# Fileset [proc-1st-symp-fgm-1-189.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/cb3c5c9b-639a-4d98-98cf-921597c0688d/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials　FGM'90 (pp.1-189)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/f9df901f-de95-4f0a-8005-c8d17cf1b049) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 1-2 新しい航空宇宙材料 Advanced Aerospace Materials Wolfgang G.J. BunkDLR, German Aerospace Research Establishment, Materials La., Koln, Germany Professor, Technical University Aachen, Germany Wolfgang G.J. BunkDLR, German Aerospace Research Establishment, Materials La., Koln, Germany Professor, Technical University Aachen, Germany The project of Functionally Gradient Materials is attractive and promising because of its interdisciplinary nature and orientation towards a prolonged life of hybrid structures like hybrid components, coatings,etc. In aerospace application, there is no approved material that could withstand the prevailing temperatures (up to 1800deg.C in the combustion chamber) at a useful stress level . Therefore, cooling is inevitable in the hottest regions of the turbine. The present limit with respect to service temperature of about 1050deg.C is reached by single crystalline nickel based casting alloys. Not considering ODS-materials, monolithic structural ceramics,fibre reinforced ceramics(carbon-carbon inclusive), IMP-materials, refractory metals offer possibilities for a considerable step ahead. Both material groups based on ceramics incorporate the inherent problems of brittle materials including titanium aluminides. Great efforts are being undertaken to solve these problems. There are two "fatal" disadvantages which still prevent the application of carbon-carbon: extremely low oxidation resistance and extraordinarily long manufacturing times producing thickness even in the range of millimeters. Monolithic ceramic materials lack sufficient intrinsic toughness. The structure and composition of the interface is of great importance to allow weak bonding and "pull out" of the toughening component under loading conditions. It is hoped to develop this material for aeroengine applications by introducing fibres or whiskers to achieve a more damage tolerant structure. SiC/SiC composites have been developed by braiding SiC fibres to 3-D-preforms and subsequently infiltrate SiC by chemical vapour deposition to form a matrix of a high temperature resistant composite up to 1100deg.C or even higher. The process includes the functionally gradient concept. In summary, some material scientists are convinced of the FGM-concept as a new approach to solve a number of damage tolerance materials problems still existing today. It seems to be appropriate to discuss the merits and limitations of FGM internationally. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 3-4 不均質材料製造への挑戦－その位置づけと側面- Challenging to the Inhomogeneous Materials Production -Status and Aspects- 小泉光恵龍谷大学　理工学部　520-21　滋賀県大津市瀬田 Mitsue KOIZUMIDepartment of Materials Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Ryukoku University Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-21,JAPAN So far the improvement of homogeneity in chemical composition, structure and texture has played an important role as a way to develop materials with a high quality. It has been a shorter and easier way to approach a goal of ultimate improvement in a specific function of materials. The recent progress of high technology requires the discovery of advanced materials having not only a higher grade in property but also a unique function generated by a complex of some different functions which interact each other. The novel processes developed in recent years have made "Challenging to the Inhomogeneous Materials Production" possible. In order to prepare them , the well-controlled process to mix host and guest materials among polymers, ceramics and metal in the order of nanometer was developed and named as HYBRID MATERIALS. In the hybrid / nano composites, the dispersion phase is a solid material. A unique idea to replace the solid material by "elements" including pores and shape, crystal structure, orientation of the dispersion phase, as well as the interface between matrix and dispersion phase was invented in 1986. It was named as FINE-COMPOSITES. In 1987, a national project entitled "Research on the basic technology for the development of functionally gradient materials for relaxation of thermal-stress" started. The aim of the project is to develop advanced heat-shielding structural materials for future space programs. FGM comprises with different material components such as ceramics and metals. Therefore FGM is regarded to be one of the composite materials in respect of the microscopically inhomogeneous character. However continuous changes occurring in the "elements" distinguish FGM from the conventional and fine composites. At the end of 1989, the Office of Material Science and Technology at Science and Technology Agency, Government of Japan, has published a report entitled "The Concept of Intelligent Materials and the Guidelines on R&D Promotion". According to this report, the INTELLIGENT MATERIALS are defined as new substances / materials with the ability to respond to environmental conditions intelligently and manifest their functions. Research and development on these materials represent a challenge to "Realization of Systems at Material Levels" or "Materialization of Systems", which is opening the way to the realization of materials with advanced functions. In this talk, the trend of evolution of composite materials is reviewed through the invention of hybrid, nano-composite, fine-composite, functionally gradient and intelligent materials in relation with the production of inhomogeneous composite materials. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 5-10 傾斜機能材料の設計 On the Design of Functionally Gradient Materials 平野徹、寺木潤一、山田智彦ダイキン工業（株）CAEセンター　591 堺市金岡町1304 Tohru Hirano, Junichi TERAKI, Tomohiko YAMADACAE Center DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD.1304 Kanaokacho.Sakai 591.JAPAN In this paper, an inverse design procedure for FGM is shown. Then, a design expert system for FGM is introduced which encompasses the inverse design procedure. Heuristic and theoretical approaches for estimating the effective material properties of the intermediate compositions are explained. Especially, a new way for the treatment of fuzzy transitions in phase compositions and microstructures are presented. The system also incorporates a hierarchical optimization process which combines numerical optimization methods with heuristic controls. A design example for space plane applications is presented, and comparison with the experimental results of high temperature simulated environment is discussed. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 11-16 定常的傾斜温度場下におけるＦＧＭプレートの熱変形と熱応力 Thermal Deformation and Thermal Stress of FGM Plates under Steadily Gradient Temperature Field 石川隆司科学技術庁　航空宇宙技術研究所　機体部　複合材料研究室　室長　　181　三鷹市大沢6-13-1 Takashi IshikawaSection Head, Composite Structure Section Airframe Division National Aerospace Laboratory STA 6-13-1, Ohsawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181, JAPAN Analytical procedure for Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) plates is developed based on the classical theory of laminated plates. Temperature solutions are obtained for the steady state. Utilizing material properties of each hypothetical layer, thermal deformation properties, particularly coefficient of thermal bending (CTB), and stress distributions can be calculated. Some calculated results for metal-ceramic FGM show an interesting tendency of CTB. Very thin layer of ceramic provides a quite low value of CTB. Thermal stresses are calculated next for some idealized conditions. It is observed that the concept of "Functionally Gradient" is more enhanced in the plate solution than in the 1-D solution. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 19-26 セラミック-金属傾斜材料の熱力学への微小機構的アプローチ Micromechanical Approach to the Thermomechanics of Ceramic-Metal Gradient Materials 若島健司、塚本英明東京工業大学　精密工学研究所　227 横浜市緑区長津田4259 K.Wakashima and H.TsukamotoResearch Laboratory of Precision Machinery and Electronics Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 227, Japan An established Eshelby-type theory of the "mean field" micromechanics of multiphase systems is reviewed with emphasis on its application to the analysis of thermomechanical response of a ceramic-metal "gradient material". It is shown that the distributions of "microstresses" in the ceramic and metal phases over the gradient material can be calculated from the local temperature changes and local thermoelastic stresses determined via a macromechanical model. Possible application of the theory to the inelasticity analysis which takes account of the effect of plasticity of the ductile metal phase is also suggested. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 27-29 傾斜機能材料の残留応力と変形の解析および最適設計 Analysis on Residual Stress and Deformation of Functionally Gradient Material and it's Optimum Design Yoshio ARAI* Hideo KOBAYASHI** Mitsuaki TAMURA****埼玉大学　浦和市下大久保255**東京工業大学　東京都目黒区大岡山２-１２－１***東京工業大学　大学院生 Yoshio ARAI* Hideo KOBAYASHI** Mitsuaki TAMURA****Saitama university 255,Shimo-ohkubo, Urawa, Saitama, JAPAN **Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1, Ohokayama, Meguro, Tokyo, JAPAN ***Graduate Student of Tokyo Institute of Technology In order to reduce the residual stresses and the residual deformation caused by the sintering process, the compositional profiles of Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) of ceramics and metal were analysed by FEM. Based on the results, the optimum design of FGM for the heat loading was performed. The results obtained are as follows: (1) Due to the difference of the contraction along the interface, the deformation along the free edge (x direction) near the interface occurs. This deformation corresponds to the residual stresses along the free edge near the interface. (2) The residual stresses and the residual deformation can be reduced by the following methods. i) Increase of the division numbers of interlayers. ii) Taking the aspect ratio of the particles as one. iii) Introduction of the voids in the ceramics. (3) The thermal stress can be reduced to control the distribution of the residual stresses by following methods. vi) Decrease of the gradient of the compositional profiles in the ceramics side. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 31-36 過渡熱負荷下の多層セラミックス遮熱コーティング Multilayer Ceramic Thermal Barrier coatings under Transient Thermal Loads K.Kokini Y.TakeuchiPurdue University Ray W.Herrick Laboratories School of Mechanical Engineering West Lafayette, lN 47907 U.S.A K.Kokini Y.TakeuchiPurdue University Ray W.Herrick Laboratories School of Mechanical Engineering West Lafayette, lN 47907 U.S.A The thermal stresses generated by transient thermal loads on multilayer thermal barrier coatings are studied analytically. The effects of varying the thermal expansion coefficients and moduli of elasticity of the various layers on the transient thermal stresses are determined. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 37-38 遮熱試験環境下の過渡熱応力の数値模擬化（シミュレーション）と視覚化 Numerical Simulation and Visualization of Transient Thermal Stress in the Thermal Barrier Test Environment 寺木潤一、山田智彦、平野徹ダイキン工業株式会社　ＣＡＥセンター　　591 堺市金岡町１３０４ Junich TERAKI, Tomohiko YAMADA, Tohru HIRANOCAE Center DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD, 1304 Kanaokacho, Sakai 591, JAPAN In this paper, we present a result of an analysis of transient thermal stress in circular plates of FGM. The transient heat conduction and the thermal stress are analyzed by an axisymmetric finite element method. By means of this method, we simulate the transient thermal stress of Steal (SUS)/Zirconia (PSZ) FGM in high temperature gradient environment. The transient temperature and stress distributions in the specimen are visualized 3D CG technology, and transient effect of thermal stress of FGM is revealed. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 39-43 熱拡散による金属-カーバイド傾斜機能材料の組成分布変化の数値解析 Numerical Analysis of Compositional Distribution change in Metal/Carbide Functionally Gradient Material by Thermal Diffusion 相原智康* 鍛冶幹雄** 五十嵐廉**住友電気工業株式会社　伊丹研究所　　664 兵庫県伊丹市昆陽北1-1-1**住友電気工業株式会社 情報電子技術研究所 554 大阪市此花区島屋1-1-3 Tomoyasu AIHARA* Mikio KAJI** and Tadashi IGARASHI**Itami Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., 1-1-1, Koya-kita, Itami, Hyogo, 664 Japan **Information & Electronics Technology Laboratories, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., 1-1-3, Shimaya, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554 Japan If a multi-component composite is heated on one side and cooled on the other, heat conduction occurs; moreover, some components diffuse and are enriched on the hot or cold side of the specimen by the influence of the temperature gradient. This phenomenon is known as thermal diffusion, and affects the thermal stability of the functionally gradient material (FGM) in a high temperature application. In this paper, numerical analysis is used to investigate the composition and temperature distribution change in the composite by thermal diffusion. beta Ti/TiC and V/V2C composites, which have a functionally gradient or a uniform compositional distribution, were treated as in the initial state. The results show a considerable difference in compositional distribution change between the alloy systems, and the thermal stability depends on thermal conditions. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 45-52 プレートにおける熱応力の連続体力学モデル A Continuum Mechanics Model of Thermal Stress in a Plate Tsuneaki SAKAKI*　高橋智***東京都立大学　工学部機械工学科　　158 東京都世田谷区深沢2-1-1**東京都立大学　大学院 Tsuneaki SAKAKI* and Satoru TAKAHASHI***Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Fukazawa 2-1-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158, Japan.**Graduate Student. Tokyo Metropolitan University. A continuum mechanics model for analyzing thermal stress in a plate-like functionally gradient composite material (FGCM) has been developed. The microstructure of the plate-like FGCM is assumed to consist of spherical second phase particles dispersed in a matrix. The volume fraction of the second phase is a function of position in the normal direction of the plate. The distributions of the volume fraction and temperature are assumed to be symmetric with respect to the center of the plate. The model is based on the Eshelby's theory on the internal stress arising from a localized eigenstrain, the Mori-Tanaka's general theory on the image stress and the mean internal stress, and the concept of Eshelby's equivalent inclusion. In the present model, 1) the mean thermal stress averaged over the matrix and second phase, 2) the thermal stress in the matrix, and 3) the thermal stress in the second phase can be evaluated from the thermal strains and the elastic constants of the matrix and the second phase. The thermal strains and the elastic constants may be arbitrary functions of the position or of temperature. The relaxation of thermal stress by creep deformation of the matrix and the second phase is easily dealt with. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 53-58 P/M 傾斜機能材料における微細構造遷移のフラクタル解析 Fractal Analysis of the Microstructural Transition in P/M Functionally Gradient Materials Koji MURAMATSU、川崎亮、田谷稔、渡辺龍三東北大学　工学部材料加工学科　　980 仙台市 Koji MURAMATSU, Akira KAWASAKI Minoru TAYA and Ryuzo WATANABEDepartment of Materials Processing FacuIty of Engineering, Tohoku University, 980 Sendai, Japan The microstructural transition in powder metallurgically (P/M) processed Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) in a system of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) / stainless steel(SUS304) was analyzed by fractal geometry. It has been emphasized that fractal dimension analysis is a useful tool to quantify the irregular continuous microstructure which is characteristic to the P/M FGM. Two different fractal dimensions, mass fractal and surface fractal, were determined for the stainless steel phase in the microsections of sintered metal/ceramic mixture with various compositions. A continuous network structure of the metal phase at low ceramic content, and a dispersive microstructure at high ceramic content were well evaluated by mass fractal and surface fractal, respectively. The combination of two fractal dimensions were indispensable for the evaluation of the connective dispersive microstructural transition. The agglomeration of the dispersive microstructure at the ceramic content of 60% or more was evaluated using surface fractal. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 59-64 異方性傾斜機能材料プレートにおけるラム波伝播反応 Lamb Wave propagation in Anisotropic Functionally Gradient Material plates Gui-Rong LIU、谷順二東北大学　流体科学研究所　　980 仙台市青葉区片平２丁目１－１ Gui-Rong LIU, Junji TANIInstitute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980, Japan The numerical methods which have been used by the present authors for analyzing Lamb waves in anisotropic laminated plates are extended for those in functionally gradient material (FGM) plates. The properties of the plate have gradient in the thickness direction, and are anisotropic in the plane of the plate. The plate is divided into N plate elements. In an element, we assume that the properties change linearly in the thickness direction, and that the displacement field is expressed by second order polynomials. The principle of virtual work is used to develop approximate dynamic equilibrium equations. The dispersion relations and the mode shapes of the Lamb waves are obtained by using free boundary conditions. The energy velocities of the Lamb waves are formulated with the aid of Rayleigh quotient. As examples, the frequency spectrum, energy-velocities, and the mode shapes of the Lamb waves in an actual SiC-C plate are computed. The results are compared with those obtained for an isotropic homogeneous C monolith plate. It is found that the displacements are much more concentrated on the softer surface of the SiC-C plate than on the surfaces of the homogeneous C monolith plate, and that there are SH waves propagating as surface waves on the softer surface of the the SiC-C plate. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 65-69 ダイヤモンド薄膜の粘着力改良 Adhesion Improvement of Diamond Films 栗原和明、Ken-ichi SASAKl、Motonobu KAWARADA株式会社富士通研究所　　243-01 厚木市森の里若宮１０－１ Kazuaki KURIHARA, Ken-ichi SASAKI and Motonobu KAWARADAFujitsu Laboratories Ltd. 10-1 Morinosato-wakamiya Atsugi 243-01, JAPAN To improve the adhesion of diamond film, we worked on forming an intermediate composition gradient layer consisting of diamond synthesized by DC plasma jet CVD and plasma sprayed materials. The equipment used to synthesize composition gradient diamond films consists of a DC plasma spray torch, a water-cooled substrate holder, and a vacuum chamber. Diamond film was synthesized by spraying a plasma jet of hydrogen and methane gas onto water-cooled substrates. Intermediate layers were formed by feeding powdered materials to the plasma for diamond synthesis. The composition gradient was controlled by changing the powder feed rate. The substrates were W/Mo alloys and the powder materials were WC. By SEM and XMA analysis, the formation of the mixture of diamond and plasma sprayed materials was observed. Due to insufficient control of the very low powder feed rate, however, composition gradients could not be smoothed. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that intermediate layer does not contain graphite. The adhesion strength of the diamond film with an intermediate later exceeded 150 kg/cm2, compared to less than 10 kg/cm2 for that without an intermediate layer. The decomposition of powdered materials by feeding to hydrogen plasma is another problem still to be solved. We believe that this method will be very useful in improving adhesion, however, and will contribute the to commercialization of diamond coated tools. The formation of functionally gradient material by combining plasma spraying and plasma jet CVD also opens a new field of technology. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 71-75 化学気相浸透法による炭素-セラミックハイブリッド基板複合材料 Carbon-Ceramic Hybrid Matrix Composites Obtained by Chemical Vapor Infiltration Roger NASLAINLaboratory for Thermostructural Composites (UMR 47,CN RS-SEP-UBI),Europarc 1-3, Avenue Leonard de Vinci, 33600-Pessac, France Roger NASLAINLaboratory for Thermostructural Composites (UMR 47,CN RS-SEP-UBI), Europarc 1-3, Avenue Leonard de Vinci, 33600-Pessac, France C-SiC matrix composites are prepared according to a two-step CVI process, from CH4 and CH3SiCl3/H2 precursors. In the hybrid C-SiC matrix, the function of carbon is to act both as a mechanical fuse and fiber binder whereas that of SiC is to carry part of the applied load and to protect the fibers against the environment. SiC fiber/C-SiC composites are tough materials with a high resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. The concept of hybrid carbon-ceramic matrix has common features with that of FGM. It has been extended to a variety of ceramics (SiC, B4C, TiC, BN, Al2O3 and ZrO2). English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 77-82 CVDによる炭素繊維強化複合材へのTiC-SiC傾斜組成の耐酸化コーティング Oxidation Resistant Coating with TiC-SiC Gradient Composition on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites by CVD 河合千尋*, Satoshi WAKAMATSU**, 阪上正剛**, 五十嵐廉*住友電気工業株式会社*Item Research Laboratories**Vehicular Technology Laboratories 664 兵庫県伊丹市昆陽北1-1-1 Chihiro KAWAI*, Satoshi WAKAMATSU**, Seigou SAKAGAMI** and Tadashi IGARASHI**Item Research Laboratories, **Vehicular Technology Laboratories, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., 1-1-1,Koya-kita, Itami, Hyogo, 664 Japan Techniques for oxidation resistant coating of TiC-SiC system on several Carbon fiber reinforced Carbon or Ceramics matrix composites (C/C or C/Ceramics composites) have been investigated. One of these was TiC-SiC two layers coating on C/C composite. Deposition temperatures were 1050deg.C and 1350deg.C for TiC and SiC coating respectively, deposition thickness ranged from 7 to 50 micrometers, and from 70 to 240 micrometers respectively. The number of thermal cracks in the surface layers SiC decreased compared to SiC monolayer coating. When, compressive stresses ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 GPa were detected in SiC layers. Also it was recognized that Titanium dioxide filled in the thermal cracks in the coated layers. Oxidative resistances at 1300deg.C in air improved depending on the deposition thickness ratios of inner TiC to surface SiC. Another technique was compositionally gradient TiC-SiC coating; that is, Functionally Gradient Material of TiC-SiC system. In order to obtain TiC-SiC FGM, we first synthesized TiC-SiC composites with various compositions (TiC-SiC NFGM) on the basis of thermodynamical calculations of TiCl4-SiCl4-CH4-H2 system used as source gases. When deposition temperatures were 1350deg.C, total pressures were 60 torr. Then we characterized TiC-SiC NFGM on microstructures and thermal expansion coefficients. Next we coated compositionally gradient TiC-SiC layers on C/C and C/Ceramics composites with various thermal expansion coefficients on the basis of the above techniques. These coated composites also represented high oxidative resistances compared to SiC monolayer coating. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 83-88 CVD SiC/C 傾斜機能材料の製造法および遮熱特性 Fabrication and Thermal Barrier Characteristics of CVD SiC/C Functionally Gradient Material 佐々木眞、平井敏雄東北大学　金属材料研究所　 980 仙台市青葉区片平2-1-1 Makoto SASAKI and Toshio HIRAIInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980, JAPAN A plate-like deposit having a compositional gradient from C to SiC was obtained on a graphite substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The CVD conditions used were as follows; a SiCl4-CH4-H2 system, a deposition temperature of 1673 to 1773 K, and a total gas pressure of 1.3 kPa. SiC/C Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) has thermal barrier characteristics superior to those of SiC Non FGM (NFGM). Under cyclic high temperature heat flow conditions (heat flux, 0.7 MWm-2) at surface temperatures of 1700 to 1150 K, SiC/C FGM did not suffer cracking and was shown to be superior in resistance to thermal fatigue, but SiC NFGM suffered cracking under the same conditions and vertical cracking was observed in the SiC layer. This cracking was considered to be due to the hoop tensile stress between the SiC layer and the substrate caused by heating. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 89 クロムの蒸気ガス熱析出法による傾斜機能摩擦面の硬化 Hardening Functional Gradient Friction Surfaces by Vapourgasothermal precipitation of Chromium V.Prisnyakov, V.Nikolayev, V.Domoratsky, A.SaninDniepropetrovsk State University, USSR V.Prisnyakov, V.Nikolayev, V.Domoratsky, A.SaninDniepropetrovsk State University, USSR Friction pairs operation under high loads makes one to develop gradient materials which combine the base with no less strength than chromiumnickelmolybdenum steels and functional surfaces with a low-friction coefficient. However, a functional corrosion of these materials surfaces in sea fog conditions limits the application of such materials. The present paper deals with phenomena taking place in sea fog conditions of functional gradient friction surfaces, with causes for destruction and technological details for hardening and rust protection during friction of these surfaces. The results obtained prove that in order to solve this problem the most promising way to be used is to saturate surface functional layers to bronze spherical particles, sintered into a rigid frame, with chromium from the gas phase. Various saturation schemes are given which are put into practice through the use of one-type chemical reaction equipment. Different technological saturation schemes are made the subject for discussion. The process parameters providing for a high resistance of functional friction surfaces in fog conditions are stated. The dependences for a growth rate of chromium and chromium-carbide coatings on porous channels section of functional friction surfaces are obtained. Experimental results showed 3-5 times increase of operation characteristics and wear resistance during dry friction under sea fog operation conditions. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 91-96 EB-PVDにより加工された密度傾斜TBCs Density-Graded TBCs Processed by EB-PVD Klaus FRITSCHER, Wolfgang BUNKDLR German Aerospace Research Establishment, Materials Research Laboratory, D-5000 Cologne 90,FRG Klaus FRITSCHER, Wolfgang BUNKDLR German Aerospace Research Establishment, Materials Research Laboratory, D-5000 Cologne 90,FRG The manufacture and performance of yttria partially-stabilized zirconia (PSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on superalloys and on a superalloy eutectic were investigated. The TBCs were generated by electron-beam physical vapor deposition (EB -PVD). Performance was studied in a hot gas burner rig. Failure modes result from individual stress distribution and microstructural evolution within the TBC. A controlled columnar structure within a density-graded TBC is expected to enable the coating life to be prolonged. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 97-100 薄板積層法により製造されたFGMの機械的特性と熱的特性 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of FGM Fabricated by Thin Sheet Lamination Method 竹村誠洋1), 吉武明英1), Hitoshi HAYAKAWA2), 百歩珠子1), 田村学1)1) 日本鋼管株式会社　鉄鋼研究所 　210 川崎市川崎区南渡田町1-12) 日本原子力研究所　319-11 茨城県那珂郡東海村白方白根２－４ Masahiro TAKEMUMA1), Akihide YOSHITAKE1), Hitoshi HAYAKAWA2), Tamako HYAKUBU1), Manabu TAMURA1)1) Steel Research Center, NKK Corporation 1-1, Minamiwatarida, Kawasaki 210 JAPAN 2) Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Tokaimura, Ibaraki, 319-11 JAPAN Functionally gradient material (FGM) of zirconia and nickel is being developed from mixed powder by the thin sheet lamination method. To make each layer of multi-layer sintered body shrink equally during dewaxing and sintering, the coarse powder of zirconia is mixed in the raw material. The mechanical and the thermal properties of each composition of zirconia and nickel were measured. The sintered bodies with the coarse powder contain more pores than the bodies without the powder, and the pores decreases the Young's modulus, the maximum stress, and thermal conductivity of sintered bodies. The coexistence of controlling the shrinkage and increasing the maximum stress is being tried by using another fine powder of zirconia. On the other hand, the addition of the coarse powder resulted in little difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 101-106 粉末冶金法およびガルバノフォーミングを用いた傾斜機能材料 Gradient Materials by Powder Metallurgy and by Galvanoforming Bernhard ILSCHNERDepartment of Materials Swiss Federal Institute of Technology CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland Bernhard ILSCHNERDepartment of Materials Swiss Federal Institute of Technology CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland A general analysis is given of the relations between technical objects, their components, and the materials used for manufacturing them. It is underlined that compositional and structural gradients give an additional parameter or degree of freedom to technical design, provided that two conditions are fulfilled: 1) A quantitative evaluation of the properties of a gradient specimen must be possible and 2) there must be viable methods for making such components. A short presentation of several applications, alloy types and geometries actually studied in this laboratory is given. - Property-profile relationships are discussed using the case of residual stress after heat treatment; calculations are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results. Finally, the centrifugal P/M process developed in Lausanne is described, and the quality of the specimens obtained is evaluated. - For the preparation of foils with less than 0.5mm thickness with/without particle dispersions, a multi-anode galvanoforming system is used. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 107-113 傾斜機能材料の粉末冶金法の統合的概観 Overall View of the P/M Fabrication of Functionally Gradient Materials 渡辺龍三、川崎亮東北大学　工学部　材料加工学科　980 仙台市 Ryuzo WATANABE, Akira KAWASAKIDepartment of Materials Processing Faculty of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980,JAPAN Powder Metallurgical (P/M) processing of thermal-stress relief type of functionally gradient materials (FGM) was reviewed on the basis of the work achieved by the authors' laboratory of Tohoku University. The role of thermal stress relaxation function in thermal barrier performance was emphasized. The processing route of FGM were briefly summarized, in which the sintering balance for different mixing conditions of metals and ceramics and the fineness of compositional profile were mentioned. Two aspects in designing an optimum compositional profile were referred for the reduction of the thermal stress generated during processing (during cooling from sintering temperature) and in a temperature gradient of thermal barrier situation. Two kinds of thermal loading tests were applied for the evaluation of thermal barrier performance of P/M FGM. The thermal stress conditions during testing were discussed. An appropriate microstructural control for the improvement of fracture strength and fracture toughness which will withstand the thermal stresses was also discussed. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 115-120 Ni-Al合金の微細構造における組成傾斜の影響 The Effect of a Composition Gradient on the Microstructures in Ni-Al Alloys H.YOSHIZAWA* B.J.PLETKA***石川島播磨重工株式会社　135 東京都江東区豊洲3丁目1-15 **Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Ml 49931 USA H. YOSHIZAWA* B. J. PLETKA***Ishikawaijma-Harima Heavy Industries Co, 1-15,3-chome, Toyosu, Kotoku, Tokyo, 135 Japan **Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Ml 49931 USA The development and stability of microstructures in gradient Ni-Al alloys were studied. A diffusion bonding process was utilized to fabricate Ni-Al gradient materials by hot isostatically pressing a Ni-20 at. % Al alloy inside of a pure Ni tube. A subsequent diffusion heat treatment produced a smooth, continuous Al gradient although Kirkendall porosity formed as a result of the difference in Ni and Al diffusion rates. After a precipitation heat treatment at 1203K, a gradient precipitate microstructure ranging from 0 to 70 volume % gamma' (Ni3Al) was obtained. The microstructures developed in the gradient material were compared with those obtained at the same Al level in homogeneous alloys as a function of aging time at 1203 K. The gamma' morphology at all Al levels was the same in the gradient and homogeneous alloys after aging for 20 hours. A difference in gamma' morphology was observed, however, after aging for 70 hours at low Al levels. The formation of gamma' plates took place in the homogeneous alloys in agreement with previous work while in the gradient alloys, a very irregular spheroidal gamma' structure evolved. A model was proposed to explain this observation based on the relaxation of elastic interactions between gamma' particles as a result of a loss in coherency at higher Al contents (higher gamma' volume fractions) when coarsening takes place. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 121-123 ZrO2-金属の傾斜機能材料 ZrO2-Metal Functionally Gradient Materials Jiping Cheng, Runzhang Yuan, Xuebing Dong, Yunjing Zhang, Lei Chen and Zhengning YangAdvanced Material Research Institute Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070, China Jiping Cheng, Runzhang Yuan, Xuebing Dong, Yunjing Zhang, Lei Chen and Zhengning YangAdvanced Material Research Institute Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070, China The preliminary research was made on the manufacture process and structure measurement of ZrO2-MO and ZrO2-Nb gradient materials which were prepared by powder reiterative filling and hot press sintering. Both the design of the gradient composite interlayers and the producing process are the crux of the techniques in ZrO2-metal gradient material manufacture. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 125-128 Ni-Si3N4系の傾斜機能材料 Functionally Gradient Material of Ni-Si3N4 System 新谷光二, Kazuya KUROKAWA, Heishichiro TAKAHASHI北海道大学　工学部 　060 札幌市北区北13条西8丁目 Koji ATARASHIYA, Kazuya KUROKAWA, Heishichiro TAKAHASHIMetals Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Nishi 8, Kita 13, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, JAPAN The preparation of a nickel/silicon nitride functionally gradient material (FGM) was attempted by the process of powder metallurgy. Starting materials were nickel powder which has 99% purity, silicon nitride powder whose total impurities of Fe, Al, Ca etc. were 0.39%, and silicon powder which has 99% purity. The layers consisting of nickel powder, the mixed powders of nickel and silicon nitride whose compositions gradually changed, and silicon nitride powder with polyvinyl alcohol were compacted in a steel die 10 mm in inner diameter under pressure 38 MPa. In some cases, silicon powder instead of silicon nitride powder were used. This green compact was heated at 1173-1373 K in nitrogen flow. In this manner, the FGM of nickel and silicon nitride was obtained. But, silicon nitride was partially reacted with nickel into nickel silicide. At higher temperature this reaction considerably progressed and at lower temperature silicon nitride was not well sintered. Also nitriding of silicon was incompleted below 1373 K. Thus, at every cases a complete FGM was not prepared. The structure and composition on the cross section of the FGM were examined by optical microscopy, X- ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 129-134 焼結および溶浸技術によるW/Cu傾斜材料の製造と評価 Fabrication and Evaluation of W/Cu Gradient Material by Sintering and Infiltration Technique 高橋雅士、伊藤義康、柏谷英夫株式会社東芝　重電技術研究所 　Metals and Ceramics Mechanics Departments　230-0045　神奈川県横浜市鶴見区末広町2-4 Masashi TAKAHASHI, Yoshiyasu ITOH, Hideo KASHIWAYAMetals and Ceramics Mechanics Department Heavy Apparatus Engineering Laboratory, TOSHIBA Corporation 2-4, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230 Japan Sintering and infiltration technique to fabricate functionally gradient materials is newly developed (1). This technique consists of two phases and is suitable for fabricating tungsten/copper (W/Cu) gradient material. The first phase is to fabricate a sintered W with gradient pores and the second phase is to infiltrate a molten Cu into the gradient pores. This technique can be generally applied to several material combinations, which are chemically unreacted and have different melting point each other. The W/Cu gradient material is excellent for reducing thermal stresses in high temperature range and enhancing properties as a beam target. In this study, the thermal conductivities are measured by use of laser flash method. And, the reduction behavior of the thermal stresses is confirmed by heat cycle testing in comparison with W to Cu lamination prepared by brazing. Finally, using FEM to analyze the temperature and the thermal stress, it makes clear that the W/Cu gradient material suits as the beam target. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 135-138 傾斜機能材料の航空宇宙産業への応用 Application of functional Gradient Materials in the Aerospace Industry Hannelore BENIEN, Meinhard MEYER, Richard SUCHENTRUNKMesserschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm GmbH, Cental Laboratory P. O. Box 80 11 09,8000 Munich 80, GERMANY Hannelore BENIEN, Meinhard MEYER, Richard SUCHENTRUNKMesserschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm GmbH, Cental Laboratory P. O. Box 80 11 09,8000 Munich 80, GERMANY Magnetron sputtering in combination with ion beam mixing or reactive sputtering is an advanced technique for the fabrication of functional gradient materials. By producing defined films on the surface of light metals and plastics an improvement in the quality of the parts and a reduction of fabrication costs is possible. Special low-temperature processes help to avoid the degradation of the properties of temperature-sensitive materials. The first results of recent research and development work in this field will be described on two typical samples: - The improvement of corrosion protection properties of copper containing aluminium alloys (2024) by a combination of sputter deposition and ion beam mixing. By using this technique a gradient of corrosion inhibiting materials are applied on the surface near the region of the substrate. - The increase of wear resistance of fibre-reinforced plastics by hard carbon films. By depositing films with a defined metal content a controlled minimum electrical conductivity can be guaranteed on the surface. Furthermore this will make it possible to coat the surface, for example, by electrodeposition with tightly adherent metallic layers as lightning protection. The report will discuss the mechanism of protection schemes, describe the technique of combined deposition processes and characterise deposited films by surface analysis. SUMMARY By applying sputter and ion beam mixing techniques, functional gradient layers can be applied to temperature sensitive materials such as carbon fibre-reinforced plastics and aluminium alloys. Preliminary investigations demonstrate that the deposited films have good adhesion to the substrate, provide the demanded gradient of chemical composition and properties and therefore will be able to fulfil functions such as corrosion protection and wear resistance. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 139-143 プラズマ溶射法での傾斜機能材料-製造と応用- Plasma Sprayed Functionally Gradient Materials - Processing and Applications - Prof. Dr. -Ing. H. - D. Steffens, Dipl. - Phys. M. Dvorak, Dipl. - Ing. M. WewelInstitute of Materials Technology University of Dortmund, Germany Prof. Dr. -Ing. H. - D. Steffens, Dipl. - Phys. M. Dvorak, Dipl. - Ing. M. WewelInstitute of Materials Technology University of Dortmund, Germany The chances and limits of producing gradient materials by means of atmospheric and vacuum plasma spraying are pointed out. For example, new concepts for atmospheric plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings will be presented. In order to realize an adjusted composite behaviour by multilayer and graduated systems, the structure and properties of ceramic layers can be changed continuously by changing the spray parameters thus increasing the thermal shock resistance. Moreover, some potential applications for plasma sprayed gradient coatings in different fields of industries will be discussed. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 145-150 プラズマツイントーチで形成した傾斜組成皮膜とその特性 Gradient Coatings Formed by Plasma Twin Torches and those Properties 福島孟、黒田聖治、北原繁金属材料技術研究所　4th Laboratory, Advanced Materials processing Division　153 東京都目黒区中目黒2丁目3-12 Takeshi FUKUSHIMA, Seiji KURODA, Shigeru KITAHARA4th Laboratory, Advanced Materials processing Division National Research Institute for Metals, STA 3-12, 2chome, Nakameguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, JAPAN The objectives of this research is to establish the basic technique for the metal-to-ceramics graded coatings (Functionally Gradient Materials) by plasma spraying. Plasma spraying was carried out with twin torches in the air, changing the spraying parameters such as operating current, torch angle and others. Powders of Ni-base alloy and ZrO2 base ceramics of 10 to 44 micrometers in size were sprayed from each torch changing the feeding rate independently with time. In this report the results of investigations on deposit efficiency, laminated structure and thermal characteristics of sprayed coatings, and so on, are described. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 151-156 減圧プラズマ溶射法を応用した傾斜機能材料の製造 Production of Functionally Gradient Materials by Applying Low Pressure Plasma Spray 下田信之、北口三郎、斉藤亨、滝川浩*1、古賀正実知*2新日本製鐵株式会社　第二技術研究所接合研究センター　299 神奈川県相模原市渕野辺５-１０－１ *1　新日本製鐵株式会社　R&D Dept.機械プラント事業部　804 北九州市戸畑区中原46-53 *2 　新日本製鐵会社 　New Business Development Div., Plant & Machinery Division　100-71 東京都千代田区大手町2-6-3 Nobuyuki SHIMODA, Saburo KITAGUCHI, Tohru SAITO, Hiroshi TAKIGAWA*1, Masamichi KOGA*2Joining Technology Laboratory, R&D Laboratries-2, Nippon steel corporation 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, KANAGAWA, 229, JAPAN *1 R&D Dept.Plant & Machinery Division, Nippon Steel Corporation 46-53 Nakabaru, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, 804, JAPAN *2 New Business Development Div., Plant & Machinery Division, Nippon Steel Corporation 2-6-3 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, TOKYO, 100-71, JAPAN A method synthesizing Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM), in which the chemical composition gradually varies, was developed by employing Low Pressure Plasma Spray (LPPS). The Desirable FGM coating made by this process was proved very resistant to thermal shock under a CO2 laser lighting test and a large temperature difference test by a 30kW Xe arc lamp. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 157-167 SEPによる航空宇宙産業への炭素-セラミック複合材料の応用 SEP Carbon and Ceramic Composites in Aeronautics and Space Applications Jean Jacques CHOURYSociete Europeenne de Propulsion 24、rue Salomon de Rothschild 92150 SURESNES-FRANCE Jean Jacques CHOURYSociete Europeenne de Propulsion 24,rue Salomon de Rothschild 92150 SURESNES-FRANCE During the last twenty years SEP has developed three large families of thermostructural composite materials. These three families are: - carbon-carbon - carbon-ceramic - ceramic-ceramic Initial work was devoted to the development of carbon-carbon composite materials, primarily for applications in solid rocket motor nozzles ITE and exit cones, then in brakes discs. In the second phase we looked for materials with a higher oxidation resistance and concentrated on the development of carbon-ceramic composites, introducing a ceramic matrix instead of a carbon matrix in the carbon textures. This gave a good trade-off between the high temperature capability of carbon fibers and the high oxidation resistance of ceramic matrices. This property has been used in applications such as liquid propellant rocket and airbreathing engines, hot gas valves and tubes, spaceplane thermal structures. In the third phase our objective was to develop composite materials with an excellent oxidation resistance for long duration use. This led us to substitute carbon fibers for ceramic fibers and thus to develop the ceramic-ceramic composite materials whose main applications today are in: liquid propellant rocket engines, jet engines, gas turbines components, space thermal structures. For all these applications it is mandatory to have a perfect control of the composition and microstructure of the materials but also of the manufacturing process in order to obtain the necessary properties in each specific region of the pieces. Indeed, besides their thermal and mechanical functions, these materials must generally withstand other specifications such as wear resistance or/and oxidation resistance stealth etc ... The aim of this paper is to present shortly the main SEP developments in the field of carbon-carbon and ceramic composites for aeronautics and space applications. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 169-173 ガス圧燃焼焼結によるTiB2-Ni FGMの製造方法の研究 Processing Study for TiB2-Ni FGM by Gas-Pressure Combustion Sintering 宮本欽生、高倉敏一、谷畑公昭、田中功山田修斎藤雅弘、高橋秀明大阪大学　産業科学研究所　567大阪府茨木市 大阪産業大学　教養部　574大阪府大東市東北大学　工学部　破壊力学応用研究施設　980 仙台市青葉区 Yoshinari Miyamoto, Toshikazu Takakura, Kimiaki Tanihata, Isao Tanaka, Osamu Yamada, Masahiro Saito and Hideaki TakahashiProcessing Research Center for High Performance Materials, the Institute of scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567, JAPAN College of General Education, Osaka Industrial University, Daito, Osaka 574 Research Institute for Fracture Technology, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai 980 Processing for Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM) of TiB2-Ni system by the gas-pressure combustion sintering was studied. This new reaction sintering method can rapidly synthesize and simultaneously densify the refractory materials and composites. Addition of Ni and/or TiB2 powders into the reactant of Ti and 2B could reduce the high combustion temperature that was useful for densification and control the microstructure. The fracture strength of non-graded TiB2-30vol%Ni was 350 MPa at room temperature, but it was increased to 1070 MPa at 1073 K. The increase of strength was observed after the thermal fatigue test for 200 cycles between 200deg.C and 800deg.C, too. Based on these processing studies of the non-graded homogeneous compositions, the dense graded TiB2-Ni samples were fabricated. SUMMARY Simultaneous synthesis and densification of non-graded TiB2-Ni was conducted by the gas-pressure combustion sintering and their sinterability and microstructure control were developed. Based on these experiments, the TiB2-Ni FGM were fabricated. The obtained results can be summarized as follows. 1) Control of the reaction temperature is of importance because it strongly affects to densification and microstructure. 2) Non-graded TiB2-30vol%Ni showed a unique behavior in high temperature strength that the strength increased from 350 MPa at 293K to 1070 MPa at 1273 K. 3) Two kinds of the graded TiB2-Ni were fabricated from the green bodies consisting of 4 or 11 step compositions. It is possible to form the TiB2 grains to nearly the same size through the FGM by controlling the adiabatic combustion temperature constant through the body. The gas-pressure combustion sintering is expected as a promising process not only to develop the FGM, but to consolidate or fuse the material complex in the ceramic-ceramic and ceramic-metal systems. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 175-178 SHS法によるTiB2 TiAl3 Al傾斜機能材料の作製に関する研究 Study on the preparation of TiB2 TiAl3 Al Functionally Gradient Material by SHS Method Zheng Yi FU, Run Zhang YUAN and Zheng Ling YANGNew Materials Research Institute Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070,P.R.China Zheng Yi FU, Run Zhang YUAN and Zheng Ling YANGNew Materials Research Institute Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070,P.R.China In this paper, TiB2 TiAl3 Al functionally gradient material was prepared by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS). The sample was studied with electron probe analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy. The result shows that the sample has the expected gradient distribution. For the purpose of improving the binding property between the ceramic phase and the metal phase, we added TiAl3 intermetallics into the sample. The result proves to be satisfactory with the adding of TiAl3. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 179-184 SHS法によるTiB2-Cu傾斜機能材料の作製 Fabrication of TiB2-Cu Functionally Gradient Material by SHS Process 柳沢教雄、佐多延博、真田徳雄東北工業技術試験所　983仙台市宮城野区苦竹４丁目２番１号 Norio YANAGISAWA, Nobuhiro SATA and Norio SANADAGovernment Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku, AIST, MITI 2-1, Nigatake 4-chome, Miyagino-ku,Sendai, 983, Japan The fundamental studies were done on the processing of TiB2-Cu FGM fabrication by SHS. First, homogeneous composites of TiB2-Cu were produced from raw powder mixtures of Ti, B, Cu, and diluent TiB2 to evaluate effects of the diluent on the sintering process. Next, TiB2-Cu FGM was fabricated from the reactants which were stacked based on the analytical results of inversed design method. The microstructure of the inner layers of the sintered materials were examined, and the thermal and mechanical properties were also discussed. SUMMARY Dense TiB2-Cu composites were fabricated by SHS reaction in hydrostatic pressing apparatus. In the process proper amount of TiB2 powder was added as a diluent for controlling the reaction enthalpy. TiB2 -Cu FGM was fabricated from the reactants which were stacked based on the analytical results of inversed design method. The micro-structure of the inner layers of the sintered materials were examined, and the thermal and mechanical properties were also discussed. English Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 Proceedings of The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient MaterialsFGM'90 7 1990-12-31 185-189 高温用3-D C/C複合材料傾斜機能コーティング Functionally Gradient Coating of 3-D C/C Composite for use at Elevated Temperature H. D. Wu, S. T. Chou, H. Y. Chou, K. L. Wang, C. I. Chen and S. E. HsuChung Shang Institute of Science and Technology NO. 2 Chung Shan Road Chia An Village, Lung Tang, Taiwan, 32526, R. O. C H. D. Wu, S. T. Chou, H. Y. Chou, K. L. Wang, C. I. Chen and S. E. HsuChung Shang Institute of Science and Technology NO. 2 Chung Shan Road Chia An Village, Lung Tang, Taiwan, 32526, R. O. C Semi-gradient protective coating for protecting 3-D c/c composite from oxygen attack in air was processed. The primary coating layer was silicon carbide formed by a conventional reaction bonded technique. An enhancement gradient coating of Si -ZrSi2 was applied to the surface of SiC coating layer by reaction bonded method. 3-D c/c composites having the complex protective coatings were able to use at 1650deg.C in oxygen containing environments. SUMMARY 1. Si-ZrSi2 gradient coating can be fabricated by reaction bonded method. 2. Si-ZrSi2 gradient coating possesses a good potential to protect the SiC coated 3-D C/C composite from oxygen attack at elevated temperature. 3. Gradient coating of SiO2-ZrSiO4 refractory oxide can be formed through the reaction of Si and ZrSi2 with oxygen. English