# Fileset [3rd-fgm-symp-1989.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/b6324f5d-7c0d-4b1c-b5fb-160611f9ba2e/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights In Copyright[In Copyright](http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/) ## Other metadata [The 3rd FGM Symposium (FGM'89) ](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/8ae77525-9560-45ff-a0c1-a6a033681afc) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 1-3 異種粒子独立溶射法による皮膜形成 Coating Formation by Heterogeneous Particle Independent Spraying Method 福島　孟金属材料技術研究所 Takeshi FukushimaNational Research Institute for Metals Introduction: Our laboratory has participated in the development of "heterogeneous particle independent spraying technology" in "the research on the generic technology of FGM development for thermal stress relaxation" in the auspice of Special Coordination Funds for the promotion of Science and Technologies since fiscal 1987. This method provides metal and ceramic powder separately from two spraying torches so that spraying conditions suitable for each coating material can be selected. Additionally, film formation of higher quality can be expected since, by adjusting the relative positions of the two torches, both coating materials can be laminated at one spot of the material on which spraying is conducted. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 5-12 同時溶射法による傾斜機能材料の作成 Preparation of FGM by Simultaneous Spraying 斉藤亨　北口三郎　○下田信之　塩見義弘　古賀正実知　滝川浩新日本製鐵（株）第二技術研究所接合研究センター機械プラント事業部研究開発室 Tohru Saito, Saburo Kitaguchi, Nobuyuki SHIMODA, Yoshihiro Shiomi, Masamichi KOGA, Hiroshi Takigawa PMD, Joining Technology Laboratory, R&D Laboratries-2, Nippon Steel Corporation The development of new heat-resistant materials for use under ultrahigh speed and ultrahigh temperature is urgently required in the fields of space development, aviation, and atomic energy. Therefore, studies for functional gradient material (FGM) development for the purpose of thermal stress relaxation has been promoted as a national project. The FGM is a material without distinct interfaces in which the composition is graded continuously from ceramics to metal. In this study, preparation of FGM was attempted using nickel-based high alloy and zirconia-based ceramics which is excellent in heat resistance and insulation. The simultaneous spraying was employed for this preparation. In this method, the powder of ceramics and metal is separately supplied into one spray gun and mixed as it is sprayed in the plasma. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 13-18 遠心力を応用した傾斜機能材料製造システムの検討 Discussion of Manufacture System of FGM by Applying Centrifugal Force ○福井泰好、中西賢二鹿児島大学工学部 Yasuyoshi Fukui, K.NakanishiFaculty of Engineering, Kagoshima University Utilizing the difference in the specific gravity of ceramic powder and molten metal, model tests were carried out on the possibility of developing a method of producing FGM of the metal/ceramic system by means of centrifugal force. As the model material, corundum powder regarded as ceramics and gypsum regarded as metal were selected, and the mathematical model of gradient distributions which exhibits measured values using centrifugal force and volume ratio as parameters. In addition, considering the change in viscosity of the suspension, simulation analysis was carried out for the gradient distribution which results from the motion of ceramic powder in the viscous liquid corresponding to Stokes' theorem. Then, the factors in which the measured distribution takes place were examined. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 19-21 ガス圧燃焼焼結法によるTiC-Ni系傾斜機能材料の作製 Preparation of TiC-Ni FGM by Gas-pressure Combustion Sintering Method ○宮本欽生、中西宏之、田中功、岡本平、山田修大阪大学産業科学研究所大阪産業大学教養部 Yoshinari Miyamoto, Hiroyuki Nakanishi, Isao Tanaka, Taira Okamoto; Osamu YamadaThe Institute of scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka UniversityCollege of General Education, Osaka Industrial University Gas-pressure combustion sintering method excites the combustion synthesis reaction under the isotropic pressurization using gas medium and synthesizes and sinters high melting-point ceramics simultaneously. It is suited for the fabrication of FGM in which the composition continuously changes since the reaction can be completed in seconds, and also the diffusion of the components can be easily suppressed in this method. The result of basic experiments on the fabrication of TiC-Ni system functional gradient material using this process is reported in this paper. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 23-26 自己発熱反応法による傾斜機能材料の広域制御技術とTiB2-Cu基材料の諸特性 Broad Cotrol Technologies of FGM by SHS and Properties of TiB2-Cu Materials ○佐多延博　柳沢教雄　永田和之　浅野修、真田徳雄東北工業技術試験所 Nobuhiro Sata, Norio YANAGISAWA, Kazuyuki Nagata, Osamu Asano, Norio SanadaGovernment Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku Research and development is advanced on the enlargement of FGM up to 30cm around in size (goal in the II stage Special Coordination Funds for the promotion of Science and Technology) by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS method). In this paper, wide control technologies as an important practical means for FGM fabrication are described in addition to the result of the property measurement of TiB2-Cu system materials, which are the current research object of the FGM synthesis project. For the raw material of FGM fabricated by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis under examination at present, basically, solid powder is used. In order to realize the designed distribution of compositions unevenly graded as in the case of FGM, laminating technologies similar to powder metallurgy are required in which the composition mixture of the base powder gradually changes. Additionally, simultaneous synthesis formation technique is necessary in order to densify and, at the same time, form the material during synthesis. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 27-29 非定常強磁場による単パルス電磁力を利用した傾斜機能材料の合成 Synthesis of FGM using Monopulse Electromagnetic Force in Transient Strong Magnetic Field ○松崎祐司、日野春樹、藤岡順三、横山稔、崎山雅行、佐多延博川崎重工業（株）技術研究所　東北工業技術試験所 Yuji MatsuYuji, H. Hino, Junzo Fujioka, M. Yokoyama, M. Sakiyama; Nobuhiro Sata Technical Institute, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.Government Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku SHS(Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis) method is a synthetic method which greatly utilizes the exothermic reaction of many of high melting-point inorganic compounds, metallic compounds, etc., and this method propagates in a self-proliferating manner the chemical reactions induced in a part of these composites. In the meantime, in case FGM is synthesized by SHS method, the composition is gradually laminated and formed and the reaction is induced by igniting the SHS-reactive part using resistance heating, etc. In the case of materials which contain non-SHS-reactive elements (e.g. Cu of the TiB2-Cu system), sintering can be conducted using the surplus heat generated in the SHS-reactive element. Generally, the above process is carried out under uniaxial pressure of elastic force of springs or isotropic pressure of water and gas as the pressurization medium so that densification and synthesis take place simultaneously (synthesis-sintering). Our research group focused attention on the following possibilities: the synthesis-sintering might be possible not only under steady pressurization as conventionally conducted but also under transient pressurization since SHS method can synthesize the product in an extremely short time. Moreover, we viewed the monopulse electromagnetic force caused by the unsteady strong magnetic field as a means of pressurization since the transient pressurization is a method with high-energy efficiency. For the purpose of manufacturing FGM of a large and complicated shape, this paper reports on the basic research for the development of technologies to synthesize and densify the TiB2-Cu system FGM by charging monopulse electromagnetic force of transient strong magnetic field immediately after the SHS reaction. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 31-34 分散めっき法によるNi-ZrO2傾斜機能材料の作製 Preparation of Ni-ZrO2 FGM by Dispersion Plating Method 1.　○来間清志　吉武明英　阿部雅樹　田村学2.　新野正之1.　NKK鉄鋼研究所2.　科学技術庁航技研 1. K. Kuruma, Akihide YOSHITAKE, Masaki ABE, Manabu TAMURA; 2. Masayuki Niino 1. Steel Research Center, NKK Corporation2. National Aerospace Laboratory As a heat-resistant material for the airframe and engine of the next generation aircrafts, FGM in which the composition is graded in the direction of thickness for the purpose of thermal stress relaxation has been gathering attention. Since the dispersal plating method is capable of minutely compounding metal and nonmetal, it is one of the effective means for producing FGM. Using the dispersion plating method, it is possible to easily adjust the composition ratio of Ni-ZrO2 by changing the current density or the quantity of ZrO2 added to the plating bath, and it is also possible to form the plate coating on the Ni-ZrO2 sintered compact. Therefore, it has been proven that the preparation of FGM in which the composition is controlled optionally from 0 to 100% is possible by means of combining dispersal plating and compositionally graded sintered compacts. Additionally, it has been confirmed that the low-ZrO2 high-Ni layer formed by dispersal plating method is effective in preventing the progress of brittle cracks in case of deformation. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 35-48 焼結傾斜機能材料における組織の遷移と諸物性の関係 Relation Between Structural Transition and Physical Properties of FGM 川崎亮　渡辺龍三東北大学工学部 Akira Kawasaki, Ryuzo WatanabeFaculty of Engineering, Tohoku University The microstructure of sintered FGM consisting of ceramics and metal can be graded from a dispersed structure to a network structure and then back to a dispersed structure depending on the gradient of the composition. In this microstructural transition, the dispersed phase and the matrix phase consist of metal and ceramics or ceramics and metal respectively. In the area where the composition transits, both metal and ceramics form a network structure which exhibits a peculiar transitional change in the electric, thermal or other various mechanical properties. It is indispensable for FGM designers to quantitatively grasp the peculiar change which depends on the combination of various physical properties and it is very important as well from the viewpoint of controlling the functional properties of the graded material. In this paper, the relationship between compositional transition and various properties was examined using a sintered FGM consisting of stainless steel and zirconia ceramics as a specimen. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 49-54 円盤状傾斜機能材料の設計と作製 Manufacture and Design of Disc-shaped FGM 川崎亮、飯島昌彦、渡辺龍三東北大学工学部 Akira Kawasaki, Masahiko Iijima, Ryuzo WatanabeFaculty of Engineering, Tohoku University We have been promoting the research on sintered FGM with the particle injection method. In order to produce sound sintered FGM, (1) the fluctuation of sintering speed due to the composition should be kept small, that is to say, the balance in sintering contraction should be maintained. In addition, material design should be carried out considering (2) the organizational control for securing strength and toughness (3) the relaxation of thermal stress that arises during manufacture. So far, a sound cylindrical graded material of 8mm in diameter, 20mm in height and a graded compositionally controlled layer of 4mm in thickness, consisting of the zirconia/stainless steel system has been obtained by means of the thermal stress relaxation based on the optimum composition control. The stress component to be considered for thermal stress relaxation in this case is the axial stress in the surface vicinity of the sample. However, not only the axial stress but also the conditions of other thermal stress components such as circumferential direction, radius direction, shear stress must be also grasped in case enlargement is to be realized for practical application in the future, that is to say, in case a discoidal FGM of which the ratio of the height to the diameter (shown by h/d) is small is to be produced. In this study, to begin with, for the zirconia/stainless steel system, the physical properties necessary for analyzing sintering behavior and thermal stress of the non-graded material were evaluated. Based on this, the thermal stress and each stress generated during manufacture was analyzed by finite element method in an effort to clarify the changes in each stress component according to shapes and dimensions. Then, the optimization as consideration condition of (1)(2)(3) of the composition distribution was examined. In addition, the result described that based on the result, the discoidal sintered functional gradient material was produced. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 55-59 温度傾斜付加焼結によるPZT圧電傾斜機能材料の作製 Preparation of PZT Piezoelectric FGM by Temperature Graded Sintering 川崎亮、渡辺龍三東北大学工学部 Akira Kawasaki, Ryuzo WatanabeFaculty of Engineering, Tohoku University In order to produce sintered FGM in which the sintering temperature for metal and ceramics differs, it is necessary to conduct sintering while providing a temperature gradient sufficiently controlled to the transitional region in the composition.Also, by providing a temperature gradient to the inside of the sample, it is expected that graded density distribution can be formed even in a compositionally uniform sintered compact, and the manufacture of FGM in which the properties are graded in relation to the density is also expected. Though the research of the thermal stress relaxation type FGM had mainly been advanced until now, in this study, the expression of material functions based on the graded density was targeted. To begin with, a sintering furnace, which can sinter materials providing a temperature gradient to the region of about 5mm from the sample surface, was produced experimentally. In addition, PZT was chosen as the material in which the properties change according the density, and the piezoelectric properties of the sintered compact with the graded density was evaluated, while the relationship between the density distribution of the compact sintered by this equipment and the added temperature gradient is examined. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 61-68 CVD法によるSiC-C系傾斜機能材料の合成 Synthesis of SiC-C FGM by CVD 1)佐々木眞　大久保昭　平井敏雄2)王雨叢3)橋田俊之　高橋秀明　4)平野徹1)東北大学金研2)東北大学(院)3)東北大学工学部4)ダイキン工業(株) 1) Makoto Sasaki, Akira Okubo , Toshio Hirai; 2) Y. Wang; 3) Toshiyuki Hashida, Hideaki Takahashi; 4) Tohru Hiano1) Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University2) Tohoku University3) Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University4) DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. On the plate in-situ composite with an uniformly dispersed phase synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, much research has been made. These CVD in-situ composites exhibit uniform properties throughout the whole material. On the contrary, it is possible to give multiple functions and excellent characteristics to a composite with graded functions (FGM), that is to say, a composite with a composition gradient from one side to the other side of the material. Recently, for spacecrafts, a material is required, which can be used under the environment where the temperature difference of more than 1000K occurs in the material, with one side exposed to a high temperature and oxidation atmosphere exceeding 1600K and the other side cooled down to 300K.However, the conventional materials with an uniform composition cannot endure such a severe environment. Therefore, the researchers in this study have attempted the synthesis of SiC/C FGM with continuously controlled graded functions using the CVD method. This FGM with the composition graded from SiC to C has high oxidation resistance and high temperature strength on one plane and easy processability and high thermal conductivity as well as low Young's modulus on the other plane. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 69-73 SiC/C系傾斜機能材料の作製一CVD法による大型化の検討 Preparation of SiC/C FGM-Examination of Enlargement by CVD Method 上村誠一　○早田喜穂　久手幸徳日本石油(株)中央技術研究所 Seiichi Uemura, Y.Sonda, Yukinori KUDE Central Technical Research Laboratory, Nippon Oil Company, Ltd. The examples of FGM are observed in nature, the main purpose of the FGM project is to artificially synthesize materials based on the material design technologies and to apply to the fields such as spaceplanes in which the conventional materials have not been able to be used. Therefore, the features of the FGM project are not to produce a material in which the composition is merely graded, rather to design the material using the basic property data of FGM and to synthesize the material on the basis of the result. In this background, it is necessary for the synthesis group in charge to advance both the development of synthetic methods and the manufacture of test pieces for the material design simultaneously. A joint research is launched by The Hirai Laboratory, responsible for the former, and Nippon Oil, promoting the latter. The purpose of this study is to search out the conditions for enlarging FGM based on the research result of the Hirai Laboratory and to manufacture a test piece for collecting the design data. This is one of the steps in the 2nd Phase, manufacture of 300x300mm FGM as well. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 75-78 PVDによるFGMの組織と熱的安定性について Composition and Thermal Stability of FGM Fabricated by PVD ○篠原嘉一、今井義雄、池野進、塩田一路金属材料技術研究所 Yoshikazu Shinohara, Yoshio Imai, Susumu IKENO, Ichiro ShiotaNational Research Institute for Metals The development of a super heat resistance material is one of the generic technologies which are important for development in fields such as space, aviation and nuclear reactors for the next generation. Until now, composite materials consisting of metal on which ceramics is bonded or deposited have been used for this purpose. Joint interfaces of metal and ceramics exist in this type of composite materials. Since metal and ceramics have physically different properties, thermal stress is generated at the bonded interfaces when exposed to high temperature, and as a result, cracks in and peeling of the coating as well as the decrease in heat-resistance and environment resistance take place. In order to solve this problem, Functional Graded Material (FGM) with its composition continuously graded and without interfaces between metal and ceramics has been devised, and research and development is actively carried out at present concerning its material design, structure control as well as property evaluation. TiC- metal system FGM is expected as a material which has heat-resistance and thermal shock resistance of TiC and destruction resistance of metal. However, in case FGM is used for hours under high temperature, the thermal stability can be a problem since it is in a thermodynamically nonequilibrium state. Exposed to high temperature for a long time, the TiC-Ti system FGM tends to lose its original graded composition due to the diffusing of the C atoms into Ti. This phenomenon has been examined until now as a problem of thermal stability pertaining to the combination between TiC and the substrate metal. This time then, based on the above information, using TiC coating formed by the PVD method, the relation between the crystal structure and the thermal stability of TiC was examined. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 79-82 C/Cコンポジットを基材としたTiC-Ti系及びC-SiC系傾斜機能材料の作製 Preparation of TiC-Ti and C-SiC FGM Based on C/C Composites 河合千尋　五十嵐廉住友電工（株）伊丹研究所 Chihiro KAWAI, Tadashi IgarashiItami Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. The reinforced carbon-carbon composite material (C/C composite) exhibits excellent specific intensity and specific rigidity under high temperature over 1000deg.C. Recently, it has been expected to be a heat-resistant material for aerospace development, but the C/C composite has two major defects. The first one is the lack of oxidation resistance. In case effective oxidation resistance ceramics coatings such as Si3N4 and SiC are directly coated by CVD method and as it is cooled down to room temperature, the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients gives rise to thermal cracks due to the tensile stress generated in the ceramic layer, and therefore, the oxidation resistance remarkably deteriorates. It originates from the very small thermal expansion coefficient of the C/C composite. The second problem is the difficulty in jointing the C/C composite and metal. A joint layer which is formed onto the C/C composite is expected to have firm adhering strength and to preferably have a metallic surface. Until now, direct metallized layers, plating layers, weld layers, etc. have been used, but a desirable adherance strength has not been realized. In this study, for the purpose of easing thermal stress in the coating layer and giving excellent oxidation resistance to the C/C composite, the C-SiC system compositionally graded coating was carried out by CVD method. Additionally, for the purpose of forming a joint layer between the C/C composite and metal, the TiC-Ti system compositionally graded coating was conducted by PVD method and their properties were evaluated. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 83-89 傾斜機能材料の残留応力解析と最適設計 Residual Stress Analysis and Optimal Design of FGM 荒居善雄,　小林英男,○田村充章東京工業大学 Yoshio Arai, Hideo Kobayashi, Mitsuaki TamuraTokyo Institute of Technology By compounding ceramics and metal and grading their composition, the discontinuity in thermal expansion coefficients and elastic modulus can be reduced, and the thermal stress for thermal load can be eased. Such research on functional graded material has been widely carried out recently. However, the analysis of FGM focusing on residual stress during calcination has not been carried out. Therefore, in this study, a graded composition is analyzed for the purpose of reducing residual stress in the process of calcinating FGM, and an optimum design is carried out, considering thermal load. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 91-94 傾斜機能材料設計支援システムの開発(物性推定モデルの拡張) Development of FGM Design Support System (Expansion of Property Estimation Model) 山田智彦　寺木潤一　小倉禎則　平野徹ダイキン工業（株）CAEセンター Tomohiko Yamada, Junichi TERAKI, Sadanori Ogura, Tohru HianoCAE Center, DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. We are now in the process of establishing the design theory of FGM for the purpose of thermal stress relaxation and also developing a support system for the FGM design. Until now, some FGM designing has been carried out using this system. This reported is made on the update of the support system since mixing rules on the strength of the three-component system FGM including pores have been incorporated and therefore more realistic strength evaluation has been made possible. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 95-99 評価環境に於ける最適化設計 Optimal Design in Evaluation Environment 橋本知之、若松義男、熊川彰長、佐々木正樹、新野正之航空宇宙技術研究所角田支所 Tomoyuki Hashimoto, Yoshio Wakamatsu, Akinaga Kumakawa, Masaki Sasaki, Masayuki Niino Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory One of the problems which has always been a focus of discussion ever since the start of the FGM research is whether thermal insulation performance evaluation should be done in the constant heat flux or in the temperature difference of 1000K with the surface temperature 2000K. In the actual service environment, whether in the combustor or in the aerodynamic heating circumstance, the temperature of the gas and the coolant as well as the thermal conductivity on the gas side and the cooling side are already known, and therefore the service environment of the material is determined by the temperature difference. However, in a large temperature difference test, the heating environment is determined mainly by the thermal flux since the radiational heating is done by an arc lamp. Therefore, both of these 2 optimization cases, namely in the cases of the constant thermal flux and the maximum surface temperature at 2000K, were conducted in this optimization design with the evaluation environment in mind. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 101-110 傾斜機能材板の定常傾斜温度場内での変形解析 Deformation Analysis of FGM Plates in Steady Temperature Gradient Field ○石川隆司、新野正之航空宇宙技術研究所 Takashi Ishikawa, Masayuki Niino National Aerospace Laboratory At present, although FGM attracts the attention and its development is being promoted as the material mainly for thermal stress relaxation, it has not been analyzed as a plate and a shell for a base of structural design. In this paper, as the first point to be considered with practical application of this material in mind, the thermal deformation of a plate-shaped material in which a steady temperature gradient is generated between two designated temperatures is to be analyzed. The main purpose of this report is to clarify the thermal bending coefficient of the plate. As by-products of this analysis, the following are also calculated: Average rigidity coefficient, bending-stretch coupling coefficient, bending rigidity coefficient, and thermal expansion coefficient of the board. The solution for a homogeneous isotropy plate for the compatible software verification has also been obtained, and therefore, it is described in this paper since it is thought to be an aid for physically understanding this theory. Some of the numerical examples show highly suggestive results, and it is planned to accumulate the analysis data from now on. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 111-114 傾斜機能材料の温度勾配下における組成分布の時間変化のコンピュータ解析 Computer Analysis of Time Variation of FGM Composition Distribution under a Temperature Gradient ○相原智康　鍜冶幹雄　五十嵐廉住友電気工業（株） Tomoyasu AIHARA , Mikio Kaji, Tadashi IgarashiSumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. In case FGM is used as a heat-resistant material for spaceplanes, etc., a large temperature gradient reaching even 10**5K/m can come into existence in FGM. Therefore, atomic diffusion, that is, thermal diffusion (thermotransport, thermomigration, or thermal diffusion) which is driven by a temperature gradient is generated, and the compositional gradient in FGM changes with the passing of time. Though, for practical application of FGM, improvement and evaluation of such thermal stability are important, conducting experiments which reflect the environment in practical use is not easy. In this study, thermal diffusion was simulated on some materials of binary systems of metal-carbon by calculating the diffusion equations numerically. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 115-118 FGMデータベースについて FGM Database 1　毛呂明夫　木皿且人　須藤孝幸　新野正之　石橋賢諭　2　庄子哲雄1　航技研・角田支所2　東北大学・工学部 1. Akio Moro, Katsuto Kisara, Takayuki Sudo, Masayuki Niino, M. Ishibashi; 2. Tetsuo SHOJI1. Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory2. Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University As the generic technology research of FGM development progresses, various data has been produced by the organizations participating in the project. Arrangement and improvement of the FGM database is being advanced mainly by National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) in order to effectively utilize the data. Still in the process of being improved and developing at present, this paper reports on the plan and the progress of the FGM database as well as the related operational problems from the viewpoint of the management side. Any suggestion and guidance from the readers are welcome. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 119-123 層状試料の熱拡散率測定法 Measuring Methods for Thermal Diffusivity of Layered Specimens ○荒木信幸、三原純、牧野敦静岡大学工学部エネルギー機械工学科 Nobuyuki ARAKI, Jun MIHARA, Atsushi MAKINODepartment of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering It is not easy to measure the thermal diffusivity of FGM with graded thermophysical properties by transient methods such as laser flash or stepwise heating so as to clarify the local thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductivity. It is practical to use a laminated FGM sample for sorting out the affecting factors, and to do so is useful even for evaluating the thermal diffusivity of layered composites such as semiconductor products and bonded materials of metal and ceramics. The backside's temperature response for transient heating conducted on the surface of a layered sample is a function of the thermophysical properties of each layer. The thermal diffusivity calculated from this temperature response on the assumption that the sample is an uniform monolayer is a total of the temperature response of each layer, and it has an important meaning for evaluating the thermophysical properties of the layered sample as a whole. This report examines problems in clarifying the thermal diffusivity and the effects of the laser beam absorbing layer applied on the sample when applying laser flash method and also clarifying the thermal diffusivity from the known layer to the unknown layer. In addition, a convenient method for evaluating thermal diffusivity of a layered sample is examined based on the relationship between the thermal diffusivity calculated for the whole layered sample and the thermophysical properties of each layer. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 125-128 超音波を用いた傾斜機能材料の評価について FGM Evaluation by Supersonic Waves ○島田道男、天田重庚船舶技術研究所 Michio Shimada, Sigeyasu AmadaShip Research Institute The evaluation method using ultrasonic wave can easily obtain the information of the inside of a material. We have proposed an evaluation method for elastic modulus distribution or thermal stress distribution of the inside of materials based on spatial distribution measurement of ultrasonic wave propagation time on the inside of a bulk material, and its effectiveness has been examined. However, spatial distribution measurement of the ultrasonic propagation speed is not easy and, often, the above evaluation method cannot be applied since many of the test pieces fabricated as FGM are of a thin plate shape. Aiming at improving this, the features of ultrasonic methods currently available were clarified, and the propagation characteristics of the plate wave, which are a ultrasonic wave propagation mode peculiar to a thin plate specimen, were examined by computer simulation in an effort to examine the effectiveness as an evaluation method. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 129-136 傾斜機能溶射皮膜の繰り返し熱衝撃特性 Repeated Thermal Shock Property of Functionally Graded Sprayed Coatings 福本昌宏、　梅本　実、　岡根　功豊橋技術科学大学工学部 M. Fukumoto, M. Umemoto, I. 0kaneToyohashi University of Technology The development of FGM as a super heat-resistant material for spaceplanes is gathering attention. It is important to provide materials with excellent thermostability and thermal insulation as well as structural soundness by reducing thermal stress that arises from a temperature gradient between the back and the surface or from fluctuation of the material temperature with the passing of time. Thermal spraying has been used until now as formation techniques of thermostable coating materials such as gas turbine blades, and functionally graded coating known as so-called graded coating is another example. In this study, the effect of hot-press treatment and film lamination form upon repeated thermal shocks of ceramic sprayed coating was examined. The relation between the thermal shocks and the atmosphere for film formation was also examined. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 137-139 MSP試験によるコーティング膜の機械的特性評価 Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Coating Films by MSP Tests 有川秀行、山口静、児島慶享、大中紀之株）日立製作所　日立研究所 Hideyuki Arikawa, S. Yamaguchi, Y. kojima, Noriyuki OhnakaHitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd. CVD or thermal spraying, which are a typical process for oxidation resistance and thermal resistance coating, is examined as a synthesis process of FGM. A film formed by these processes has an unique composition, and it is anticipated that the physical properties change according to changes in the composition depending on film formation conditions. Mechanical properties (namely, Young's modulus and breaking stress) were evaluated using MSP for a variety of CVD-SiC films and thermal-sprayed-ZrO2(6wt%Y2O3) films with different compositions prepared under various conditions. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 141-143 傾斜機能材料の破壊強度特性の評価 Evaluation of Fracture Strength of FGM ○平野一美、鈴木隆之工技院機械技術研究所 Kazumi Hirano, Takayuki SUZUKI Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Functional Graded Material (FGM) which is excellent in thermal resistance and thermal protection is viewed as an attractive material for the aerospace field in the midst of research and development of advanced structural materials aiming at multifunctionalization as well as ultimate environmental resistance. In this paper, a few of recent study results the FGM development project are reported on along with the situations of the development of evaluation equipment for graded strength properties aiming at constructing basic concepts for evaluating fracture characteristics as well as super heat resistance. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 145-148 高温度落差場評価技術に関する研究 Studies on Evaluation Technologies in High Temperature Difference Field ○佐々木正樹　前田修平、熊川彰長　高橋守、橋本知之航空宇宙技術研究所角田支所 Masaki Sasaki, S. Maeda, Akinaga Kumakawa, Mamoru Takahashi, Tomoyuki HashimotKakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory In this study, basic evaluations of FGM under a large temperature difference are conducted on its thermal insulation performance, structural soundness and low cycle thermal fatigue properties, and by making comparison of each specimen, optimum designs and synthetic methods are to be extracted. In this paper, the evaluation result of non-FGM such as homogeneously mixed systems of partially stabilized zirconia (ZrO2+8%Y2O3) and NiCoCrAlY produced by atmospheric plasma-spray coating method is reported in order to establish the testing method. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 149-153 高速回転加熱場模擬環境における評価試験の研究 Study on Evaluation Test in a Simulated High-Speed Spinning Heating Field ○瀧將展　藤沢良昭　祖父江靖　吉田豊明航空宇宙技術研究所 Masanobu TAKI, Yoshiaki FUJISAWA, Yasushi SOFUE, Toyoaki YOSHIDA National Aerospace Laboratory For further improvement of a high-performance gas turbine, it is necessary to provide a thermal insulation mechanism for the spinning part, which operates under high temperature and at high speed. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to appropriately grade the composition (FGM) and optimize the deformation as well as the stress condition since, in the ordinary structure, very large thermal stress and centrifugal stress result simultaneously. Figure 1 shows thermal stress relaxation in the in-plane constraint condition calculated using Kerner's equation. However, it is indispensable to carry out sufficient evaluation on the thermal conductive properties and the deformation fracture behavior prior to the application of FGM to high-speed spinning heating field, since the part has a complicated stress distribution with its strength as a material dependent on the position of the radius and the density of the material, etc. n the initial stage of the systematic evaluation of fracture strength, thermal conductivity properties, and deformation of FGM in high-speed spinning heating field, it is important to establish a evaluation method for non-graded materials as well as stepwise functional materials and to collect basic data for material designing and synthesis. As the first step, a cylindrical specimen consisting of single material (superalloy) and another one made of functionally gradual material (superalloy + intermediate bonding layer + thermal shield coating (TBC)) were produced experimentally. This paper report on the tensile test conducted on these specimens using heating tensile test equipment build in order to simulate the stress field and the temperature field in the high-speed spinning heating field. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 155-160 空力加熱場でのFGMの特性評価 Characterization of FGM in Aerodynamic Heating Field ○松崎利一、渡辺光則航空宇宙技術研究所 Toshikazu Matsuzaki, Mitsunori WatanabeNational Aerospace Laboratory The significance of property evaluation in aerodynamic heating fields. The largest advantage of FGM is that thermal stress in inhomogeneous materials can be relaxed by controlling the composition. In a situation where a space plane returns, unequal aerodynamic heating and unequal dynamic pressure corresponding to the shape of the plane are generated. In case FGM with inhomogeneity can be used according to the need of each part as a material for surface thermal protection of a space plane, the effect of unequal heating and dynamic pressure which originate from the stress can be eased, and the problems related to re-entry aerodynamic heating can be solved. From this perspective, the significance of the testing of FGM in aerodynamic heating fields is obvious. That is to say, unlike a mere heating furnace, an aerodynamic heating field test is a test using hypersonic air flow, and it is significant in that this test enables to evaluate the high-temperature properties of a material under the existence of an oxidation atmosphere and dynamic pressure. For the purpose of applying FGM to a space plane and of testing its applicability, the existing arc heating wind tunnel installed at National Aerospace Laboratory was repaired and upgraded. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 161-163 焼結傾斜機能材料における微視組織遷移のキャラクタリゼーション Characterization of Microstructural Transition in FGM 1　内山圭介　2　川崎亮　渡辺龍三1　東北大学大学院2　東北大学工学部 1. Keisuke Uchiyama; 2. Akira Kawasaki, Ryuzo Watanabe1. Graduate school, Tohoku University2. Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University The structure of FGM consisting of ceramics and metal can be graded from a dispersed organization to a network organization and then back to a dispersed organization depending on the gradient of the composition. Since the intrinsic physical properties depend on the microscopic composition, it is necessary to quantify the transition of the above-mentioned composition in order to control and to evaluate its properties. In this study, on the basis of the concept of topology and fractal, the quantification of dispersion and condensation as well as the transition generated by compositional ratio of the metal/ceramics sintered FGM was attempted. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 165-170 FGMの熱応力解折の物性データ推定法 Estimation Methods for Physical Property Data of Thermal Stress Analysis for FGM ○若島　健司　崔　培浩　塚本　英明東京工業大学　精密工学研究所 Kenji Wakashima, **.Cui, Hideaki Tsukamoto Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology Functionally Graded Material (FGM) which is featured by a continuous transition of different materials has been gathering considerable attention recently together with the development of jointing techniques of ceramics and metal. As already known, systematic basic research on FGM has been advanced since fiscal 1986 in the auspice of Special Coordination Funds for the promotion of Science and Technology. This fiscal year is the last one in Stage I of the joint project of the governmental and industrial and academic sectors on the theme "the research on the generic technology of graded functionally material development for thermal stress relaxation". Our group has participated in this project from the viewpoint of material design, and a series of research is advanced under the sub theme of "the research on estimation technology for physical property data of the FGM design". Concretely, it is targeted to theoretical estimation of physical properties data such as elastic constant, thermal expansion coefficients, thermal conductivity, specific heat, etc. of mixed systems such as metal and ceramics, and its purpose is securing the input data which is a basis for the numerical analysis of thermal stress and thermal deformation as well as heat transfer behavior of FGM. The details of the theory have already been announced on some occasions, but the general formulation might be insufficient from the standpoint of those who use the result. In such a background, this paper presents more concrete calculation formula especially for thermal conductivity. A poster session is planned as the form of announcement and this will provide sufficient time for discussion. Straightforward opinions and criticism are welcome from the readers and listeners as a food for future research. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’８９＞講演集 The 3rd FGM Symposium 16 1989-09-14 171-172 傾斜機能材料の機械的および耐熱衝撃特性の評価法に関する研究 Studies on Evaluation Methods of Mechanical Properties and Thermal Shock Resistance of FGM 高橋秀明　橋田俊之、斎藤雅弘東北大工学部　附属破壊力学応用研究施設 Hideaki Takahashi, Toshiyuki Hashida, Masahiro Saito Faculty of Engineering, Research Institute for Fracture Technology, Tohoku University Two testing methods have been developed for quickly and uniformly evaluating the mechanical properties and the thermal shock resistance properties of FGM with different microstructures. One is the Modified Small Punch (MSP) test method to evaluate the strength properties using a micromini specimen, and the other is the localized heating testing method which uses a laser source. The following is the outline of each testing method. Japanese