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National Institute for Materials Science

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[Functionally Graded Materials (2011)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/34d37aec-4e57-402e-a87f-07555f3ec50a)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 1-6 仮焼結を利用した遠心力混合粉末法による金属基ダイヤモンド傾斜機能砥石の創製 Fabrication of Metal/Diamond Functionally Graded Grinding Wheel for CFRP Drilling by a Preform Centrifugal Mixed-Powder Method 澁谷将史 １）， 佐藤尚 １）， 三浦永理 1), 2），渡辺義見 １）１）名古屋工業大学,  ２）兵庫県立大学 Masafumi SHIBUYA 1), Hisashi SATO 1), Eri MIURA- FUJIWARA 1), 2) and Yoshimi WATANABE 1)1) Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan2) University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan A novel functionally graded material (FGM) fabrication method, preform centrifugal mixed-powder method, is proposed. In this study, the Al-Si/diamond FGM grinding wheel is fabricated by the proposed method. At first, preparation of a preform of sintered Al-15mass.%Si and diamond powders is carried out under centrifugal forces in vacuum condition. After that, Al melt is poured to the Al-Si/diamond preform under the centrifugal force. Five specimens with different casting conditions are fabricated. The microstructure and compositional gradient of the fabricated Al-Si/diamond FGM grinding wheels are investigated. It is found that the proposed method is useful to fabricate the functionally graded grinding wheel. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 7-12 Ag，Li ダブルドープMg2(Si1-xSnx)熱電半導体の出力特性 Thermoelectric Performance of Mg2(Si1-xSnx) Semiconductor with Li and Ag Double Doping 多田智紀 １）， 磯田幸宏 ２）， 藤生博文 １）， 熊谷俊司 １）， 篠原嘉一 ２）１）株式会社ミツバ， ２）物質・材料研究機構 Satoki TADA 1), Yukihiro ISODA 2), Hirofumi Fujiu 1)  Shunji Kumagai 1) Yoshikazu Shinohara 2)1) MITSUBA Corporation, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan2) National Institute for Material Science , Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Mg2(SiSn) system solid solution is eco-friendly semiconductor and has high thermoelectric performance in the middle temperature range. p-type Mg2Si1-xSnx (x=0.70, 0.75, 0.80) with Ag and Li double doping were prepared by the liquid-solid reaction and Hot-pressing sintered method. The effect of Sn composition on thermoelectric performances at temperature differences (ΔT) 0 K to 450 K and carrier concentration (n) at room temperature were investigated. All sintered compacts were identified as single-phase solid solution with anti-fluorite structure. Carrier concentration was increased with Sn composition. Thermoelectromotive force (E) and mean resistivity (ρm) were decreased with increasing of Sn composition. The maximum value of effective maximum power (P=E2/4ρm) was 68.6Wm-1 at ΔT=450 K on x=0.80. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 13-18 Analysis of FGM Crash-box using Finite Element Method Analysis of FGM Crash-box using Finite Element Method Saifulnizan JAMIAN １,2), Hisashi SATO 2), Hideaki TSUKAMOTO 2) and Yoshimi WATANABE 2)1) Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia2) Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Saifulnizan JAMIAN 1,2), Hisashi SATO 2), Hideaki TSUKAMOTO 2) and Yoshimi WATANABE 2)1) Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia, 2) Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan An FGM crash-box was proposed to improve the crash worthiness and to reduce the body weight. FGM crash-boxes with different stepwise strength gradient in longitudinal direction were designed and analyzed by finite element method (FEM). Crash behavior of this crash-box under compressive loads was studied. The obtained load-deformation curves and energy-deformation curves then were evaluated to assess the effect of the stepwise strength gradient of the crash-box. Moreover, four different shapes of cross-sectional i.e. circle, square, rectangle and hexagon were considered. Results show that crashworthiness of crash-box was affected by the stepwise strength gradient. Moreover, different shapes of cross-sectional area gave different load-deformation prediction curve. English 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 19-24 光造形法による金属ガラス／酸化物ガラス系ダイヤモンド型フォトニック結晶の作製 Fabrication of Diamond Photonic Crystals Composed of Metallic Glasses Dispersed Oxide Glasses by Using Micro Stereolithography 中野真亜沙 １）， 田崎智子 ２）， 桐原聡秀 ２）１）大阪大学， ２）大阪大学接合科学研究所 Maasa NAKANO 1), Satoko TASAKI 2), Soshu KIRIHARA 2)1) Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, 2) Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Magnetophotonic crystals with periodic arranged magnetic materials in micrometer order can reflect terahertz waves through Bragg diffraction. The micrometer order magnetophotonic crystals were fabricated by sreolithographic methods. In this process, slurry composed of photo sensitive acrylic resin, micrometer sized metallic glass and oxide glass particles was spread on a glass substrate with 10 μm in layer thickness by mechanical knife edge. And two dimensional image of UV ray were exposed with 2 μm in part accuracy. Through layer stacking process, micrometer order three dimensional structures were formed. The metallic and the oxide glass composite materials were obtained by dewaxing and sintering process with lower temperature than the transition point of the metallic glass. The amorphous structure formation after the heat treatment was verified by a X-ray diffraction analysis. A transmission spectrum of electromagnetic wave in terahertz frequency ranges for the formed magnetophotonic crystals with a diamond lattice structure was measured by using a terahertz time domain spectroscopy. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 25-29 軽金属への樹枝状化合物フラクタル形成による傾斜応力制御 Modulation of Stress Gradients by Intermetallics Patterning with Dendritic Fractals on Light Metals 上原康徳 １）， 桐原聡秀 ２）， 田崎智子 ２）１）大阪大学， ２）大阪大学接合科学研究所 Yasunori UEHARA 1), Soshu KIRIHARA 2), Satoko TASAKI 2)１) Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, 2) Joining and Welding Research Institute, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Geometric micro patterns of intermetallic compounds were created on light metal substrates to modulate stress distributions in material surface by using a laser scanning stereolithography and a reaction diffusion joining. Photo sensitive urethane resin including pure copper particles of 50 μm in average diameter was spread on pure aluminum plate with 100 μm in layer thickness. Dendritic fractal curves were drawn by single stroke scanning of an ultra violet laser beam of 100 μm in spot size. The micro patterns composed of copper aluminide were created through a heat treatment at 600 °C above eutectic temperature for 2 hs of holding time in an argon atmosphere. Microstructures and composite distributions were observed by a scanning electron micro scope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. Measured mechanical properties by tensile tests were compared with simulated ones by finite element method. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 30-35 光造形法を用いたデンドライト型 YSZ-NiO 電極の作製 Fabrication of Dendritic YSZ-NiO Electrodes by Using Micro  Stereolithography 小森直紀 １），則竹克哉 １），田崎智子 ２），桐原聡秀 ２）１）阪大院・工， ２）阪大 接合研 Naoki KOMORI 1), Katsuya NORITAKE 1), Satoko TASAKI 2), Soshu KIRIHARA 2)1) Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, 2) Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Dendritic electrodes composed of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and nickel oxide were successfully fabricated for solid oxide fuel cells by using micro stereolithography. Micrometer order ceramic rods with coordination numbers 4, 6, 8 and 12 were propagated spatially in computer graphic spaces. Range of aspect ratios determined by the rod diameters and lengths were designed between 0.75 and 3.00. Gaseous fluid permeabilities and stress distributions in the dendritic electrodes were simulated and visualized by using finite element methods. The dendritic lattices with largest surface area and smooth fluid transparent characteristics were formed by using micro  stereolithography. Composite precursors of acrylic resin and YSZ-Ni particles were dewaxed at 600 °C for 2 hs and sintered at 1400 °C for 2 hs in air atmosphere, respectively. Microstructures were observed by using a scanning electron microscope. The fabricated dendritic electrodes are expected to promote the electrode reaction effectively. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 36-39 表面の電位分布測定を用いた不均一表面の大気腐食性評価 The evaluation of atmospheric corrosion on non-uniformly surface using surface potential measurement 廣畑洋平 1）, 中島佑樹 1）, 野田和彦 1）, 渡辺義見 2）１）芝浦工業大学， ２）名古屋工業大学 Youhei HIROHATA 1), Yuki NAKAJIMA 1), Kazuhiko NODA 1), Yoshimi WATANABE 2)1) Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan, 2) Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan When metal is exposed at the atmospheric environment, the thin water film is formed on the metal surface. The thin water film makes the reaction analysis on a metal surface become difficult. Because the functionally graded materials (FGMs) have non-uniform composition or structure, it is also difficult to analyze the reactivity of FGMs surface using the conventional electrochemical techniques. In this paper, a surface potential measurement equipment with non-contact probe was applied to measure the surface potential of FGMs model specimens to investigate the corrosion behavior of FGMs. The surface deformed by shot-peening to induce the maltensitic transformation was given the different potential from the potential of an untreated surface with the austenitic structure. The potential difference controlled the corrosion progress. From these results, the measurement of surface potential using a surface potential measurement equipment is quite suitable to investigate the atmospheric corrosion behavior of FGMs. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 40-44 塩化物水溶液中におけるステンレス鋼基傾斜機能材料の局部腐食性 Localized Corrosion behavior of Austenite Stainless Steel Matrixes Functionally Graded Materials in NaCl solution 阿部俊介 １），斉藤知 1）2），野田和彦 1），渡辺義見 3)１）芝浦工業大学，２）大阪大学，３）名古屋工業大学 Shunnsuke ABE 1), Tomo SAITO 1)2), Kazuhiko NODA 1), Yoshimi WATANABE 3)1) Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan, 2) Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, 3) Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan The localized corrosion behavior of austenite stainless steels matrixes functionally graded materials has been estimated by electrochemical measurement. Five type samples which had different distribution of deformation were fabricated from standard austenitic stainless steels, such as type 304 stainless steel. The polarization curves and the potential changes in the galvanostatic polarization were measured in each sample to investigate the corrosion behavior in the NaCl solution. From the results of the polarization curves, the polarization behavior of each sample did not have a difference. In the surface observation by using optical microscope after the measuring of the galvanostatic polarization, the pit size on the martensitic phase was larger than the size on the austenitic phase. Pitting corrosion was growing greatly at the place with many amounts of martensitic transformations. Martensitic transformation caused that pitting corrosion growth was activated. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 45-50 亜鉛めっき鋼板の下地鋼露出における大気腐食挙動 Atmospheric corrosion behavior of Galvanized steel with exposed steels. 井上 塁 １）, 伊藤航平 １）, 横田歩 １）, 廣畑洋平 1), 斉藤知 １）, 野田和彦 1）１）芝浦工業大学 Rui INOUE 1), Kohei ITO １), Ayumu YOKOTA 1), Youhei HIROHATA 1), Tomo SAITO 1),  Kazuhiko NODA 1)1) Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan The hot dip galvanizing is form on the multilayer. Especially, reactive layer is formed between plated layer and underlying steel. The corrosion mechanism of this multilayer under atmospheric environment changes with time. The corrosion behavior have been investigated by surface potential distribution measurement. The samples used in experiment were galvanized steel and chromate treated galvanized steel. The experimental results show that chromate conversion treatments increase corrosion resistance of the galvanized steel. The sacrificial anodic reaction in non-chromate treated galvanized steels was observed near the Zn/Fe boundary. However, the effect of corrosion prevention by the sacrificial anodic reaction was less seen on chromate treated galvanized steels. From these results, chromate conversion treatments increase the corrosion resistance of the exposed surface, while decreasing the effect of sacrificial anodic reaction at the Zn/Fe boundary. The expansion of sacrificial anodic reaction was confirmed by surface potential distribution measurement due to the corrosion product at the Zn/Fe boundary. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 51-56 Co-Cr 合金の耐食性に及ぼすアニオンの影響 Effect of anion on corrosion resistance of Co-Cr alloy 鈴木良治，椎名正和，野田和彦芝浦工業大学 Ryouji SUZUKI, Masakazu SHIINA, Kazuhiko NODAShibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan The Co-Cr alloys which have an excellent strength, castability and wear resistance are used as biomaterials such as artificial joints. In this study, the effect of anion on corrosion resistance of Co-Cr alloy was investigated by using polarization curve measurements. Stainless steels (Type 316) and pure Cr were used as a comparing material. From the polarization curves, the Co-Cr alloy was kept passive state in widely potential region as same as pure Cr in all test solutions. The current was rapidly increased by pitting corrosion on the stainless steel in HCl and NaCl solution. It was disappeared in polarization curves of Co-Cr alloy. In chloride ion containing solutions, the passive film on the Co-Cr alloy was shown higher localized corrosion resistance than the resistance of the stainless steel. According to the polarization behavior, the Co-Cr alloy had high corrosion resistance against chloride ion and sulfate ion. Therefore, the Co-Cr alloy is expected to use as the biomaterials with a sense of security. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 57-61 アノード / カソード分離セルを用いたオーステナイトステンレス鋼の局部腐食性評価 Localized Corrosion Evaluation of Austenitic Stainless Steel using Occluded cell 香川 勇樹 １），斉藤知 １），○野田和彦 1）, 篠原正 2)１）芝浦工業大学，２）NIMS Yuki KAGAWA １), Tomo SAITO １), ○Kazuhiko NODA 1), Tadashi SHINOHARA 2)1) Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan, 2) National Institute for Material Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan The concentration of chloride ion in crevice corrosion was analyzed on SUS304 stainless steel in 0.5 mol/l NaCl solutions and the galvanostatic measurement was performed in the occluded cell. The anodic reaction in crevice corrosion could be estimated as the changing in the concentration of chloride ion and pH from the galvanostatic measurement. This proves that the use of Ag / AgCl electrode can be applied for the chloride ion concentration measurement in crevice corrosion. The condensation of the chloride ion was derived by keeping the neutrality in the crevice corrosion. During the anodic reaction, pH value was decreased, as metal ions reacted with H2O in hydrolysis equilibrium. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 62-67 電気化学測定によるジンクリッチペイントの防食性能評価 Corrosion protection evaluation of zinc-rich paint by electrochemical measurement 田中 集 １），大田康平 １），田辺知博 １），斉藤知 １）２），野田和彦 １）１）芝浦工業大学，２）大阪大学 Atsumu TANAKA 1), Kohei OTA 1), Tomohiro TANABE 1), Tomo SAITO1)2), ○Kazuhiko NODA 1)1) Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan, 2) Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan The corrosion behavior of Zinc rich paint (ZRP) coated steels has been investigated by an electrochemical measurement toward the practical use of Zinc rich paint functionally graded materials (ZRPFGM). Two kinds of ZRPs with 74% and 96% zinc content were applied. The open circuit potentials and the anodic polarization curves were measured in an NaCl solution for 1, 3 and 5- layer ZRP coated steels. The corrosion resistance of ZRP74% coated steels increased with increasing thickness of the ZRP layer. In the initial corrosion process, the Zn particles in ZRP74% coatings have no electrical circuit of zinc, so only the thickness of the paintings give a protective effect to the steels. On the other hand, ZRP96% coated steel presented high corrosion resistance with even 1 layer, which indicated that the Zn particles were connected electrically and that the corrosion products provided a high protective performance. The corrosion resistance of ZRP coated steels depends on the content of the zinc particles in ZRP. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 68-74 遠心力を用いた傾斜機能材料製造装置の開発 Development of FGM Manufacturing System under Centrifugal Force 大矢泰正 １,２）， 瀬戸口正嵩 １）， 佐藤尚 １）， 渡辺義見 １）１）名古屋工業大学， ２）株式会社大矢鋳造所 Yasumasa OYA 1,2), Masataka SETOGUCHI 1), Hisashi SATO 1), Yoshimi WATANABE 1)１) Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 2) OHYA-CHUZOSHO Co., Ltd, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Centrifugal casting method is used for piping shape products, and the method also can be applicable to fabricate a functionally graded material (FGM). There are two types of the centrifugal casting machine, one is a horizontal-type and another is a vertical-type. In our previous study, it was shown that the horizontal centrifugal casting machine is a better apparatus to fabricate the FGM pipes by the reactive centrifugal casting method and centrifugal mixed-powder method. Thus, in this study, we developed an FGM manufacturing system, a cantilever horizontal-type centrifugal casting machine. A pre-heat furnace and a spinning-casting mold are placed on a steel-frame, and the mold spins horizontally by belt drive. Centrifugal force is possible to change by changing frequency of inverter-controlled motor. Since two melting furnaces were placed in juxtaposition, the developed machine can make many types of FGM pipes. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 75-80 酸化物熱電発電モジュールの試作 Fabrication of Power Generation Modules using Oxide Thermoelectric Materials 相馬 岳 １），富田健稔 １），２）１）香川高等専門学校，２）現九州大学大学院総合理工学府 Takeshi SOUMA 1), Takenori TOMIDA 1),2)1) Kagawa National College of Technology, Kagawa, Japan., 2) Kyushu Univ., Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Fukuoka, Japan. Oxide thermoelectric modules consisting of 2-pairs of p-NaCo2O4 and n-ZnO sintered materials connected with silver electrodes were successfully fabricated by using a solid phase welding technique. A maximum power output of 295 μW was obtained at the temperature condition of TH/TL = 735/335 K on a 2-pairs module fabricated under a welding condition of 963 K for 60 min at 49 N in Ar atmosphere. Welding conditions including temperature and time were investigated by evaluating the internal resistance and the open circuit voltage of the modules. As a result, no significant effect was observed on the maximum power output for the modules fabricated under the whole present welding conditions. A series of SEM analysis for the modules revealed that no diffusion layer was observed at the interface between the oxide materials and the silver electrodes, and an anchor effect played an important role on jointing at the interfaces. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 81-86 応力誘起変態を用いた傾斜機能熱遮蔽コーティングの高靭化　-微視力学モデル- Stress-induced transformation toughening in functionally graded thermal barrier coatings ?Micromechanical model- 塚本英明 １,2），佐藤尚 １），渡辺義見 1）１）名古屋工業大学，２）クィーンズランド大学 Hideaki TSUKAMOTO 1,2), Hisashi SATO 1), Yoshimi WATANABE 1)1) Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 2) The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia This study presents a methodology of design against fracture of zirconia-toughened functionally graded thermal barrier coatings (FG TBCs) using a recently developed micromechanics-based model. The micromechanics-based model can deal with the effect of the mismatch in material properties of the constituent phases on the transformation toughening mechanism in FG TBCs. The developed model enables to engineer ZrO2-toughened multi-phase FG TBCs with required or predetermined fracture properties by utilizing the synergetic characteristics of their constituent phases. A simulation for ZrO2/Ni FG TBC plates subjected to thermal shock loadings has been conducted. The results demonstrated that within the compositional gradation investigated, the substrate metal (Ni)-rich compositional gradation contributed to high fracture-resistant properties based on fracture-mechanics considerations. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 87-92 ポリピロールソフトアクチュエータへの架橋体導入による電気化学クリープの抑制効果 Cross-linker effects on electrochemical creep in polypyrrole soft actuators 富永 和生 １），石井 優輝 １），金藤 敬一 １），高嶋 授 ２）１）九州工業大学生命体工学研究科，２）九工大先端エコフィッティングセンター Kazuo TOMINAGA 1), Masaki ISHII 1), Keiichi KANETO 1), Wataru TAKASHIMA 2)1) Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan, 2) Research Center for Advanced Eco-fitting Technology, KIT, Fukuoka, Japan For soft actuators, the creeping behavior under applying large tensile load is a serious problem for the precise control of positioning. In this report we investigated the suppression effect on electrochemical creep (EC-creep) by incorporating a newly synthesized chemical cross-linker in polypyrrole (PPy) soft actuators. The EC-creep was effectively suppressed in its magnitude by partial cross-linkage. The creeping behavior was also swiftly disappeared with redox cycling. These features indicate that the chemical cross-link is effective to suppress the EC-creep characteristics in PPy soft actuators. Conversely, the cross-linker incorporation sacrifices the actuation magnitude. The small film conductivity should decrease the redox activity, resulting to reduce the total amount of exchanged ions and decreasing the deformation magnitude. The essential lack of the conductance in the cross-linker possibly causes the decrease of actuation performance. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 93-98 宇宙太陽光発電用の屈折率傾斜構造光学フィルターの試作と耐放射線性 Fabrication of the Prototype of the Optical Filter with Graded Refractive Indices for SSPS and its Radiation Tolerance 増本 博 １），鈴木一行 ２），川崎 亮 ２），藤田和久 ３），木皿且人 ４）１）東北大・学際センター，２）東北大院・工，３）光産業大，４）JAXA Hiroshi MASUMOTO 1), Kazuyuki SUZUKI 2), Akira KAWASAKI 2), Kazuhisa FUJITA 3), Katsuto, KISARA 4)1) Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 2) Dept. of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 3) The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Hamamatsu, Japan, 4) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kakuda, Miyagi, Japan The prototype of the optical filter for Space Solar Power System (SSPS) was fabricated with one of FGM techniques. This multilayer filter has Graded Refractive Indices (GRIN) structure. The optical filter for SSPS will be utilized for wavelength selection on the solar light excitation laser. The tolerance against cosmic rays chiefly of protons and electrons is required for use on the geosynchronous orbit. In this article the results of the irradiation examinations with proton and electron beams for GRIN multilayer are reported. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 99-104 球形単分散粒子の３次元規則構造体によるマイクロチャンネル集熱器の検討 Conceptual Design of the Microchannel Heat Collector with Three-dimensional Artificial Crystal Structure of Monosized Particles 鈴木一行 １），矢野歳和 ２），川崎 亮 １）１）東北大院・工，２）宮城大・食産業 Kazuyuki SUZUKI 1), Toshikazu YANO 2), Akira KAWASAKI 1)1) Dept. of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 2) School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai, Japan The purpose of this study is development of the heat-collector to collect thermal energy from fluids with the waste heat in high efficiency. The microchannel collectors with the cavities of the monosized particles assembled regularly and periodically as flow-channels can be designed optimally, and the bulk with the three-dimensional uniformly assembled structure will be fabricated. The technique to produce the monosized micro-particles of silicon, some kinds of metals and ceramics in the required sizes has been already established in the laboratory, and some of knowledge on fabrication and evaluation of samples assembled the monosized particles and samples with inversed structure. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 105-109 AlN/CBC とW 接合体の創成と接合機構 Joining of AlN/CBC with tungsten and its mechanism 陳衛武 １），東城 哲朗 １,2），宮本欽生 1,2）１）大阪大学，２）東洋炭素（株） Weiwu Chen 1), Tetsuro Tojo 1,2), Yoshinari Miyamoto 1,2)1) Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan, 2) Toyo Tanso, Co. Ltd., Kakuda, Miyagi, Japan A new carbon composite called ceramic bonded carbon (CBC) is composed of separated carbon particles bonded with thin ceramic boundaries. To fabricate reliable plasma facing components, AlN ceramic bonded carbon (AlN/CBC, 20 vol% AlN) was directly cladded with tungsten (W) at 1700℃ by spark plasma sintering. The cladding shows strong bonding, which is attributed to the formation of graded interface layer containing mixed WC/W2C and AlN ceramic. The interface between W and AlN/CBC was analyzed and the cladding mechanism was discussed. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 110-115 銅および樹脂から構成される傾斜機能性整流子の試作に関する研究 Study on Trial Manufacture of Functionally Graded Commutator Made from Copper and Resin Powder 中野光一 １），石橋 完 ２），炭矢芳男 ３），立石健太郎 ３），宮崎良忠 ４），渡辺健太郎 ４），大崎徹郎 ５），蓮尾東海 ５）１）九工大・院生命体工，２）オタライト㈱，３）㈱高田工業所，４）計測検査㈱，５）福岡県工業技術センター Kouichi NAKANO 1), Osamu ISHIBASI 2), Yoshio SUMIYA 3), Kentarou TATEISHI 3), Yoshitada MIYAZAKI 4), Kentarou WATANABE 4), Teturou OSAKI 5), Haruumi. HASUO 5)1) Kyushu Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan, 2) Otalite Co., Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan, 3) TAKADA CORPORATION, Fukuoka, Japan, 4) Keisokukensa Co., Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan, 5) Fukuoka Industrial Technology Center, Fukuoka, Japan モータ整流子は，一般に銅とフェノール樹脂が一体成形され，アンカー効果により接合されているが，銅とフェノール樹脂の間には数ミクロンの隙間が存在し，繰り返して使用すると，熱疲労等の現象により，その隙間からき裂が発生し，破壊に至るケースが確認されている．また，アンカーとして必要な銅の割合も多くなっている．そこで本研究では，銅とフェノール樹脂の間に傾斜層を設け，放電プラズマ焼結技術を用いて融点や線膨張係数の大きく異なる金属と樹脂との接合を可能とする接合方法を開発する事を目的としている．そして，銅とフェノール樹脂間の隙間を無くし，傾斜層で応力を緩和させる事により亀裂の発生を抑制すると共に，銅の使用量を減少させて軽量化を図りながら，より信頼性の高いモータ整流子等の製品化に資するために，円筒型傾斜材の試作1-2)をはじめ種々の特性評価・検討を行った． Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 116-121 ポーラス体を用いた熱電変換の高効率化 Enhancement of ZT of a nano-porous thermoelectric material 宮崎康次九州工業大学 Koji MIYAZAKIKyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan A porous thin film of Bi0.4Te3Sb1.6 with an enhanced figure of merit of 1.8 at room temperature was fabricated by flash evaporation on an alumina substrate containing hexagonally arranged nano-pores with an average diameter of 20 nm, separated by an average distance of 50 nm prepared by a two step anodizing process. The thermal conductivity was significantly reduced compared with standard Bi0.4Te3Sb1.6 films to 0.25W/(m?K) , which was measured by the picosecond thermoreflectance method with a fitting error of 0.05W/(m?K) assuming the specific heat of bulk Bi0.4Te3Sb1.6, with no major decrease in either the electrical conductivity (398 S/cm) or the Seebeck coefficient (198μV/K). The reduction in thermal conductivity was rationalized using a model for the full distribution of the phonon mean free path. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 25, 2011 2011-05-31 122-127 傾斜機能材料を利用したバイオマテリアルの設計 Biomaterial Design Utilizing Functionally Graded Materials 宮崎敏樹九州工業大学大学院生命体工学研究科 Toshiki MIYAZAKIGraduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan 骨は我々の体を支えて臓器を保護し，円滑な運動を可能にする重要な器官である。さらに骨はカルシウムを貯蔵し，欠乏時に各組織に供給する役割も担っている。しかし加齢や病気，事故などにより骨や関節に重大な損傷が生じると，その一部を摘出せざるを得ない状況が起こりうる。失われた骨を修復する目的で，自らあるいは他人からの骨を移植する治療が行われている。しかし自家骨移植では，十分な供給量を得ることが困難であり，しかも健常な部位に侵襲を加えなければならず，患者の負担を増加させる。一方，他家骨移植では，倫理上の問題や未知の病因物質混入の可能性が指摘されている。このような問題を克服するためには，骨の機能を代替し得る人工材料を骨の修復に用いることが有効である。しかし，一般に人工材料を骨の欠損部に埋入すると，生体はこれを異物と認識して，材料を線維性被膜で覆ってしまい周囲の組織から隔離する。従って，埋入された材料は周囲の骨組織と直接結合できず，長期のうちに緩みやずれが生じ得る。これに対して， バイオガラスと呼ばれるケイ酸塩系ガラスや， 焼結水酸アパタイト(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)等の特定のセラミックスであれば，体内で異物反応を示さず骨と直接自然に結合するi。これらは生体活性セラミックスと総称され，重要な骨修復材料として臨床使用されている。ただし従来の生体活性セラミックスは破壊靭性に乏しいので，股関節や膝関節など高い荷重の架かる部位を置換するには十分な力学的特性が得られない。このような部位においては，チタン(Ti)やチタン合金，コバルト?クロム(Co-Cr)合金，ステンレス鋼など破壊靭性に富む金属材料が用いられている。しかし，金属材料そのものは骨と結合する生体活性を示さない。そこで，金属材料に生体活性を付与する技術の開発が進められている。その際，生体活性を発現する表面層と金属との界面に傾斜構造を形成させれば，周囲の骨との長期間にわたる強固な結合が期待できる。 Japanese