# Fileset [fgm-2007.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/d5a9441d-1437-4727-b243-407e322ffe44/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights In Copyright[In Copyright](http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/) ## Other metadata [Functionally Graded Materials (2007)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/866715c1-e11a-44c4-bd61-064322e83108) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 1-6 PbTe系熱電素子の電極特性 Properties of Electrode for PbTe Thermoelectric Elements 米田征司 1), 日景優一朗 1), 大野吉弘 1)，磯田幸宏 2), 今井義雄 2), 篠原嘉一 2)1）神大, 2) NIMS Seiji YONEDA 1), Yuichiro HIKAGE 1), Yoshihiro OHNO 1), Yukihiro ISODA 2), Yoshio IMAI 2), Yoshikazu SHINOHARA 2) １）Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan２） National Institute for Materials Scicnce, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan The electrode materials, Fe and Ni, and the thermoelectric materials, p-type pb0.5Sn0.5Te and n-type PbTe doped with 0.5mass% PbI2, were sintered concurrently in order to investigate whether this would　improve the electric properties of a Pb-Te thermoelectric element. The obtained thermoelectric element was evaluated by measuring its electrical resistance distribution. Their bonded interface was analyzed by using an optical microscope and EPMA. An imperceptible electric resistance gap was dctected at the bonded interface of the n-type thermoelectric element. It was suggested that this was caused by the formation of a compound of Ni and Te. The electric properties of both thermoelectric elements can be improved in this method. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 7-11 Bi2Te3系FGM用高温側材料を目的としたBi2Te3-GeTe系に関する基礎的研究 Bi2Te3-GeTe for high temperature side of Bi2Te3 base FGM ニノ宮純一 1），桑折仁 2）,塩田一路 2）1）工学院大学（院），2）工学院大学 Junichi NINOMIYA 1），Hitoshi KOHRI 2）,　Ichiro SHIOTA 2）1）Kogakuin University, Graduate School, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan2）Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan Bi2Te3 is the best compound for thermoelectric materials around the room temperature. If the temperature range of the Bi2Te3 is shifted to higher side, and apply it as a higher temperature side material for an FGM, it is useful to obtain electrical energy from waste heat source which is abundant at the temperature around 500 K. In this experiment, Bi2Te3-GeTe pseudo binary compounds were investigated to shift the temperature range. The melt grown materials of Bi2Te3-mGeTe(m=0,33,50,75 mol%) were prepared by ａ vertical Bridgman (VB) method. It was found that 33 mol%GeTe was n-type and the α2ρ-1 was 8.4×10-4 ＷＫ-2m-1 at 617K. On the other hand, 75 mol%GeTe was p-type and the α2ρ-1. was 8.4×10-4 ＷＫ-2m-1 at 617 K. Therefore 33 mol % GeTe is expected as the n-type high temperature side material, and 75 mol % GeTe is expected as p-type high temperature side material for the thermoelectric FGMs. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 13-17 CoSiの熱電特性に及ぼすNi, Cuの添加効果 Effect of Nickel and Copper Addition to the Thermoelectric Properties of CoSi 鶴飼寿弘１），加藤雅彦１），大杉功１），磯田幸宏２），桑折仁３），塩田一路３）１）サレジオエ業高等専門学校２）物質・材料研究機構3）工学院大学 Toshihiro TSURUGAI 1）, Masahiko KATO 1）, Isao J. OHSUGI 1）, Yukihiro ISODA 2）, Hitoshi KOHRI 3）, Ichiro SHIOTA 3）1） Salesian Polytechnic, Machida, Tokyo, Japan2） National Institute for Materials Scicnce, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan3）Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan Silicides CrSi2 and CoSi are expected as thermoelectric materials for the cascade-type thermoelectric element useful at high temperatures above 1300 ℃, but the thermoelectric power of CoSi is as small as a half of that of CrSi2. In this work, sintered bodies of CoSi were added with various amounts of Ni and Cu to improve the thermoelectric performance. The sintered samples were prepared by the cold pressing and pressure-less sintering, and their thermoelectric properties were evaluated. In the case of 0.1 at% Ni addition, the thermoelectric power was almost equal to that of the sample without the addition, while the resistivity was reduced by about 25% of that without the addition. The carrier concentration was effectively increased by the 0.1 at% Ni addition. The resistivity was decreased because of the increase in carrier concentration. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 19-24 ３次元マイクロ溶接法による金属間化合物の自由造形と組成制御 Freeforming and Composition Control of Intermetallics by ３Ｄ Micro Welding 堀井俊嗣 1），桐原聡秀 1），宮本欽生 1）1）大阪大学接合研 Toshihide HORII 1）, Soshu KIRIHARA 1）, Yoshinari MIYAMOTO 1）１） １）Joining and Welding Research Institute Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan 3D micro welding (3DMW) is a new freeform fabrication process for metals. It is a combined process of a micro-TIG welding and a layered manufacturing method. Small metal beads with ～1mm diameter are formed by emitting micro arc to the tip of a metal wire of 0.2mm diameter. A fused bead is welded to a metal substrate or previously formed beads. By continuing this process and building up beads layer by layer under the control of a computer system, 3D objects of various metals and alloys are produced. Inlermetallic compounds are known as materials with superior physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Especially the Ti-Al systems have high specific strength and lightness. However, these materials have hard workability. In this study, objects of intermetallic compounds were fabricated through synthesizing process of two different metals by 3DMW. The fabrication of simple objects were demonstrated and their micro structures were observed. Applying this proccss, a simple FGM objects was formed. The obtained result shoｗed that both shape and composition of objects can be controlled by 3DMW. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 25-30 マイクロ光造形法を用いた金属製フォトニックフラクタルおよびフォトニッククリスタルの作製とテラヘルツ波制御 Fabrication of metal photonic crystals and fractals for terahertz wave control by using micro-stereolithography 山王大介，桐原聡秀，宮本欽生大阪大学接合科学研究所 Daisuke SANO, Soshu KIRIHARA, Yoshinari MIYAMOTOJoining and Welding Research Institute Osaka university, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Photonic crystals with the periodic structure of dielectric media can reflect electromagnetic waves by Bragg diffraction, and Photonic fractals with the self similar structure can localize the electromagnetic waves by multiple resonances. In our investigation, diamond photonic crystals and Menger sponge photonic fractals composed of pure copper metal in micro scales were fabricated successively by using micro-stereolithography, that can control terahertz waves. The precursors composed of acrylic resin with copper particles dispersion were dewaxed and sintered by suitable heat treatments. The transmittances of terahertz waves for these metal structures were measured by using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The photonic crystals exhibited band gap at 390-480 GHz. This measured result show a good agreement with the calculated one by transmission lime modeling (TLM) method. The photonic fractals showed the localization properties in the TLM simulation. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 31-36 アルミニウムめっきとアーク表面溶融法を用いたチタン表面のアルミナイト化 Titanium Aluminide Coating on Titanium Surface Using Aluminum Plating and Surface Melting Method 水田直気 1），松浦清隆 2），宮本欽生 3），桐原聡秀 3） 1）北海道大学大学院　工学研究科（院生) 2)北海道大学大学院　工学研究科３）大阪大学　接合科学研究所 Naoki MIZUTA 1），Kiyotaka MATSUURA 2），Yoshinari MIYAMOTO 3），Soshu KIRIHARA 3）1 ) Graduate Student, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan2 ) Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan3 ) Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan Titanium surface was coated with intermetallic compounds of titanium aluminidcs such asTi 3Aｌ, TiAl and Ti Al3 based on ａ surface melting method using a three-dimensional micro welder (3DMW) designed by the present authors. The spark from ａ thin clcctrode melted a small area of the surface of the titanium substrate that had been coated with aluminum by ａ hot dipping method. The molten bead solidified as the titanium aluminides on the substrate surface. Repetition of the spark on the substrate surface formed a large area of a coating layer on the substrate surface. Vickcrs hardness of the coating layers was 500-700 HV, which was much higher than the hardness of the substrate, 200 HV. As a result of surface hardening, wear resistance of the coated titanium became significantly excellent compared with the untreated one. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 37-41 γ-TiAl金属間化合物用ＦＧＭシリサイドコーティング Refractory disilicide coatings of functionally graded material for γ-TiAl intermetallic compounds 人島正之 1），アブスアイリキサーレ 1），鉄井利光 2），長谷崎和洋川 1）　1）島根大学総合理工学部，2）東北大学金研 Masayuki OHSHIMA 1），Saleh B.Abu Suilik 1），Toshimitsu TETSUI 2），Kazuhiro HASEZAKI 1）１） Shimane University, Nishikawatsu 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan２） Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Scndai 980-8577, JapanHiroshima, 730-8701, Japan Novel rcfractory disilicide layers were applied　to　γ-TiAl　to　enhance oxidation resistance at 1050 ℃. NbSi2 and MoSi2 layers were prepared by joining thin Nb and Mo foils to γ-TiAl surfaces,　and siliconizing the combinations (Nb/γ-TiAl, and Mo/γ-TiAl) using molten salts. The coatings and　their oxidation behavior were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning clcctron microscopy,　and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. oxidation tests showed that the oxidation resistance of uncoated γ-TiAl at 1050℃　in air was insufficient, and scale spallation occurred.　NbSi2 coatings were formed and adhered firmly to the γ-TiAl substrate, whereas Mo film detached　from the substrate surface causing failure of the MoSi2 coatings. Oxidation of the NbSi2 -coated γ-TiAl (NbSi2/Nb/γ-TiAl) at 1050℃ in air showed improved oxidation resistance at exposure times up to 100 h. The NbSi2 coatings provided sufficient oxidation resistance for γ-TiAl at 1050℃ in air, and have potential use in high temperature applications. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 43-48 Al-Si合金の塑性歪傾斜と機械的性質 Functionally Graded Plastic Strain and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si Alloy 外山和宏 1），松浦清隆 2）１）北大院（院生), 2)北大院 Kazuhiro TOYAMA1），Kiyotaka MATSUURA 2）1）Graduate Student, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan2）Graduate School ０ｆ Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido,Japan Al-Si cast alloys have light weight, high　strength and good casting performance. So, they are widely used for structural applications. However, they often have some casting defects such as solidification shrinkage and coarsc eutectic structure. These defects sometimes lead to harmful effects to mechanical properties. This study deals with the effects of plastic strain by hot rolling on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si cast alloys. Microstructure and mechanical properties were improved by hot rolling. Additionally, a sample with functionally graded plastic strain exhibited extremely ductilc property in bending test. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 49-53 高分子系熱電材料の分子構造と熱電特性の関係 Relationship between molecular structure and thermoelectric properties of polymer thermoelectric materials 篠原嘉一，磯田幸宏，今井義雄(独)物質･材料研究機構 Yoshikazu SHINOHARA, Yukihiro ISODA, Yoshio IMAINational Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan The effect of molecular structure of polythiophene polymers on their thermoelectric properties has　been investigated.　Conductive polymers indicate ａ tendency that Seebeck coefficient decreases　with　an　increasing　electrical　conductivity　as　well　as　inorganic　thermoelectric　materials.　Polythiophene polymers　showed higher Seebeck coefficient in the high conductivity range than other conductive polymers.　Thermoelectric properties of polythiophene polymers are summarized in relation to their molecular structures as follows:1) Thermoelectric properties are improved by smaller molecular weight of side chains.2) Thermoelectric properties are also improved by higher molecular orientation of main chains.3) The above improvement of thermoelectric properties is probably due to an effect of easy moveof carriers between main chains.　Small molecular weight of side chains and high molecularorientation of main chains cause short distance between main chains. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 55-60 環境共生型Mg2(SiSn)熱電半導体における熱電特性のキャリア濃度依存性 Carrier dependent Thermoelectric properties of Mg2(SiSn) with Eco-friendly Thermoelectric semiconductor 磯田幸宏 1)，永井貴寛 2)，藤生博文 2)，今井義雄 1)，篠原嘉一 1)１)物質・材料研究機構，２)株式会社　ミツバ Yukihiro ISODA 1)，Takahiro NAGAI 2), Hirofumi FUJYU 2), Yoshio IMAI 1)，Yoshikazu SHINOHARA 1)1)　National Institute for Materials Scicncc, Tsukuba, Ibaragi, Japan2)　MITSUBA Company, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan Mg2(Si, Sn) systems, an ecologically friendly thermoelectric semiconductor, are the perspective material for thermoelectric generators at temperature range from 500 to 800K.　　The single phase of Mg2Si1-xSnxx system at the compositions range of 0.4 2Si0.5Sn0.5 by a liquid-Solid reaction method and Hot-pressing method.　Seebeck coefficient α， electrical resistivity ρ and thermal conductivity κ and Hall coefficient for Mg2Si0.5Sn0.5 with doped Bi were measured from room temperature to 850K.　　The carrier concentration of non-doping sample was as smaller as 1.73×1024m-3.　　The carrier concentration increased lineally with the doping amount of Bi, and the Bi atoms act as ａ singly ionizable substitutional donor, and the controlling carrier concentration seems suitable by Bi-doping over ａ wide range.　　The Seebeck coefficient α for Mg2Si0.5Sn0.5 of single-phase showed ａ negative, which have been n-type conduction and the value of non-doping sample was -416.98 μ　VK-1. The dimensionless of Figure of merit ＺＴ (=α2T/ρκ) was showed markedly enhanced the ｍａximum value by the samples with the heavily degenerated state, that 7500ppm-Bi sample (n=1.09×1026m-3) was ＺＴ= 0.87 at 630K. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 61-66 生体用Ti-PLLA系傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of Ti-PLLA FGM for Medical Application 岩沙好実 1)，渡辺義見 1)，佐藤　尚 1)，寺本　彰 2)，阿部康次 2)１）名古屋工業大学，２）信州大学繊維学部 Yoshimi IWASA 1)，Yoshimi WATANABE 1)，Hisashi SATO 1)，Akira TERAMOTO 2)，　Koji ABE 2)1） Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan2） Shinshu University, Ucda, Nagano, Japan Ti and Ti alloys are　often　applied for metallic implant-materials because these Ti and Ti alloys have good biocompatibility.　However, Ti and Ti alloys has problems as the implant-materials. These problems are high Young's modulus comparing that of bone and low bonding ability with bone.　In order to improve these problems, Ti and Ti alloys should have the same Young's modulus with bone and good bonding ability.　In previous study, Ti composite containing biodegradable poly-L-lactic-acid (PLLA) fiber has been fabricated to improve these problems. However, this composite has low strength becausc of the imperfect sintering of Ti matrix.　To improve its strength, sintering of Ti　matrix　should be completed.　　In　this　study, Ti-NaCl composite material was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) method using powder mixture of Ti and NaCl to complete the sintering of Ti matrix.　After that, porous Ti was obtained by dissolving ａ NaCl in Ti-NaCl composite inside water of 100℃.　In order to insert PLLA into the　pores of porous Ti, porous Ti was dipped into PLLA melt.　Finally, Ti-PLLA composite was obtained, and PLLA plays ａ role as reinforcement of Ti　matrix.　Moreover, it was found that the Ti-PLLA composite has gradient structure and mechanical properties. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 67-72 傾斜機能材料の最適積層構造の提案 Proposal on Optimum Layer Structure of Functionally Graded Materials 長谷崎　和洋，野田　泰稔１）島根大学　総合理工学部 Kazuhiro HASEZAKI, Yasutoshi NODAShimane University, Nishikawastu 1060, Matuc, Shimane 690-8504, JAPAN Optimum layer structure of functionally graded materials (FGM) is studied empirical analysis based on thermal stress from difference of thermal expansion coefficient Δα and sintering temperature Ｔs. It is found maximum Δα and Ｔs were 4.0×10-6K-1 and 1100℃ from the crack　observed NiCr / Fly ash FGM structure, respectively. The maximum ΔαＴs was 0.044. If ΔαＴs <0.044, it is difficult to observe interlaycer crack for other FGMs. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 73-78 木質炭素化物からの多孔質炭化ケイ素材料の作製と熱電特性 Production and thermoelectric properties of porous SiC materials from wood-based carbon 藤澤匡志 1)，畑　俊充 1)，鈴木養樹 2)，北川裕之 3)，長谷崎和洋 3)，今村祐嗣 1)１）京都大生存研，２）森林総研木材特性研究領域，３）島根大総合理工 Masashi FUJISAWA 1)，Toshimitsu HATA 1)，Youki SUZUKI 2)，Hiroyuki KITAGAWA 3)，Kazuhiro HASEZAKI 3)，Yuji IMAMUR 1)1）Rcscarch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan2）Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan3）Department of Materials Science, Shimane University, Matsuc, Shimanc, Japan Porous SiC was mede by oxidizing SiC/C composite by pulse current sintering at 1600℃ and 18000℃ under N2 atmospheres starting mixed powder of wood charcoal and SiO2 (32-45μm). The resultant porous SiC and the SiC/C composites before the oxidation were investigated by measuring the Seebcck coefficient, the electrical conductivity and the thermal conductivity. All the samples of porous SiC and SiC/C composites showed n-typc conduction, and the values of the Scebeck coefficient of which were much larger than those before the oxidation. The electrical conductivity and the thermal conductivity for SiC/C compositcs were larger than those of SiC. A maximum figure of merit of 2.01×10-5K-1 was obtained at 973K in porous SiC samples sintered at 1800℃ with oxidation. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 79-86 Recent Developments in FGM : from Space to Medicine Recent Developments in FGM : from Space to Medicine Michael Ｍ. GasikLaboratory of Materials Processing and Powder Metallurgy Helsinki University of Technology Michael Ｍ. GasikLaboratory of Materials Processing and Powder Metallurgy Helsinki University of Technology Recent developments in FGM research and applications mostly based on European activities are being presented and discussed. Benefits of FGM implementation have become more evident for industrial users and the approach of new materials solutions is now receiving more attention. This includes a solution of the specific problem usin some cost-effective FGM design concept where one does not usually have to invent new material or processing technology.　This paper outlines the results of the research of several joint projects with the focus on “extreme” or “demanding” applications starting from aerospace and energy to biomedical applications. It is shown that despite different requirements, a holistic design procedure may be applied for ｅ.g. FGM solutions for gas turbines and bioimplants. English 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 87-88 バイオマテリアルとバイオメカニクスの相互発展 Interactive development of biomaterials and biomechanics 立石哲也物質・材料研究機構　生体材料センター Tetsuya TateishiBiomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 21, 2007 2008-07-31 89-92 2006年度ＦＧＭデータベースの運営管理報告 Administration of Functionally Graded Materials Database in FY2006 木皿且人 1)，紺野智美 2)，新野正之 2)１）ＪＡＸＡ総合技術研究本部　高度ミッション研究センター２）財）航空宇宙技術振興財団 Katsuto KISARA 1)，Tomomi KONNO 2)，Masayuki NIINO 2)１）Advanced Mission Research Center, JAXA, Kakuda, Miyagi, Japan２）Japan Acrospace Technology, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan 本報告では2006年度のデータベースの運営管理およびデータベースの利用状況や利用者の傾向と関心をアクセスログデータから解析し報告する. 2006年度は，計35論文情報を新規に更新し, 2005年度に更新した分の読み物の英語版を整備した．ＨＰへのアクセス数は2005年度を大きく上回り，HPコンテンツ全体が万遍なく閲覧されていた．年問を通した安定した運用とウィキペディアヘの登録やHPの充実等の新たな普及活動からは国内外の利用者の増加という目に見える成果が得られている． Japanese