutions to use Ni-based superalloys with TBC for longer periods. Three types of TBC systems containing alumina are proposed in this study. Residual thermal stresses at room temperature were calculated for the proposed systems using a linear plate model. In the case of a layered composite system (stabilized zirconia/alumina/bond coat), tensile stress in the bond coat are shown to be much higher than its yield limit. If a pure bond coat layer was replaced by an alumina/ bond coat graded layer was under zirconia layer, the stress distribution significantly depends on the profile of concentration. TBC system containing metal-rich graded layer were found to have substantially reduced thermal stresses. The system of stepwise FGM is more promising from the standpoint of thermal stress relaxation." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 233-240 PECULIARITIES OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED TARGETS FORMATION IN THE SHS-WAVE FOR PROCESSES WITH AN OPERATING LAYER IN THE SYSTEMS Ti-Si-B, Ti-Si-C PECULIARITIES OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED TARGETS FORMATION IN THE SHS-WAVE FOR PROCESSES WITH AN OPERATING LAYER IN THE SYSTEMS Ti-Si-B, Ti-Si-C E. A. Levashov, B.R. Senatulin, H.E. Grigoryan, A.S. Rogachev, J.J. Moore E. A. Levashov, B.R. Senatulin, H.E. Grigoryan, A.S. Rogachev, J.J. Moore "The results of investigation of SHS-process macrokinetics characteristics in Ti-B-Si system are presented. It's shown that combustion rate is increased with rise of specific Ti+2B part in the charge materials. Bi-layer FGM-targets of different composition were fabricated by SHS. Peculiarities of structure and phase formation of the end products in the combustion wave of Ti-Si-B, Ti-Si-C systems were carried out. The paper gives the experimental data on the composition, structure, and properties of three-layer FGM-targets with working layer in Ti-Si-C system." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 241-248 セラミックFGMの一工程による合成・緻密化 SYNTHESIS AND DENSIFICATION OF CERAMIC FGMS IN ONE STEP Ellen M. Carrillo-Heian, Jeffery C. Gibeling, Zuhair A. Munir, Glaucio H. Paulino Ellen M. Carrillo-Heian, Jeffery C. Gibeling, Zuhair A. Munir, Glaucio H. Paulino "Dense layered FGMs have been made from elemental powders via simultaneous application of pressure and pulsed direct current to a layered compact in a graphite die. The technique is known as field-activated, pressure-assisted combustion synthesis. Reaction times are on the order of 20 minutes. Five-layer samples have been produced in two sizes: disks 44.5 mm in diameter by 10mm tall and oblongs 12.7mm in width, 63.5 mm in length, and 15mm in height. In the MoSi2-SiC system, densities obtained ranged from 95 to 99% of the theoretical density, and interfaces are very strong, with no cracking evident." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 249-257 傾斜機能ハードメタルおよびサーメット FUNCTIONALLY GRADED HARDMETALS AND CERMETS W. Lengauer, J. Garcia, V.Ucakar, K. Dreyer, D. Kassel and H.-W. Daub W. Lengauer, J. Garcia, V.Ucakar, K. Dreyer, D. Kassel and H.-W. Daub "The diffusion-controlled preparation of functionally graded hardmetals (FGHMs) by in-situ modification of the sintering atmosphere is described. Four different types of near-surface microstructures were found and three intermediate types. The formation of the different graded zones depends on the starting formulation and is governed by diffusion of nitrogen, carbon, titanium and tungsten in the liquid phase above 1320 deg.C in turn depending on the nitrogen equilibrium pressure of the compacts. FGHMs can show a superior performance in service and -from an economically point of view- they are a promising alternative to conventionally- coated hardmetals because of the lower productions costs." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 259-266 誘導場により活性化された燃焼合成法で作製されたダイヤモンド分散超硬合金傾斜材料 GRADED MATERIALS OF DIAMOND DISPERSED CEMENTED CARBIDE FABRICATED BY INDUCTION FIELD-ACTIVATED COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS 大柳満之、Isao Shimazoe,Takayuki Hiwatashi、辻上哲也、小泉光恵、Zuhair A. Munir, Evgeny Levashov Manshi Ohyanagi, Isao Shimazoe, Takayuki Hiwatashi, Tetsuya Tsujikami, Mitsue Koizumi, Zuhair A. Munir, Evgeny Levashov "Graded dispersion of diamond was introduced in WC-10% Co cermets by static pseudo isostatic compaction (SPIC) with induction field -activated SHS (IFASHS) to fabricate graded composites consisting of 4 layer of No.1 (50 vol% of diamond)/No.2 (30vol% of diamond)/No.3 (10 vol% of diamond)/No.4 (no diamond )in which the ratio in vol% was 1/1/1/3. The SPIC was performed using commercial casting sand as the pressure-transmitting medium for the densification of the cermets. The process enabled to simultaneously synthesize and densify the cermet matrix within a few minutes. Diamond mixed with the reactant was fixed in the matrix produced during the SHS. The maximum combustion temperatures were controlled to be approximately 1800 K to prevent transformation from diamond to graphite. An addition of 0.5wt% of copper into the cemented carbide also drastically suppressed the transformation. The diamond particles were found by SEM to be strongly fixed in the matrix even after lapping with a diamond abrasive." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 267-274 装甲への応用のためのTi-B傾斜機能複合材の作製および特性評価 Processing and Characterization of Functionally Graded Ti-B Based Composites For Armor Applications M. Cirakoglu, S. Bhaduri, and S.B. Bhaduri M. Cirakoglu, S. Bhaduri, and S.B. Bhaduri In this study, we have attempted to produce FGMs in Ti-B binary system for potential armor applications. Elemental titanium and crystalline boron powders were used as raw materials. Compositionally graded pellets were prepared by uniaxial pressing and cold isostatic pressing. Samples were ignited by using a tungsten coil as an external heat source. A pressurized-air activated metal punch was used to compact the reacted product for further densification. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and hardness of each layer was determined by Vickers indentation. The microstructure of interfaces and graded layers were examined by using a scanning a electron microscope and an optical microscope. English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 275-282 Ti-Bバイナリーシステムにおける傾斜機能材料のマイクロ波プロセス Microwave Assisted Processing of Functionally Graded Composites in Ti-B Binary System M. Cirakoglu, S. Bhaduri, and S.B. Bhaduri M. Cirakoglu, S. Bhaduri, and S.B. Bhaduri Compositionally graded composites have been produced in the Ti-B binary system by using a microwave furnace. Elemental titanium and crystalline boron powders were used as raw materials. Several compositions in this binary system were chosen. Compositionally graded samples were prepared by stacking different compositions in discrete layers followed by uniaxial pressing and cold isostatic pressing. Samples were ignited in a microwave furnace at a powder o 1.5kW. A two-color pyrometer was used for measuring temperature. The phase composition of each layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscope and optical microscope were used to examine the interfaces and graded layers. Hardness was determined by Vickers indentation technique. English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 283-290 放電プラズマ焼結(SPS)によるFGM自動製造システム開発 DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC FGM MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS BY THE SPARK PLASMA SINTERING (SPS) METHOD 鴇田正雄 Masao Tokita "The goal of the research is to develop Large-size Ceramic/Metal Bulk Functionally Graded Materials (FGM/LB), featuring thermal stress relaxation, high heat-resistance, high wear-resistance, and high mechanical strength for high efficiency engine component applications and production type Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Systems for FGMs. The approach focused on the use of the SHS method, one of the pressurized pulsed current sintering technologies, for FGM/LB fabrication utilizing a Large Experimental SPS Apparatus, Automatic Powder Stacking Equipment and a Fully Automated FGM/LB Manufacturing System." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 291-298 SiC/C FGMの設計と作製 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SiC/C FGM Wenbin Cao, Anhua Wu, Jiangtao Li and Changchun Ge Wenbin Cao, Anhua Wu, Jiangtao Li and Changchun Ge "Silicon carbide (SiC)/ graphite (C) functionally graded materials (FGM) with dimension of (phi)40mmx6mm were fabricated by hot pressing(HP). Boron and carbide additions were used to densify the SiC and SiC+x-C powders. Residual thermal stress caused by thermal mismatch of graphite and SiC was calculated by finite element method (FEM). Thermal stress distribution was optimized through changing the compositional distribution between SiC and C. Two kinds of SiC/C FGMs were fabricated successfully based upon the theoretical optimization of compositional distribution. Microstructures of fabricated SiC/C FGMs were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal shock resistance was tested by the water quenching method." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 299-305 PSZ-Al2O3傾斜機能ディスクおよびプレートの作製 FABRICATION OF PSZ-Al2O3 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED DISKS AND PLATES 小林弘旺 H. Kobayashi "The fabrication of PSZ-Al2O3 functionally graded disks and plates has been investigated by powder stacking an pressureless sintering process. PSZ, mixed PSZ and Al2O3, and Al2O3 powders with a binder were laminated into a mold, and then were compacted by the vibration pressing method under a pressure of 50 MPa, and after that pressed under a pressure of 100MPa without vibration. Green specimens were sintered pressurelessly for 7200 s at 1723K or 1773K in air. Functionally graded disks and plates fabricated from 3 layers or multilayer with the composition of PSZ, mixture of PSZ an Al2O3, and Al2O3 were free from cracks and warps. The structure of FGMs was microscopically examined, and the graded distribution was examined by a X-ray line analysis of Zr and Al. The bonding interfaces were completely bonded by entwining each other with each grain." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 307-314 中国LSCPMにおけるFGMリサーチ FGM Research in LSCPM of China C. C. Ge, W. P. Shen, J. T. Li, W. B. Cao, Z. J. Zhou, G. Y. Xu, Y. H. Ling, A. H. Wu C. C. Ge, W. P. Shen, J. T. Li, W. B. Cao, Z. J. Zhou, G. Y. Xu, Y. H. Ling, A. H. Wu "Beginning from 1993, 6 national projects and 2 international cooperation projects on FGM in LSCPM have been approved an carried out. The work included design and prediction for FGM, fabrication of various systems of FGM with evaluation of properties. 8 processing technologies have been employed and developed for different systems or several technologies for a same system." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 315-323 密度傾斜Ti-Sc系FGMの作製 FABRICATION OF Ti-Sc SYSTEM FGM WITH DENSITY GRADIENT C. J. Deng, H. Tao, L. M. Zhang, R. Z. Yuan C. J. Deng, H. Tao, L. M. Zhang, R. Z. Yuan "Ti-Sc alloys with differently designed ratios are hot-press sintered at 1473K under a pressure of 30MPa for two hours in a vacuum furnace. Under the same experimental condition, Ti-Sc system FGM is successfully fabricated. Its density range changes quasi-continuously from 3.0g/cm3 to 4.5g/cm3 in the thickness direction. 1.5% Mg additive can greatly increase the density of Ti-Sc alloys." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 325-332 窒化シリコン-タングステンプロトタイプの作製 PROCESSING OF SILICON NITRIDE-TUNGSTEN PROTOTYPES Guoping He and Deidre A. Hirschfeld, J. Cesarano III and John N. Stuecker Guoping He and Deidre A. Hirschfeld, J. Cesarano III and John N. Stuecker "In selected advanced engine applications, silicon nitride ceramic components must be joined to metallic alloys. Current technology utilizes a stiff tungsten layer brazed between the ceramic and metal. An alternative approach is to create a functionally graded material (FGM) where the silicon nitride component is manufactured with the tungsten incorporated in the appropriate places using solid freeform fabrication techniques. This study describes the design of an intermediate layer with graded composition and the effect of processing parameters on the interfacial microstructure, properties, and shrinkage of silicon nitride-tungsten FGM made using robocasting, novel solid freeform fabrication technique." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 333-340 傾斜焼結法によるSiC/Cu傾斜機能材料の作製 FABRICATION OF SiC/Cu FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIAL BY GRADED SINTERING Yunhan Ling, Changchun Ge, Jiangtao Li and Chao Huo Yunhan Ling, Changchun Ge, Jiangtao Li and Chao Huo "SiC/Cu functionally gradient material (FGM) is a new composite that has excellent mechanical properties since it can efficiently mitigate interlayer thermal stress induced by their mismatch thermal expansion coefficients during high heat flux. It integrates the advantages of silicon carbide such as high melting point and strength, as well as copper's high heat conductivity and plasticity. Thus it exhibits satisfactory heat corrosion and thermal shock resistance and will be a prospective candidate as first-wall materials facing plasma in thermo-nuclear reactors. Due to the dramatic difference of melting point between silicon carbide and copper, conventional processes meet great difficulties in fabricating this kind of FGM. A novel approach termed graded sintering is proposed and for the first time a near dense SiC/Cu FGM that contains 0-100% compositional spectrums has been successfully fabricated. In this paper, the temperature distribution in FGM during self-resistance sintering was deduced by Fourier's heat conduction law; various means were used to characterize the sintering effects of SiC/Cu FGM, with special emphasis on relative density and microstructure analysis." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 341-347 異なる条件でのFGM超硬金属の焼結：シミュレーションおよび実験結果 SINTERING OF FGM HARDMETALS IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS: SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Michael Gasik and Baosheng Zhang Michael Gasik and Baosheng Zhang "A model for describing deformation behavior and stress evolution of graded powder compacts during the entire sintering cycle was proposed. The constitutive equation, based on thermally coupled elastic-visco-plastic approach, was implemented into ABAQUS code. A WC-Co hardmetal plate was simulated with various parameters, such as mean particle size, green density distribution and cobalt gradation parameter. The results show that the deformation behavior s and stress history of graded powder compacts during heating, sintering and cooling could be predicted for optimization of sintering process." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 349-356 パルス電流焼結によるAl2O3/TiC/Ni傾斜材料の作製 FABRICATION OF Al2O3/TiC/Ni GRADED MATERIALS BY PULSED-ELECTRIC CURRENT SINTERING 任幼平,林君山, 宮本欽生, 喬冠軍, 金志浩 Youping Ren, Junshan Lin, Yoshinari Miyamoto, Guanjun Qiao and Zhihao Jin "The sintering condition for symmetric FGMs of the Al2O3/TiC/Ni and (Al2O3-WC/Co)/TiC/Ni systems by pulsed-electric current sintering method was optimized and dense FGMs were fabricated at 1300 deg.C, 10minutes, and 30MPa with a heating rate of 100 deg.C/min. The grain growth was effectively prevented and the fine microstructure obtained by this rapid sintering. The residual stress produced in the outer Al2O3 and Al2O3-WC/Co layers, which was induced by the thermal expansion mismatch between the inner TiC/ Ni and outer layers, was in the range of -180MPa to -300MPa. The compressive stress and the dispersion of WC/Co particles in the Al2O3 matrix enhanced the toughness of the outer ceramic layers and developed steep R-curve behavior." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 357-363 表面熱処理によるTiC-Ni3AlコンポジットのFGM化 FGM FABRICATION BY SURFACE THERMAL TREATMENTS OF TiC-Ni3Al COMPOSITES T. N. Tiegs, M. L. Santella, C. A. Blue, P. A. Menchhofer, F. Goranson T. N. Tiegs, M. L. Santella, C. A. Blue, P. A. Menchhofer, F. Goranson TiC-Ni3Al composites containing 30-50vol.% of Ni3Al alloy as the binder phase were subjected to both laser and infrared surface treatments in order to assess the effect on microstructure and properties. The laser treatment produced significant thermal transients which resulted in dendritic growth of the TiC grains. Because the laser was operated in a pulsed mode with over-lapping spots, some areas were melted and remelted as the laser was scanned across the surface. The interface between the melt-remelt areas revealed differences in the TiC grain size depending on the local heating and cooling conditions experienced. English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 365-371 連続した移行性の組成をもつTi-Mo FGMの形成および制御 FORMATION AND CONTROL OF Ti Mo FGM WITH CONTINUOUS TRANSITIONAL COMPOSITION Z. M. Yang, L. M. Zhang, F. Tian, 陳立東, 平井敏雄 Z. M. Yang, L. M. Zhang, F. Tian, L. D. Chen, Toshio Hirai "Ti-Mo functionally graded material with continuous transitional composition was fabricated by the sedimentation of Ti and Mo particles with various sizes. The main factors that influence the formation of gradient structure were discussed. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the compositional distribution of Ti-Mo FGM was calculated. The results show that the theoretical calculation values matched the experiments well." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 373-379 W-Mo-Ti傾斜密度フライヤープレート材料の作製 PREPARATION OF W-Mo-Ti GRADED DENSITY FLIER PLATE MATERIALS Q. Shen, L. M. Zhang, H. P. Xiong, 陳立東, 平井敏雄 Q. Shen, L. M. Zhang, H. P. Xiong, L. D. Chen and T. Hirai "A new kind of flier-plate material with graded density has come to show great potential for the application in dynamic high-pressure technology. In the present paper, the W-Mo-Ti system was chosen to prepare such FGMs. The experimental results showed that the Fe-Al additives were suitable for the hot-pressing of W-Mo alloys and Mo-Ti alloys at a low temperature of 1473K. The mechanism of the densification could be expressed as following, part of the addition of Fe dissolved into the liquid of Al and displayed a more active feature during the sintering, thus promoted the formation of bonding-phases in W-Mo alloy and solid solutions in Mo-Ti alloy, and evidently improved their relative densities. Finally, a wholly dense W-Mo-Ti graded density flier-plate material was successfully fabricated. Its density changed gradually from 4.5x10**3kg/m**3 up to 17.0x10**3kg/m**3." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 381-386 湿式科学的に導出された酸化亜鉛バリスタの焼結挙動 SINTERING BEHAVIOR OF WET CHEMICALLY DERIVED ZINC OXIDE VARISTOR Katsuyasu Sugawara, Takuo Sugawara, Tadashi Ogasawara Katsuyasu Sugawara, Takuo Sugawara, Tadashi Ogasawara "Effects of dopants on sintering behavior and nonlinear V-I characteristics were investigated for ZnO varistor prepared by coprecipitation. Changes of grain size and dopants distribution were followed with sintering. Thermomechanical analysis elucidated not only the effective temperature region of each dopant but also the interaction of dopants in sintering of ZnO. Nonlinearly coefficient, 20~30 were obtained for the ternary dopant systems." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 389-396 圧力ろ過法による傾斜気孔率シリコンカーバイド蒸発管の作製 PROCESSING OF POROSITY GRADED SILICON CARBIDE EVAPORATOR TUBES BY PRESSURE FILTRATION Rainer H. Oberacker, Michael Droschel and Michael J. Hoffmann Rainer H. Oberacker, Michael Droschel and Michael J. Hoffmann "Porous silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics are promising materials for liquid fuel evaporator tubes in gas turbine combustors. Due to thermal stress, a porosity gradient is favorable. For tubes with porosity gradients, a new processing route based on pressure filtration was developed. The formation of one or more dimensional wax concentration gradients in the filter cake (corresponding to porosity and pore size gradients after sintering) is adjusted by controlling the composition of a mixture of SiC and SiC-wax slips (slurries) and the filtration pressure. The design concept of a laboratory casting apparatus which uses this new approach and an experimental/numerical method for the derivation of the process parameters are described in this paper." English Functionally Graded Materials 2000 Functionally Graded Materials 2000 21 2000-09-10 397-404 アルミナ傾斜プレフォームの気孔率におけるエラボレーションパラメータの役割 ROLE OF ELABORATION PARAMETERS ON THE POROSITY FRACTION OF ALUMINA GRADED PREFORMS G. Kapelski, A. Varloteaux G. Kapelski, A. Varloteaux "Porosity graded alumina preforms were prepared by co-sedimentation of a dispersed mixture of alumina and graphite powders with subsequent heat treatments to burn graphite and to sinter alumina. Molten metal can then be pressure infiltrated in the open graded porosity. This investigation studies the influence of two elaboration parameters, the graphite volume fraction and the alumina grain size distribution, on the porosity gradient. The gradient slope and the maximum porosity value both increase with the graphite volume fraction. A narrower alumina grain size distribution modifies the porosity gradient curvature. Experimental results are compared with simulations of the porosity gradient in the alumina preforms." English