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National Institute for Materials Science

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[MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS (FGM IX 2006) (pp.254-512)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/9a50424d-d95f-4882-bb44-39e5f42975c1)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 254-260 相互作用積分法を用いた傾斜機能材料の動的破壊挙動の調査 Investigation of Dynamic Fracture Behavior in Functionally Graded Materials Using the Interaction Integral Method Seong Hyeok song, Glausio H. Paulino Seong Hyeok song, Glausio H. Paulino  Dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF) is an important fracture parameter in understanding and predicting dynamic fracture behavior of a cracked body. To evaluate DSIFs for functionally graded materials (FGMs), the interaction integral originally proposed to evaluate SIFs for a static homogeneous medium is extended to incorporate dynamic effects and material nonhomogeneity, and is implemented in conjunction with the finite element method (FEM). To verify numerical implementations and to explore various dynamic fracture behaviors, both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous cracked bodies under dynamic loading are employed. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 261-266 傾斜機能直交異方性材料における亀裂による応力波の分散 Scattering of Stress Wave by a Crack in Functionally Graded Orthotropic Materials Li AM, Lin-Zhi Wu Li AM, Lin-Zhi Wu  Scattering of normally incident time-harmonic plane elastic stress wave by a Griffith crack in functionally graded orthotropic materials is investigated in the present work. The elastic stiffness constants and mass density of materials are assumed to vary exponentially perpendicular to the direction of the crack surface while Poisson's ratio remains constant. By using the Fourier transform and defining the jumps of displacement components across the crack surface as the unknown functions, two pairs of dual integral equations are derived. To solve the dual integral equations are derived. To solve the dual integral equations, the jumps of the displacement components across crack surface are expanded in a series of Jacobi polynomial. Numerical examples are provided to show the effects of material properties and the crack configuration on the dynamic stress intensity factors of the functionally graded orthotropic materials with a Griffith crack. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 267-272 傾斜機能圧電ストリップの並行亀裂の熱電気機械反応 Thermoelectromechanical Response of a Parallel Crack in a Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Strip Sei Ueda, Hironori Kondo Sei Ueda, Hironori Kondo  The mixed-mode thermoelectromechanical fracture problem for a functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) strip is considered. It is assumed that the thermoelectroelastic properties of the strip vary continuously along the thickness of the strip, and that the strip is under thermoelectric loading. The crack faces are supposed to be insulated thermally and electrically. The problem is formulated in terms of a system of singular integral equations. The stress and electric displacement intensity factors are presented for various of dimensionless parameters representing the crack size, the crack location, and the material nonhomogeneity. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 273-278 傾斜微細構造Al2O3/ZrO2積層複合材の作製および機械的特性 Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Al2O3/ZrO2 Layered Composites with Graded Microstructure Sang-Hyun Park, Ji-Hun Kang, Yeon-Gil Jung, Ungyu Paik Sang-Hyun Park, Ji-Hun Kang, Yeon-Gil Jung, Ungyu Paik  Microstructure evaluation has been performed and related mechanical properties have been investigated and characterized in functionally graded materials (FGMs) using alumina and zirconia. Two kinds of FGM, one with a compositional variation from an alumina substrate to an outer layer of zirconia (AZ FGM) and an inverse one (ZA FGM), were prepared by dip-coating with substrates prepared by gel-casting. The slip composition for the coating was controlled with 10 vol.% variation. The microstructure changed from the substrate to the outer layer, showing smooth variation in hardness. The coating thickness of AZ FGM, with abnormal grain growth in the substrate, was thicker than that of ZA FGM, respectively. Well developed cracks with FGM. The fracture strength of monolithic materials decreased as coating layers were applied onto the monolithic materials. Based on the results of mechanical properties and microstructure evaluation, the fracture mechanism in each FGM is proposed and discussed. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 279-284 材料分布におけるpreconditioned Krylov Subspace Recycling および連続的な予測による大規模なトポロジー最適化 Large Scale Topology Optimization Using preconditioned Krylov Subspace Recycling and Continuous Approximation of Material Distribution Eric de Sturler, Chau Le, Shun Wang, Glaucio Paulino Eric de Sturler, Chau Le, Shun Wang, Glaucio Paulino  Large-scale topology optimization problem demand the solution of a large number of linear systems arising in the finite element analysis. These systems can be solved efficiently by special iterative solvers. Because the linear systems in the sequence of optimization steps change slowly from one step to the next, we can significantly reduce the number of iterations and the runtime of the linear solver by recycling selected search spaces from previous linear systems, and by using preconditioning and scaling techniques. We also provide a new implementation of the 8-node brick (B8) element for the continuous approximation of material distribution (CAMD) approach to improve designs of functionally graded material. Specifically, we develop a B8/B8 implementation in which the element shape functions are used for the approximation of both displacements and material density at nodal locations. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of several solver and preconditioning strategies, and we investigate large-scale examples, including functionally graded materials, which are solved with a special version of the SIMP (solid isotropic material with penalization) model. The effectiveness of the solver is demonstrated by means of a topology optimization problem in a functionally graded material with 1.6 million unknowns on a fast PC. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 285-290 マルチフェーズトポロジー最適化による計算機を用いた気孔設計 Computer based porosity Design by multi phase topology optimization Andreas Burblies, Matthias Busse Andreas Burblies, Matthias Busse  A numerical simulation technique called Multi Phase Topology Optimization (MPTO) based on finite element method has been developed and refined by Fraunhofer IFAM during the last five years. MPTO is able to determine the optimum distribution of two or more different materials in component's under thermal and mechanical loads. The objective of optimization is to minimize the component's elastic energy. Conventional topology optimization methods, which simulate adaptive bone mineralization, have got the disadvantage that there is a continuous change of mass by growth process. MPTO keeps all initial material concentrations and uses methods adapted from molecular dynamics to find energy minimum. Applying MPTO to mechanically loaded components with a high number of different material densities, the optimization results show graded and sometimes anisotropic porosity distributions, which are very similar to natural bone structures. It is possible to design the macro- and microstructure of a mechanical component in one step. Computer based porosity design structures can be manufactured by new Rapid Prototyping technologies. Fraunhofer IFAM has applied successfully 3D-Printing and Selective Laser Sintering methods in order to produce very stiff lightweight components with graded porosities calculated by MPTO. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 291-296 傾斜機能圧電バイモルフの設計へ適用するトポロジー最適化 Topology Optimization Applied to the Design of Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Bimorph Ronny C.Carbonari, Emilio. C.N.Silva, Glaucio Ronny C.Carbonari, Emilio. C.N.Silva, Glaucio  Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) possess continuously graded material properties and are characterized by spatially varying microstructures. The smooth variation of properties may offer advantages such as reduction of stress concentration and increased bonding strength. Recently, this concept has been explored in piezoelectric materials to improve properties and to increase the lifetime of bimorph piezoelectric actuators. Usually, elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties are graded along the thickness of a piezoceramic FGM. Thus the gradation law of piezoceramic properties can influence the performance of piezoactuators. In this work, topology optimization has been applied to find the optimum gradation variation in piezoceramic FGMs to improve actuator performance measured in terms of output displacements. A bimorph type actuator design is considered. Accordingly, the optimization problem is posed as finding the optimized gradation variation of piezoelectric properties that maximizes output displacement or output force in the tip of bimorph actuator. The optimization algorithm combines the finite element method with sequential linear programming (SLP). The finite element method applied is based on the graded finite element concept where the properties change smoothly inside the element. This approach provides a continuum approximation of material distribution (CAMD), which is appropriate to model FGMs. The alternative FGM modeling using traditional FEM formulation and discrediting the FGM into layers gives a discontinuous stress distribution, which is not compatible with FGM behavior. The present results consider gradation between two different piezoceramic properties and consider two-dimensional models with plane stress assumption. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 297-302 傾斜内層CoSb3/Bi2Te3熱電unicoupleの熱応力シミュレーションおよび最適設計 Thermal Stress Simulation and Optimum Design of CoSb3/Bi2Te3 Thermoelectric Unicouples with Graded Interlayers Y.Li, X.Q.Yang, P.C.Zhai, Q.J.Zhang Y.Li, X.Q.Yang, P.C.Zhai, Q.J.Zhang  The thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency of the thermoelectric generator devices not only depends on the figure of merit of the materials, but also on the temperature distribution in the device. However, each single thermoelectric material is only suitable for a narrow range of temperature and no single thermoelectric material is suitable for use over a very wide range of temperatures (300-800K). Recently, the concept of integrating new thermoelectric materials into a segmented thermoelectric unicouple has been introduced. In the present paper, the thermal stresses of CoSb3/Bi2Te3 thermoelectric unicouple subjected to thermal cyclic loading are simulated by finite element method. The results show that the maximum thermal tensile stress would reach about 180MPa or even higher because of the mismatch of the thermomechanical properties of the CoSb3 and Bi2Te3. This means that the device cannot work as the tensile strength of CoSb3 is about 100MPa. In order to improve the performance, the graded interlayers are inserted to reduce the thermal stresses. It is shown that the thermal stresses in the thermoelectric device with graded interlayers would reduce to about 100MPa. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 303-308 応力拘束によるトポロジー最適化：傾斜機能構造の応力集中の軽減 Topology Optimization with Stress Constraints: Reduction of Stress Concentration in Functionally Graded Structures Fernando V. Stump, Emilio C.N.Silva, Glaucio H.Paulino Fernando V. Stump, Emilio C.N.Silva, Glaucio H.Paulino  This presentation describes a topology optimization framework to design the material distribution of functionally graded structures with a tailored Von Mises stress field. The problem of interest consists in obtaining smooth continuous material fraction distribution that produces an admissible stress field. This work explores the topology optimization method for minimizing volume fraction of one of the phases considering stress constraints. Existence of inherent material microstructure requires consideration of the micro level stress field, which is computed through a mechanical concentration factor based on the local stress in each phase of the material. Thus, p-norm of the Von Mises stress in the microstructure is considered as a global constraint. To illustrate the method and discuss its essential features, we present engineering examples of axisymmetric FGM structures subjected to body forces. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 309-314 六方晶系ワックスプレス補間によるトポロジー最適化 Topology Optimization Using Wachspress-Type Interpolation with Hexagonal Elements Cameron Talischi, Glaucio H.Paulino, Chau H.Le Cameron Talischi, Glaucio H.Paulino, Chau H.Le  Traditionally, standard Lagrangian-type finite elements, such as quads and triangles, have been the elements of choice in the field of topology optimization. However, finite element meshes with these elements exhibit the well-known "checkerboard" pathology in the solution of topology optimization problems. A feasible alternative to eliminate this long-standing problem consists of using hexagonal elements with Wachspress-type shape functions. The features of the hexagonal mesh include 2-node connections (i.e. 2 elements are either not connected or connected by 2 nodes), and 3 edge-based symmetry lines per element. In contrast, quads can display 1-node connection, which can lead to checkerboard; and only have 2 edge-based symmetry lines. We explore the Wachspress-type hexagonal elements and show their advantages in solving topology optimization problems. We also discuss extensions of the work to account for material gradient effects. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 315-320 弾性ー塑性崩壊制約による最適トラス設計 Optimal Truss Design with Elastic and Plastic Collapse Constraints Juan Sergio Romero Saenz Juan Sergio Romero Saenz  Optimal design of trusses is presented using several approaches, in which weight is minimized for a prescribed load. The model proposed comprises the full range of strictly elastic, elastic/plastic and strictly plastic designs. As a result, dimensionally optimal structures are found under stress and displacement constraints, together with constraints imposed on safety factor during plastic collapse. In this problem, collapse loading is a nonsmooth function of the design variables, which may cause some undesirable behavior. Nonsmoothness is thus treated using optimization techniques, in which safety factor is judiciously smoothed out with respect to the plastic collapse constraint. Under these considerations, it is possible to obtain lighter structures while maintaining their reliability. Numerical examples illustrate the usefulness of these new formulations. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 321-326 界面熱抵抗による傾斜ナノ複合材の効果的な熱伝導 Effective Thermal Conductivity of Graded Nanocomposites with Interfacial Thermal Resistance H.M.Yin, G.H.Paulino, W.G.Buttlar, and L.Z.Sun H.M.Yin, G.H.Paulino, W.G.Buttlar, and L.Z.Sun  This work employs the self-consistent method to investigate the effective thermal conductivity distribution in functionally graded materials (FGMs) considering the Kapitza interfacial thermal resistance. A heat conduction solution is first derived for one spherical particle embedded in a graded matrix with a prefect interface. The interfacial thermal resistance of a nanoparticle is simulated by a new particle with a lower thermal conductivity. A novel self-consistent formulation is developed to derive the averaged heat flux field of the particle phase. Then the temperature gradient can be obtained in the gradation direction. From the relation between the effective flux and temperature gradient in the gradation direction, the effective thermal conductivity distribution solved. If the gradient of the volume fraction distribution is zero, the FGM is reduced to a composite containing uniformly dispersed nanoparticles and a thermal resistance, the proposed model recovers the conventional self-consistent model. Mathematically, effective thermal conductivity is a quantity exactly analogous to effective electric conductivity, dielectric permittivity, magnetic permeability and water permeability in a linear static state, so this method can be extended to those problems for graded materials. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 327-332 不均質物体の総合設計および分析 Integrated Design and Analysis for Heterogeneous Objects Xiaoping Qian, Pinghai Yang Xiaoping Qian, Pinghai Yang  The recent advancement of solid freeform fabrication, design techniques and fundamental understanding of material properties in functionally graded material objects has made it possible to design and fabricate multifunctional heterogeneous objects, In this paper, we present an integrated design and analysis approach for heterogeneous object realization, which employs a unified design and analysis model based on B-splines and allows for direct interaction between the design and analysis model without a laborious meshing operation. In the design module, a new approach for intuitively modeling multi-material objects, termed heterogeneous lofting, is presented. In the analysis module, a novel graded B-spline finite element solution procedure is described, which gives orders of magnitude better convergence rate in comparison with current methods, as demonstrated in several case studies. Further advantages of this approach include simplified mesh construction, exact geometry/material composition representation and easy extraction of iso-material surface for manufacturing process planning. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 333-338 層状FGMsにおける疲労亀裂伝播への拡散層の影響 Effect of a Diffusion Zone on Fatigue Crack Propagation in Layered FGMs Brett Hauber, Robert Brockman, Glaucio Paulino Brett Hauber, Robert Brockman, Glaucio Paulino  Research into functionally graded materials (FGMs) has led to advances in our ability to analyze cracks. However, two prominent aspects remain relatively unexplored: 1)development and validation of modeling methods for fatigue crack propagation in FGMs, and 2)experimental validation of stress intensity models in engineered materials such as two phase monolithic and graded materials. This work addresses some of these problems for a limited set of conditions, material systems, and material gradients. Numerical analyses are conducted for single edge notch bend specimens. Stress intensity factors are computed using the specialized finite element code I-Franc, which is tailored for both homogeneous and graded materials, as well as Franc2DL and ABAQUS. Crack extension is considered by means of specified crack increments, together with fatigue evaluations to predict crack propagation life. Results will be used to determine linear material gradient parameters that are significant for prediction of fatigue crack growth behavior. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 339-345 パネルの熱機械的応答への２次元傾斜の影響 Effect of Two-Dimensional Grading on the Thermomechanical Response of the Panel Victor Birman, Ravinder Chona, Larry W.Byrd Victor Birman, Ravinder Chona, Larry W.Byrd  Some of the advantages of functionally graded materials (FGM) are related to their ability to provide a better thermal protection and reduce delamination tendencies present in layered composites. In particular, in ceramic-metal systems these goals can be achieved by increasing the concentration of ceramic particles in the region adjacent to the heated surface using a heterogeneous single layered structure. The unfortunate by-products of such design are asymmetry about the middle surface of the structure and bending-stretching coupling. As a result, displacements and stresses increase as compared to the symmetric counterpart, while the bucking loads and natural frequencies decrease. One of the possible solutions to the problem compensating for a reduced stiffness of FGM structures is based on the replacement of one-dimensional grading with a two-dimensional grading, including the regions with enhanced stiffness. The paper illustrates the formulation of the problem and peculiarities introduced in the solution by two-dimensional grading on the example of a large aspect ratio panel subject to thermomechanical loading. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 346-354 複合負荷によるサンドイッチパネルの自由応答および強制応答における多様性の定義付けのためのバイブレーションアコースティック熱装置の設計および運用 Design and Operation of a Vibration-Acoustic-Thermal Apparatus for Identifying Variations in Free and Forced Response of Sandwich Panels Due to Combined Loading Claudia Ellmer, Douglas E. Adams, Jonathan R.White, Kumar Jata Claudia Ellmer, Douglas E. Adams, Jonathan R.White, Kumar Jata  Combined vibration, thermal, and acoustic environments cause significant changes in the free and forced response characteristics of spacecraft metallic, ceramic, and carbon thermal protection systems, exhaust wash structures in fixed wing aircraft, and ground vehicle components exposed to blast loading. When structural components become damaged, the effects of combined loads are even more apparent on the structural response. A new combined vibration-acoustic-thermal apparatus designed to simultaneously expose specimens up to 4' by 4' with 10g vibration up to either 100Hz or 1 inch displacement vibrations, 140dB acoustic pressures, and >400deg.F temperatures will first be described in this paper. Then observations from experiments conducted on a sandwich metallic panel exposed to thermal loads will be described. Modal impact and active sensor data will be utilized to extract frequency response models indicate significant changes in the free response properties of the panel. For example, it will be shown that temperature changes cause the resonant frequencies of the panel to decrease resulting in higher response amplitudes. Likewise, acoustic pressure loads distributed across the panel will be shown to change as a function of temperature. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 355-363 損傷確認のための二重アクチュエーター・センサー対付き総合アクティブセンシングおよび仮想力法を用いた金属サンドイッチパネルの信頼性試験のためのヘルスモニタリング Health Monitoring for Reliability Testing of Metallic Sandwich Panels Using Integrated Active Sensing with Dual Actuator-Sensor Pairs and the Method of Virtual Forces to Identify Damage Claudia Ellmer, Douglas E. Adams, Jonathan R. White, Kumar Jata Claudia Ellmer, Douglas E. Adams, Jonathan R. White, Kumar Jata  A vibration-based health monitoring technique is implemented to detect simulated damage in a sandwich metallic honeycomb under combined acoustic and thermal loading. Two types of damage are introduced into a gamma titanium aluminide panel; simulated oxidation damage in form of a local mass addition and simulated bolt damage with a change in bolt torque. An active sensing approach is used to measure frequency response functions between a piezo-stack actuator with force measurement and high-frequency accelerometers. The measured frequency response function matrix is then used to estimate the virtual force due to damage. Temperatures up to 300deg.F and sound pressures up to 110dB are considered. It is shown that the measurement of damage changes with combined loading. For example, temperature changes cause bolt damage to be more apparent in the virtual force due to the effects of temperature on the attachment boundary conditions and to the temperature gradient across the panel causing global bending. Similarly, acoustic loading is shown to enhance the detection of simulated mass damage due to larger motions produced on the panel. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 364-370 損傷した傾斜機能片持ち梁の振動 Vibrations of Damaged Functionally Graded Cantilever Beams Larry W.Byrd, Victor Birman Larry W.Byrd, Victor Birman  The paper discusses closed-form solutions of the problems of free and forced vibrations of a functionally graded cantilever FGM beam with and without damage. The mode of damage considered in the paper is represented by cracks that are perpendicular to the axis of the beam. Notably, such mode of damage was observed in experiments on representative FGM beams. Forced vibrations considered in the paper were generated by a kinematics excitation of the clamped end of the beam. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 371-376 規定の基本周波数または座屈荷重用に設計された傾斜機能パネルにおける最適軽量ストリンガーの選択方法 Methodology for selection of optimum light stringers in functionally graded panels designed for prescribed fundamental frequency or buckling load Victor Briman, Larry W.Byrd Victor Briman, Larry W.Byrd  The interest to functionally graded materials (FGM) and structures has been generated by their potential advantages, including enhanced thermal properties, reduced or eliminated delamination concerns, a potential for an improved stress distribution, etc. Various aspects of the processing, design, micromechanics and analysis of FGM have been outlined in a number of reviews, mentioned here are. In particular, functionally graded panels may be advantageous compared to their conventional counterparts in numerous applications. However, a typical FGM panel is asymmetric about its middle plane resulting in lower buckling loads and fundamental frequencies as well as higher stress and deformations than the counterpart with a symmetric distribution of the same constituents. The reduced stiffness of FGM panels can be compensated by reinforcing them with stringers. For example, metallic stringers at the metal-rich surface of a FGM ceramic-metal panel may provide an efficient solution enabling a designer to increase both buckling loads as well as natural frequencies. The list of studies on optimization of FGM is extensive as could be anticipated for such tailored structural elements. For example, recent papers by Batra and his collaborators present optimization of the natural frequencies of a FGM plate through material grading and through the system of stringers for a specified FGM panel. The task is to design the lightest system of stringers enabling the panel to achieve prescribed buckling loads or fundamental frequency. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 377-382 Midwest Structural Science Center大学／官公庁間のパートナーシップ Midwest Structural Science Center A University-Government Partnership William A. Dick William A. Dick  Strategic partnerships among universities, industry and government have been a trademark of the research environment in the United States for more than two decades. Each member of this research triad brings a set of unique perspectives and strengths to the table, as well as being hampered with an often equally daunting set of weaknesses. It is clear that given appropriate opportunities in specific technologies, university-industry-government collaboration is a "big winner". Our observation, however, is that some federally-funded research programs have failed to achieve the synergistic result envisioned by the funding agency, the host university, or collaborating industries. This paper introduces the relationships and highlights a new research program at the University of Illinois focused on the structural sciences necessary for next generation air vehicles. Keys to successful programs are realistic expectations on all sides, a clear focus on appropriate science and engineering technologies, flexibility on the part of the federal funding agency, and a strong university management team. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 383-390 傾斜機能Ti/TiB材の曲げ特性 Bending properties of functionally graded Ti/TiB R.Reuter R.Reuter  Titanium-TiB functionally graded specimens were characterized under static and quasi-static loads. In some instances, the specimen configuration was also inverted to capture both the tensile and compressive behaviors of the commercially pure titanium and the Ti/TiB layers. Strain values were gathered from multiple acquisition systems including resistance strain gauging, digital image correlation, and fiber optic gauging. Values were compared to linear FEM results at an applied load of 5K lbs. It was found that when loaded with the Ti in tension, the beam structure was successfully reinforced. On the contrary, when the ceramic composite was loaded in tension, the beam was bound by the rupture strength of the ceramic composite. Also, when comparing linear FEM results to the measurement techniques, the results are fairly accurate in quantifying the bending tests. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 391-396 100%の曲げ戻しをされた積層TiB/Ti傾斜梁の疲労寿命の試験方法 Test Method for the Fatigue Life of Layered TiB/Ti Functionally Graded Beams Subjected to Fully Reversed Bending Larry Byrd, Greg Rickerd, Trvis Wyen, Glenn Cooley, Jeff Quast Larry Byrd, Greg Rickerd, Trvis Wyen, Glenn Cooley, Jeff Quast  Sonic fatigue of aircraft is characterized by fully reversed bending of components subjected to acoustic excitation. This problem is compounded in high temperature environments because solutions for acoustics which tend to result in stiff structures make thermal problems worse. Conversely solutions to the thermal problem which allow expansion often fail in the presence of high acoustic levels. Errors in fatigue life prediction in the combined environment often range from a factor of 4 to 10. This results in either heavy, overly stiff structure or premature failure. This work will test the hypothesis that the fatigue life of a layered functionally graded material (FGM) will be dominated by the failure of the stiffest outer layer. This is based on the observation that for isotropic materials the life is approximately 90% crack initiation and only 10% crack growth before failure. Four sets of cantilever specimens will be tested using an electro-mechanical shaker for base excitation.  The excitation will be narrow band random around the fundamental frequency. Two sets of specimens are of uniform composition consisting of 85%TiB/Ti and two are graded specimens consisting of layers that vary from commercially pure titanium to 85%TiB/Ti.  Strain vs number of cycles to failure curves will be generated with both constant amplitude sine and narrow band random around the fundamental frequency excitation. The results will be examined to compare life of the uniform material to the functionally graded material. Also to be studied will be the use of Miner's rule to predict the fatigue life of the randomly excited specimens. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 397-402 示差サーモグラフィーによる振動TiB/Ti片持ち梁の熱弾性解析 Thermoelastic Analysis of a Vibrating TiB/Ti Cantilever Beam Using Differential Thermography Larry Byrd, Travis Wyen, Alex Byrd Larry Byrd, Travis Wyen, Alex Byrd  Differential thermography has been used to detect the fluctuating temperature due the thermoelastic effect for a number of years. This paper examines functionally graded TiB/Ti cantilever beams excited on an electromechanical shaker in fully reversed bending. Finite difference analysis of specimens was used to look at the effect of heat conduction, convection and the fundamental frequency on the surface temperature distribution and compared to experimental data. The thermoelastic effect was also used to detect cracking and the stress field at the tip of the fixture during fatigue. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 403-409 積層TiB/Ti傾斜機能材料試験片の動的応答 Dynamic Response of Layered TiB/Ti Functionally Graded Material Specimens Larry Byrd, Tim Beberniss, Ben Chapmann, Glenn Cooley, John Feie Larry Byrd, Tim Beberniss, Ben Chapmann, Glenn Cooley, John Feie  This paper covers the dynamic response of rectangular (25.4 x 101.6 x 3.175 mm) specimens manufactured from layers of TiB/Ti. The layers contained volume fractions of TiB that varied from 0 to 85% and thus formed a functionally graded material. Witness samples of the 85% TiB material were also tested to provide a baseline for the statistical variability of the test techniques. Static and dynamic tests were performed to determine the in situ material properties and fundamental frequencies. Damping in the material/fixture was also found from the dynamic response. These tests were simulated using composite beam theory which gave an analytical solution, and using finite element analysis. The response of the 85% TiB specimens was found to be much more uniform than the functionally graded material and the dynamic response more uniform than the static response. A least squares analysis of the data using the analytical solutions were used to determine the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of each layer. These results were used to model the response in the finite element analysis. The results indicate that current analytical and numerical methods for modeling the material give similar and adequate predictions for natural frequencies if the measured property values were used. The models did not agree as well if the properties from the manufacturer or those of Hill and Linn were used. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 4410-415 確率破壊及び耐用年数の規定のタスクを行なうために設計された傾斜機能デザイナー粘弾性材料 Functionally Graded Designer Viscoelastic Materials Tailored to Perform Prescribed Tasks with Probabilistic Failures and Lifetimes Harry H.Hilton Harry H.Hilton  Protocols are developed for formulating optimal designer functionally graded materials tailored to best respond to prescribed loading and boundary conditions. In essence, an inverse approach is adopted where material properties instead of structures per se are designed and then distributed throughout structural elements. The final measure of viscoelastic material efficacy is expressed in terms of failure probabilities vs. survival times. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 416-422 Ti/TiB傾斜機能梁の動的応答の予測 Prediction of Dynamic Response for Ti/TiB Functionally Graded Beams Eric J. Tuegel, Larry W.Byrd, Timothey J. Beberniss Eric J. Tuegel, Larry W.Byrd, Timothey J. Beberniss  Functionally graded ceramic-metal materials are candidates for use in aerospace structures that are exposed to high temperatures. These structures will experience other demands such as significant pressure fluctuations that will cause panels to vibrate at high frequencies. These materials must be engineered for specific applications. Standard engineering methods were used to predict the response of Ti/TiB cantilever beams to quasi-static and dynamic loadings. Experiments were performed and compared to the predictions. The predictions and experiments did not agree due to significant uncertainty about the elastic modulus of TiB. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 423-428 傾斜機能材料のための疲労亀裂成長解析モデル Fatigue crack growth analysis models for functionally graded materials Serkan Dag, Baris Sabuncuoglu, Bora Yildirim Serkan Dag, Baris Sabuncuoglu, Bora Yildirim  The objective of this study is to develop crack growth analysis methods for functionally graded materials (FGMs) subjected to mode I cyclic loading. The study presents finite elements based computational procedures for both two and three dimensional problems to examine fatigue crack growth in functionally graded materials. Developed methods allow the computation of crack length and generation of crack front profile for a graded medium subjected to fluctuating stresses. The results presented for an elliptical crack embedded in a functionally graded medium, illustrate the competing effects of ellipse aspect ratio and material property gradation on the fatigue crack growth behavior. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 429-434 傾斜機能金属合金の疲労特性評価 Fatigue Characterization of Functionally Graded Metallic Alloys F.S.Silva F.S.Silva  Functionally graded components exhibit spatial variations of mechanical properties with, and as an alternative to, purely homogeneous components. A large class of graded materials, however, are in fact mostly homogeneous materials with property variations (chemical or mechanical) restricted to a specific area or layer produced by applying for example a coating or by introducing sub-surface residual stresses. However, it is also possible to obtain graded materials with a smooth transition of mechanical properties along the entire component, for example in a 40mm component. This is possible, for example, by using centrifugal casting technique or incremental melting and solidification technique. In this paper, we will study fully metallic functionally graded components with a smooth gradient, focusing on fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue will be assessed in the direction parallel to the gradation (in different homogeneous layers of the functionally graded component) to assess what would be fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue crack propagation on the direction perpendicular to the gradation. Fatigue crack growth rate (standard mode I fatigue crack growth) will be correlated to the mode I stress intensity factor range. Other mechanical properties of different layers of the component (Young’s modules) will also be considered in this analysis. The effect of residual stresses along the component gradation on crack propagation will also be taken into account. A qualitative analysis of the effects of some important features, present in functionally graded materials, will be made based on the obtained results. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 435-442 傾斜機能材料における非定常動弾性亀裂成長 Transient Elastodynamic Crack Growth in Functionally Graded Materials Vijaya B. Chalivendra Vijaya B. Chalivendra  A generalized elastic solution for an arbitrarily propagating transient crack in Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) is obtained through an asymptotic analysis. The shear modulus and mass density of the FGM are assumed to vary exponentially along the gradation direction. The mode-mixity due to the inclination of property gradient with respect to the propagating crack tip is accommodated in the analysis through superposition of the opening and shear modes. First three terms of out of plane displacement field and its gradients about the crack tip are obtained in powers of radial coordinates, with the coefficients depending on the time rate of change of crack tip speed and stress intensity factors. Using these displacement fields, the effect of transient stress intensity factors and acceleration on synthetic contours of constant out of plane displacement under both opening and mixed mode loading conditions has been studied. These contours show that the transient terms cause significant spatial variation on out of plane displacement around the crack tip. Therefore, in studying dynamic fracture of FGMs, it is appropriate to include the transient terms in the field equations for the situations of sudden variation of stress intensity factor or crack tip velocity. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 443-448 アルミナ基耐火物の熱衝撃調査に対する破壊力学的手法 A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Thermal Shock Investigation in Alumina-Based Refractory T.Volkov-Husovic, R.Jancic Heinemann, D.Mitrakovic T.Volkov-Husovic, R.Jancic Heinemann, D.Mitrakovic  The thermal shock behavior of large grain size, alumina-based refractory was investigated experimentally using a standard water quench test. A mathematical model was employed to simulate the thermal stability behavior. Behavior of the samples under repeated thermal shock was monitored using ultrasonic measurements of dynamic Young’s modulus. Image analysis was used to observe the extent of surface degradation. Analysis of the obtained results for the behavior of large grain size samples under conditions of rapid temperature changes is given. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 449-454 非破壊法によるコーディエライトームライト耐火材の耐用年数予測 Prediction of Service Life of Cordierite-Mullite Refractory Materials by Non-Destructive Methods D.N.Boccaccini, Elie Kamseu, T.D.Volkov-Husoviae, M.Cannio, M.Romagnoli, P.Veronesi, I.Dlouhy, A.R.Boccaccini, C.Leonelli D.N.Boccaccini, Elie Kamseu, T.D.Volkov-Husoviae, M.Cannio, M.Romagnoli, P.Veronesi, I.Dlouhy, A.R.Boccaccini, C.Leonelli  Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing was used to perform non-destructive quality control of refractory plates used as substrates in fast firing of porcelain white wares. The measurement of the ultrasonic velocity was used to assess the presence of internal voids or cracks originated from the manufacturing procedure. Image analysis was used to predict thermal stability of the refractory materials. Two cordierite-mullite compositions were investigated that are characterized by different microstructure morphologies and crack propagation behavior. A brief discussion about the correlation between microstructure, crack propagation behavior and thermal shock resistance is presented. Moreover, empirical models were developed to predict the service life of refractory plates from measured values of ultrasonic velocities in plates in the as-received state. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 455-459 高重力場の作製と材料科学への適用 Generation of High-Gravity Field and Application to Materials Science  T.Mashimo T.Mashimo  Centrifugation of organic liquids and metals has been widely used in biochemistry field and metallurgy field, respectively. The high-gravity fields were recently used for the preprocessing for sintering of composite materials. The sedimentation of atoms was recently realized in alloys and semiconductors under ultra-high gravitation field in 1 million G level. The possibility in use of high gravity has, day by day, increased. In this mini-symposium, the conventional and recent methods for materials processing for functionally graded materials, metastable composite materials, thin film, etc. using high-gravity in gas, liquids, solids and also in vacuum will be treated. In this paper, the history of ultracentrifuges is reviewed, and the applications to materials science are discussed. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 460-466 新たなダイアモンド沈殿法および高重力加工の見通し New Diamond Deposition Methods and Perspective in High Gravity Process Yoshiyuki Abe, Shouhei Shimada, Fabrizo Tappero, Yoshiki Takagi, Giovanni Maizza Yoshiyuki Abe, Shouhei Shimada, Fabrizo Tappero, Yoshiki Takagi, Giovanni Maizza  The present authors reported appreciable influences of high gravity up to 100 G on diamond film deposited by the DC-plasma CVD in a centrifugal facility. The authors then developed an on-board optical emission spectroscopy (OES) system for the centrifuge to understand the deposition mechanism in high gravity. Several important active species were identified and their gravity dependence was pointed out. In the meanwhile, one of the authors (YT) developed a new diamond deposition method, the so-called spark method, in which diamond could be deposited within 10 seconds by arc-discharge between graphite electrode rods in hydrogen atmosphere. The authors applied the OES system to the spark method apparatus to identify active species in the course of short time arc discharge between graphite electrodes, and to apparatus of the graphite rod heating method, which is method that graphite rod is used as a heater and at the same time a carbon source, of diamond synthesis method with graphite similarly the spark method. The authors are also planning to conduct high gravity experiments of the spark method and the graphite heating method. The latest results obtained from the OES study and the progress in high gravity spark method and graphite heating method will be reported. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 467-475 重力および超重力条件で乾燥させたメゾポーラス酸化チタンカーボンナノチューブ煤膜 Mesoporous Titanium Oxide-Carbon Nanotubes Soot Films Dried under Gravity and Supergravity Conditions M.Vargas, M.E.Rincon, M.Sanchez, G.Hernandez, E.Ramos M.Vargas, M.E.Rincon, M.Sanchez, G.Hernandez, E.Ramos  The use of surfactant emulsions as templates to create highly porous titanium dioxide films deposited in stainless steel substrates is described. Polycondensations of sol-gel titanium oxide occurs around emulsion droplets, which create voids in the final material. A second layer of carbon nanotubes soot dispersed in the surfactant creates a tandem system consisting of a reflector/porous matrix/absorbing layer. The drying process for these films are performed in tilted and horizontal planes for two hours; one of the drying protocols was designed to be under terrestrial gravity conditions and in the other protocol, samples were dried on a centrifuge with 1.3g and 7g. In this work we compared the set of reflectance curves, SEM images and the thicknesses of the films just described. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 476-481 Mg-Cd規則ー不規則合金の超遠心分離実験 Ultracentrifuge Experiment on an Mg-Cd Order-Disorder Alloy Masao Ono, Yusuke Iguchi, Rabaya Bagum, Kimio Fujii, Satoru Okayasu, Fumitaka Esaka, Tsutomu Mashimo Masao Ono, Yusuke Iguchi, Rabaya Bagum, Kimio Fujii, Satoru Okayasu, Fumitaka Esaka, Tsutomu Mashimo  We had previously realized atomic-scale graded structures in several miscible alloys by an ultracentrifuge experiment. In this study, we performed an ultracentrifuge experiment on a MgCd order-disorder alloy at disordered state of solid solution. The experimental conditions were as follows: maximum acceleration: 0.61 * 10**6 g level, temperature: 400 deg.C, composition: Mg:Cd = 50:50at%, time duration: 60 h. The ultracentrifuge was stopped after cooling the sample from 400 deg.C (disordered state) to 100 deg.C (ordered state). According to the composition analysis by EPMA, the graded structure was formed in the centrifuged sample, in which Cd content continuously increased in the direction of gravitation field. We also investigated the crystal state of the centrifuged sample by XRD. It was found that there was changing of unit cell volume with composition. This result showed that the graded structure was continuous in atomic-scale and it was formed by sedimentation of atoms. Based on the simulation of sedimentation process, the diffusion coefficient for sedimentation in this alloy was estimated to be almost the same as usual diffusion. We also found that the existence of an unusual crystal state might also be considered due to the disorder-order transformation under the strong gravitational field. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 482-487 遠心分離機で加熱した低プラントル数流体の対流挙動 Convective Behavior of Low Prandtl Number Fluid Heated on Centrifuge Yuko Inatomi Yuko Inatomi  It has been shown by numerical simulations and by analysis of crystal that buoyancy convection in liquid might be suppressed at a particular rotation rate on a centrifuge. In the present study, a damping effect that the Coriolis force has on buoyancy convection in low Prandtl number on a centrifuge was numerically analyzed under the condition of a free-swinging configuration. It is shown that the nondimensional angular velocity characterizes the minimum value of the flow velocity. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 488-492 金属および透明性の有機材料の界面自由エネルギーへの重力変動の影響 Effects of gravity variations on interfacial free energy of metals and transparent organic materials C.Patuelli, R.Tognato C.Patuelli, R.Tognato  In a previous model the interfacial free energy of a flat solid-liquid interface is influenced by gravity that is the energy decreases when gravity decreases and it increases as gravity increase. In this paper the interfacial free energy gravity variations of inorganic (titanium) and organic (succinonitrile) are considered. The model also takes into account the effects of residual accelerations, which may be present in space missions. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 493-501 高重力におけるCuPc有機薄膜のPVDについて On Physical Vapor Deposition of CuPc Organic Thin Films in High Gravity Kh.S.Karimov, S.Bellingeri, B.F.Irgaziev, I.Qazi, T.A.Khan, Y.Abe Kh.S.Karimov, S.Bellingeri, B.F.Irgaziev, I.Qazi, T.A.Khan, Y.Abe  Thin organic films of p-type semiconductor copper phthalocyanine (CuPc, C32H16N8Cu) deposited by vacuum evaporation on glass substrates at different gravity conditions, from 50g to ?50g (g denotes the terrestrial gravity acceleration) in a centrifugal machine, were investigated. Thickness distribution of the film deposited was determined by measurement of absorbance using a scanning light beam probe. An anisotropic distribution of the film was observed in the direction of source and substrate rotation. The anisotropy is associated with centrifugal motion of the source-substrate system. In a direction perpendicular to the rotation, the deposition distribution was isotropic and obeyed, in principle, the theoretical approach which requires a maximum deposition in the centre of the sample. The experimentally observed influence of the acceleration on the deposition rate of the CuPc films on the substrate was simulated. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 502-505 超高重力場でのBi3Pb7金属間化合物の多層構造の形成 Formation of Multi-Layer Structures in Bi3Pb7 Intermetallic Compounds under an Ultra-High Gravitational Field T.Mashimo, Y.Iguchi, R.Bagum, T.Sano, O.Sakata, M.Ono, S.Okayasu T.Mashimo, Y.Iguchi, R.Bagum, T.Sano, O.Sakata, M.Ono, S.Okayasu  Ultra-high gravitational field (Mega-gravity field) can promote sedimentation of atoms (diffusion) even in solids, and is expected to form a compositionally-graded structure and/or nonequilibrium phase in multi-component condensed matter. We had achieved sedimentation of substitutional solute atoms in miscible systems (Bi-Sb, In-Pb, etc.). In this study, a mega-gravity experiment at high temperature was performed on a thin-plate sample(0.7mm in thickness) of the intermetallic compound Bi3Pb7. A visible four-layer structure was produced, which exhibited different microscopic structures. In the lowest-gravity region layer, Bi phase appeared. In the mid layers, a compositionally-graded structure was formed, with differences observed in the powder X-ray diffraction patterns. Such a multi-layer structure is expected to exhibit unique physical properties such as superconductivity. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 507-512 繊維強化セメント複合材の繊維分布効果のシミュレーション Simulations of Fiber Distribution Effects in Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites John E. Bolander, Yun Mook Lim John E. Bolander, Yun Mook Lim  This paper describes a lattice model for coupled moisture transport/stress analyses of fiber-reinforced cement composites (FRCC). Each fiber, and its interface with the matrix material, is explicitly represented within the three-dimensional material volume. This enables the direct study of fiber orientation and distribution effects on composite performance. Realistic, nonuniform fiber distributions can be specified as model input. Basic applications of the model are presented, with emphasis toward simulating the durability mechanics of FRCC exposed to drying environments. The modeling of functionally graded FRCC is an obvious potential extension of this work. English