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[SupportingDocument.pdf](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/ad3a3fed-bb1c-414f-b24b-8b7221f223d4/download)

## Creator

Muhammad Afiq Irfan Mohd Shumiri, Hikari Sakaebe, Abdillah Sani Mohd Najib, Nor Akmal Fadil

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[Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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[Antimony-modified porous lamellar zinc as reversible and stable anode for high-performance alkaline aqueous zinc-air battery](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/c4297c11-7319-457f-8ddc-991951761176)

## Fulltext

Supporting Information  Antimony-modified porous lamellar zinc as reversible and stable anode for high-performance alkaline aqueous zinc-air battery  Muhammad Afiq Irfan Mohd Shumiria, Hikari Sakaebeb, Abdillah Sani Mohd Najiba,c, Nor Akmal Fadila,c,* aMaterials Research and Consultancy Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; bInstitute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen 6-1, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan; cDepartment of Materials, Manufacturing and Industry, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia  *corresponding author e-mail: norakmal@utm.my   Table S1. AFM true surface area, maximum pit depth and RMS roughness  Sample Scan size (µm) Projected surface area (µm2) True surface area (µm2) Max. pit depth, Sv (µm) RMS roughness, Sq (µm) Sb-pZn-310 20 × 20 400 430.0 0.457 0.060 Sb-pZn-750 20 × 20 400 434.9 0.760 0.098 Sb-pZn-2920 20 × 20 400 591.1 3.123 1.156    Table S2. Electrochemical parameters from CV measurements in symmetric cells.  Working electrode Anodic peak Cathodic peak Potential (V) Current density  (mA cm⁻²) Potential (V) Current density  (mA cm⁻²) Bare Zn 0.48 21.11 -0.47 -20.60 pZn-310 0.43 21.48 -0.43 -21.56 pZn-750 0.36 24.34 -0.35 -23.15 pZn-2920 0.35 27.39 -0.36 -27.53 Sb-pZn310 0.26 30.22 -0.26 -33.33 Sb-pZn-750 0.21 32.48 -0.23 -36.53 Sb-pZn-2920 0.18 33.47 -0.18 -37.18    Table S3. Electrochemical parameters from EIS measurements in symmetric cells. Working electrode Rs (Ω) Rct (Ω) Bare Zn 3.03 1.22 pZn-310 2.78 0.88 pZn-750 2.15 0.79 pZn-2920 1.70 0.64 Sb-pZn310 2.00 0.45 Sb-pZn-750 1.45 0.33 Sb-pZn-2920 1.02 0.29    Table S4. Electrochemical parameters from EIS measurements at different temperatures. Temperature (°C) Bare Zn pZn-2920 Sb-pZn-2920 Rs (Ω) Rct (Ω) Rs (Ω) Rct (Ω) Rs (Ω) Rct (Ω) 15 6.558 9.76 4.257 3.052 2.109 1.312 20 4.399 3.702 3.596 2.05 1.726 0.866 25 3.047 2.137 2.521 1.447 1.501 0.681 30 2.199 1.29 1.794 0.842 0.862 0.443 35 1.554 1.056 1.272 0.548 0.598 0.287 40 0.927 0.645 0.871 0.422 0.495 0.221    Table S5. Cycling performance comparison of advanced Zn anodes reported in recent literature.  Modification strategy Battery system Anode Electrolyte Current density  (mA cm−2) Areal capacity  (mAh cm-2) Half-cell lifespan  (h) Ref. Artificial interphase layer ZAB CBL@Zn KOH + Zn(AC)2 2.5 2.5 100 [1] Alloying anode Zn/NCP@PQx Zn-Sn KOH + Zn(AC)2 1 1 400 [2] 10 5 300 20 5 165 Electrolyte engineering  Zn/MnO2 Zn–Br KOH+ KBr 1 0.5 900 [3] 2 2 200 Zincophilic surface Zn/Ni ZnO@ZnS KOH + ZnO 17 17 1000 [4] Porous structure  Zn/Ni Bi@ZIF-8|Zn KOH + ZnO 7.5 7.5 420 [5] 10 10 300 Alloying anode Ni3S2@PANI//CZ‐Zn CZ-Zn KOH + Zn(AC)2 5 2.5 800 [2] 2 2 1800 Alloying anode ZAB Zn-Sn10 KOH 0.5 0.5 400 [6] Electrolyte engineering ZAB Zn foil  PVA–KOH 1 0.5 800 [7] Artificial interphase layer  ZAB ZnO-N-C-600 KOH 0.5 0.25 900 [8] 5 1 500 10 2.5 250 Artificial interphase layer ZAB Fe-N-MC@Zn KOH 10 1 430 [9] Porous zincophilic surface ZAB Sb-pZn-2920 KOH + ZnO 10 10 600 This work 2 2 1700    Table S6. Specific capacity and anode utilization of Sb-pZn-2920||O2, pZn-2920||O2 and bare Zn||O2 cell at 20 mA cm-2 discharge current density. ZAB cell Current density (mA cm-2) Dis. time (s) Weight of anode (g) Specific capacity (mAh g-1) Anode utilization (%) Before dis. After dis. Bare Zn||O2 20 4954 0.721 0.626 512.0 13.18 pZn-2920||O2 20 5290 0.603 0.508 546.7 15.75 Sb-pZn-2920||O2 20 5619 0.676 0.581 580.7 14.05   Table S7. Cycling performance comparison of advanced Zn anodes in alkaline ZAB system.  Modification strategy Battery system Anode Electrolyte Current density  (mA cm−2) Full cell lifespan  Ref. Porous structure  ZAB NP Zn KOH + Zn(AC)2 10 80 h [10] Porous structure ZAB Porous Zn0.01 KOH 5 65 cycles [11] Porous structure ZAB 3DP-ZAB KOH + Zn(AC)2 5 370 cycles [12] Alloying anode ZAB Ag-modified Zn KOH + Zn(AC)2 25 140 h [13] Porous structure  ZAB MXene/Zn KOH + PVA 3 50 h [14] Artificial interphase layer ZAB CBL@Zn KOH + Zn(AC)2 1 450 h [1] Surface coating  ZAB TAM-Tp-Zn KOH + Zn(AC)2 2 600 h [15] Porous structure  ZAB Zn nanoflakes KOH + Zn(AC)2 5 80 h [16] Alloying anode  ZAB Zn1.5Bi powder KOH + KF + K2CO3 25 300 cycles [17] Surface coating ZAB ZnO-N-C-600 KOH 5 300 h [8] Artificial interphase layer ZAB CBL@Zn KOH + Zn(AC)2 1 500 h [1] Alloying anode ZAB Zn-Sn10 KOH 5 200 h [6] Artificial interphase layer ZAB Fe-N-MC@Zn KOH 5 500 h [9] Porous zincophilic surface ZAB Sb-pZn-2920 KOH + ZnO 10 120 cycles / 120 h This work 20 240 cycles / 240 h     Figure S1. XRD pattern of eutectic Zn-5Al (wt%) precursor alloy.     Figure S2. SEM images of a) Sb-pZn-310 and b) Sb-pZn-750 with the corresponding EDS elemental mappings of Zn and Sb.    Figure S3. 3D topographic AFM images showing the surface elevation profiles of a) Sb-pZn-310 and b) Sb-pZn-750.     Figure S4. Enlarged views of XRD patterns showing the minor peaks of hexagonal Sb.     Figure S5. Comparison of Zn-ion electrolyte contact angle at different Zn lamellar thickness.     Figure S6. Comparison of electrolyte contact angle with and without Zn-ions on bare Zn, pZn-2920 and Sb-pZn-2920.     Figure S7. XPS survey scan of bare Zn, Sb-pZn-310, Sb-pZn-750 and Sb-pZn-2920.     Figure S8. High-resolution O 1s and Sb 3d XPS spectra of a) Sb-pZn-310, b) Sb-pZn-750 and c) bare Zn.     Figure S9. High-resolution Sb 4d XPS spectra of a) Sb-pZn-310, b) Sb-pZn-750, c) Sb-pZn-2920 and d) bare Zn.     Figure S10. a) Rct and b) Rs values of pZn and Sb-pZn as a function of Zn lamellar thickness.     Figure S11. Nyquist plots of a) bare Zn, b) pZn-2920 and c) Sb-pZn-2920 symmetric cell at different temperatures.     Figure S12. Nucleation overpotentials of a) bare Zn and b) pZn-2920 at current density from 1 to 5 mA cm-2. c) Nucleation overpotentials as a function of current density.     Figure S13. Exchange current densities of Sb-pZn-2920, pZn-2920 and bare Zn calculated according to rate performance.     Figure S14. Photograph of the custom-made zinc-air battery cell assembled with Sb-pZn-2920 anode and air cathode.     Figure S15. SEM images of air cathode and its corresponding EDS elemental mappings of C, O, Mn and Ni elements.     Figure S16. XRD patterns of air cathode.     Figure S17. Tafel polarization curves of Sb-pZn-2920, pZn-2920 and bare Zn at scan rate of 1 mV s−1.     Figure S18. CV curves of Sb-pZn-2920||O2, pZn-2920||O2 and bare Zn||O2 full cells at scan rate of 10 mV s-1.     Figure S19. Zn-Sb binary phase diagram.     Figure S20. 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