# Fileset

[fgm-2002.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/ace81cd6-0693-42e7-9472-245d021e76b3/download)

## Creator

National Institute for Materials Science

## Rights



## Other metadata

[FGM 2002](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/80a3574f-7bf4-41e3-a628-0bc7b54c3aee)

## Fulltext

Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 1-6 動的負荷を受ける傾斜機能材料製人工股関節の接触応力解析と材料組成設計（骨頭半径と臼蓋内半径の差が接触応力に及ぼす影響） Contact Stress Analysis in Functionally Graded Material Artificial Hip Joints  under Dynamic Load and Material Composition Design (Effect of Difference of Head Radius and Cup Inner Radius on Contact Stress) 菅野良弘，菊池護，西村文仁，松崎広嘉 Yoshihiro SUGANO, Mamoru KIKUCHI, Fumihito NISHIMURA, Hiroyoshi MATSUZAKI  Despite the recognized success and worldwide acceptance of total hip arthroplasty, wear of the ultrahigh molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) component is a major obstacle limiting the longevity of implanted artificial hip joint. It is now well known that the wear debris of UHMWPE acetabular cup initiates a cascade of adverse tissue response leading to osteolysis and loosening of the artificial hip joint. Extending the longevity of total hip joint replacements by the improvement of wear behavior has been the subject of ongoing research in the orthopaedic community. The major factor of the UHMWPE wear is the cyclic contact stress. So in this study, material design based on FEM elastic stress analysis is presented for the artificial acetabular cup composed of functionally graded materials (FGMs) having a bioactivity able to bond to living bone and a relaxation function of stress on the contact surface and its neighborhood of a femoral head and an acetabular cup subjected to dynamic loadings. The acetabular cup is assumed to be a non-homogeneous hollow hemisphere having arbitrary non-homogeneous mechanical properties in the radial direction. The effect of the difference of head radius and cup inner radius and the material composition distribution of FGM layer on contact stress is discussed. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 7-12 中空円筒傾斜機能材料の作製と残留応力の解析 Fabrication of a hollow cylinder of functionally gradient materials and analysis of residual stress 陳春紅，本多沢雄，西川直宏，淡路英夫 Chunhong CHEN, Sawao HONDA, Tadahiro NISHIKAWA, Hideo AWAJI  A alumina-Tungsten Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) was obtained by Centrifugal Molding Technique (CMT). Dried green materials were sintered in reduced atmosphere of H2/N2 environment at 1600deg.C for 3 hours. There are the different graduations with ceramic rich on the inner surface and metal rich on the outer surface along the radial direction of sintered specimens by adjusting the particle size of tungsten. It is found that the mixture of two kinds of sub-micro power is unsuitable to fabricate the FGM cylinder by CMT, though there is the larger difference in density between two constitutes. The use of mixture of metal particles with different size is particularly useful to get the continuous graduation of the FGM cylinder. The residual thermal stress arouse from the processing is also analyzed with the multi-layered technology. The hoop residual stresses varied from tensile on the inner surface to compressive on the outer surface, due to the material properties gradients of FGM cylinder. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 13-18 傾斜機能材料のレーザフラッシュ法による熱物性値測定と評価 Measurement and evaluation of thermophysical properties of FGM by laser flash method 大谷晃弘，吉田豊明，藤沢良昭，唐大偉，荒木信幸 Akihiro OHTANI, ToyoakiYOSHIDA, Yoshiaki FUJISAWA, Da Wei TANG, Nobuyuki ARAKI  The thermal diffusivity of a four-layered specimen of Cu-Ni as a FGM was measured by the laser flash method. The analytical solution of multilayered materials was used. As the temperature response curve of FGM is very similar to that of homogeneous material, it is difficult to distinguish FGM from homogeneous material by the shape of temperature responses curve. Therefore, the thermal diffusivity obtained from the half time method could act as the corresponding value of thermal diffusivity. The apparent thermal conductivity, obtained from the corresponding value of thermal diffusivity and the average of the heat capacity of each layer, takes a different value from the effective thermal conductivity obtained from the sum of heat resistance of each layer. As the values of heat capacity of materials exist in a certain range, and heat capacity distribution can be predicted when the materials in FGM are known, then it can be discussed how much error will be caused as the effective thermal conductivity is replaced by the apparent one. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 19-24 ナノ結晶傾斜機能材料の創製と鍛造 Synthesis and Forging of Nanocrystalline Functionally Graded Material 木村博，本郷和弘，曽我隆二，坪根慎弥 Hiroshi KIMURA, Kazuhiro HONGO, Ryuji SOGA, Shinya TSUBONE  The nanocrystalline functionally graded material(FGM) can be successfully synthesized by employing the pulse electric discharge consolidation of the amorphous PSZ-Al2O3 and TiAl powders. The 5-layered PSZ-20mol%Al2O3/Ti53Al47 FGM system shows a full densification during viscous flow in super cooled liquids above the glass temperature at a relatively high heating rate, followed by superplastic flow in a nanocrystalline compact under the applied pressure of 120MPa. The X-ray line broadening method confirms the nanocrystalline synthesis via the crystallization in a whole vertical section of the FGM with the average grain sizes of 29 and 19 nm for tetragonal PSZ-20mol%Al2O3 and (gamma)-Ti53Al47 respectively. The consolidated cylindrical sample of nanocrystalline FGM undergoes the near net shape forming into the disk with the boss at both sides by high-speed superplastic compressive forging. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 25-30 固液分離技術により製作した，純鉄－部分安定化ジルコニア系厚肉傾斜機能材料の機械的性質とSEM観察 Observation by SEM and mechanical property of large-thickness Fe-PSZ functionally graded materials manufactured by filtration method 中條旭，加島慎也，鈴木秀幸，内田悦行，比嘉俊太郎，林二一 Akira NAKAJO, Shinya KASIMA, Hideyuki SUZUKI, Etuyuki YUCHIDA, Shuntaro HIGA, Niichi HAYASHI  The structural functional gradient material which has high heat-resistance and toughness was manufactured by "slurry layer charge method". The slurry layer charge method is the improved solid-liquid separation technique. The pure iron (20 micro meter in particle size) and the PSZ (0.2 micro meter in particle size) are mixed, then mixing slurry of the 30% concentration is prepared. Then, the layer cake is formed by stacking in the cylinder connected with the vacuum system, and applying the pressure by the piston afterwards. The cake is made to reduce in the gas furnace using propane gas, and it is sintered to be a FGM sample. As a result of manufacturing by this method, the crack was generated in the inside of sample. Hardness test, compression failure test, observation by SEM in the inside of sample division and analysis of component were done. After examining the cause of defect formed at the interface, the optimum preparation condition was investigated. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 31-36 硬さ傾斜を有する医療用傾斜機能材料の開発 Functionally Graded Material for Medical Application with Hardness Gradient 渡辺義見，岩元貴志，寺本彰，阿部康次 Yoshimi WATANABE, Takashi IWAMOTO, Akira TERAMOTO, Koji ABE  In this study, we investigate the feasibility of FGM (functionally graded material) for medical application with hardness gradient. The poly(L-lactic acid) is extruded at elevated temperatures to introduce molecular orientation. In addition, heat treatment without extrusion was also carried out at 50deg.C, 60deg.C and 70deg.C. The hardness distribution is measured by a Vickers microhardness tester. It is found that hardness gradient cannot be introduced by the heat treatment alone. In contrast, the hardness is gradually distributed in the sample deformed at 60deg.C, although the hardness distributions in both samples deformed at 50deg.C and 70deg.C show zigzag features. It is also found that the hardness distributions in both samples deformed with 10 mm/min and 20 mm/min ram speeds are gradually distributed, although the hardness distribution in the sample deformed with 30 mm/min ram speed is flat. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that the FGM for medical application with hardness gradient can successfully be fabricated by the extrusion at 60deg.C with 10 mm/min or 20 mm/min ram speed. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 37-41 アーク表面溶融によるチタンの窒化物被覆 Nitride Coating on Titanium by Arc Surface Melting 有田大，松浦清隆，工藤昌行 Hiroshi Arita, Kiyotaka Matsuura, Masayuki Kudoh     A surface of a titanium block was melted using a tungsten metal arc heat source in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen in order to improve the wear resistance by nitriding the surface. The melting depth of the titanium block was approximately 4 mm for conditions of 200 V, 50 A and 10 s of arc discharging. The melting depth was divided into three layers: (1) a TiN layer from 0 to 0.6 mm in depth, (2) a TiN and Ti2N mixture layer from 0.6 to 1.5 mm, and (3) a nitrogen-rich titanium layer from 1.5 to 4 mm. The Vickers hardness varied from 2500 to 1500 in the first layer, from 1300 to 1000 in the second layer, and from 1000 to 250 in the third layer. All layers exhibited high hardness values compared with the initial hardness of 160. The increase in Vickers hardness brought about an excellent wear resistance of the surface. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 42-47 ニオブ表面のアルミナイド被覆 Aluminide Coating on Niobium Surface 松浦清隆，工藤昌行 Kiyotaka MATSUURA, Masayuki KUDOH  A new process for aluminide coating on niobium surface based on the arc surface melting has been proposed, and its feasibility has been experimentally investigated. When a tungsten arc heat source was supplied onto a thin aluminum plate placed on the top surface of a niobium block, the aluminum plate and the top surface of the niobium block were melted at the same time and the two liquids were mixed and solidified on the niobium block resulting in the formation of coating layer of niobium aluminides. The concentration of aluminum of the coating layer decreased as the distance from the surface increased, resulting in a graded change in constituting phases from (i) NbAl3 to (ii) NbAl3-Nb2Al eutectic dual phases and to (iii) Nb3Al and finally to (iv) the base metal of niobium. When the optimum arc processing conditions were chosen, a thick NbAl3 layer occupied most of the coating layer. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 48-53 木材の接触温冷感評価における傾斜性の考慮 Influence of Grading Property on Evaluation of Tactile Warmth for Wood 小畑良洋，竹内和敏，川添正伸，金山公三 Yoshihiro OBATA, Kazutoshi TAKEUCHI, Masanobu KAWAZOE, Kozo KANAYAMA  Wood is a prospective material from viewpoint of the sustainable development, because it is a sustainable resource under the cycling of felling, planting and growing trees against the limited mineral resources. It is also effective against the global warming, since wood grows with fixing carbon from carbon dioxide. Authors have studied on tactile warmth of wood as one of the good points of it to use wood as substitute of mineral resources such as metals. The relationship of contact surface temperature and thermal effusivity has been developed from the analysis of the heat transfer phenomenon from human's hand to materials and it has been proposed as measure of tactile warmth. Although the measure explains the knowledge on tactile warmth of wood and other materials, wood has been treated as a homogeneous material. In this paper, the contact surface temperature when human's hand touched with the wooden functionally graded material plate was analyzed. The calculation result suggests that the grading structure makes wood warmer than the contact surface temperature estimated from material properties on the surface. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 54-59 SiGe-on-insulator　基板の開発 Development of SiGe-on-insulator substrate 石川由加里，柴田典義，深津晋 Yukari ISHIKAWA, Noriyoshi SHIBATA, Susumu FUKATSU  The evolution of an ion-implanted SiGe step-graded buffer into a SiGe-on-insulator substrate was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in part combined with simulation, paying attention to the spatial distribution and behaviors of Ge and O atoms during annealing. It is found that the buried oxide layer is completed even before significant Ge diffusion sets in the SiGe buffer during post-implant annealing. The propagation of dislocations in the graded-buffer is found to be modulated by strain relaxation during thermal treatment, while Ge diffusion allows the development of dislocation network. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 60-65 鉛系強誘電体セラミックスの傾斜による誘電率-温度特性の制御 Permittivity-temperature characteristics of graded PMT-PT ferroelectric ceramics 八木慎太郎，松井和也，中谷学史，水谷守，太田敏孝 Shintaro YAGI, Kazuya MATSUI, Norifumi NAKATANI, Mamoru MIZUTANI, Toshitaka OTA  Functionally graded Pb(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3-PbTiO3 ceramics, which had a continuously varying graded composition from one surface toward the other of the specimen in a material, were examined with respect to their dielectric property. Specimens were prepared by sintering superposed layers of green compact of (1-x)PMT-xPT solid solutions with different values of x. The non graded (1-x)PMT-xPT ceramics showed the maximum relative permittivity at the Curie temperature. The Curie temperature shifted to higher temperature with increasing x. On the other hand, the profile of relative permittivity (epsilon) vs temperature (T) broadened in the case of the graded (1-x)PMT-xPT ceramics. The profile became flatter by varying volume ratio of layers. The relative permittivity was 5500+-10% at the temperature range from -55deg.C to 125deg.C. In addition, when Cr2O3 was added as a sintering agent, the densification and grain growth were promoted. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 66-70 n型CoSb3系半導体の作製と熱電特性 Thermoelectric Property in n-type CoSb3-based semiconductors 若槻真知子，永岡久典，北川裕之，野田泰捻 Machiko WAKATSUKI, Hisanori NAGAOKA, Hiroyuki KITAGAWA, Yasutoshi NODA  CoSb3 based materials were prepared by melting and SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) technique. The n-type conduction was controlled by addition of Ni. All samples showed n-type conduction and the carrier concentration in creased with increasing the amount of Ni. The Seebeck coefficient and the electrical resistivity at room temperature decreased with increasing the amount of Ni. The temperature in which the power factor takes a maximum value shifted to the higher temperature with increasing the amount of Ni. On the basis of these results, we also prepared the segmented element that has gradient composition of Ni. The measurements of the Seebeck coefficient of segmented element suggested that it has excellent thermoelectric property in middle temperature range (400-850K). Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 71-75 二酸化チタン系傾斜機能材料の窒素酸化物除去特性-太陽光暴露実験 Removal Characteristics of Nitrogen Oxides for Titanium Dioxide Functionally Graded Materials 和田雄生，萩野俊輔，比嘉俊太郎。林二一，古橋秀夫，内田悦行 Yuki WADA, Shunsuke HAGINO, Shuntaro HIGA, Niichi HAYASHI, Hideo FURUHASHI, Yoshiyuki UCHIDA  The purpose of this study is to manufacture functionally graded materials (FGMs) to remove nitrogen oxides (NOx). Removal of NOx is one of the most important aspects. Photocatalytic materials can be used to combat against air pollution. NOx is removed by the photocatalytic reaction on surface of photocatalytic materials. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used as the photocatalytic material. Korean kaolin is used to fix the powdered TiO2. FGMs were made of TiO2 and Korean kaolin. The material's characteristics in the removal of NOx were measured using anatase type and rutile type of crystalline TiO2. The material was irradiated with sunlight in the atmosphere of NOx. When the mixture ratio of the anatase type and the rutile type was 7:3, NOx was removed the most. Moreover, the materials removed NOx in fine weather more than in cloudy weather. It can be concluded that there is a considerable chance of solving the air pollution problem using materials of these kinds. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 76-81 傾斜格子構造を有するフォトニック結晶の電磁波発振 Emission Control of Electromagnetic Wave by Diamond Photonic Crystals with Graded Lattice Spacing 桐原聡秀，武田三男，迫田和彰，宮本欽生 Soshu KIRIHARA, Mitsuo TAKEDA, Kazuaki SAKODA, Yoshinari MIYAMOTO  Three-dimensional photonic or electromagnetic crystals with periodic variations of dielectric constants were fabricated by using a stereolithography. Millimeter-order epoxy lattices with a diamond structure were designed to reflect electromagnetic waves for all directions by forming an electromagnetic bandgap in GHz range. Titania-based ceramic particles were dispersed into the lattice to control the dielectric constant. The diamond structures with a stretched lattice spacing were successfully fabricated, resulting in directional transmission of microwaves. The stretching ratio of the lattice spacing in the crystal structure was changed according to the electromagnetic band calculation using a plane wave propagation method. A microwave antenna head composed of the diamond structure with a graded lattice spacing exhibited the unidirectional emission. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 82-87 遺伝的アルゴリズムによる傾斜機能中空球の気孔率分布を考慮した材料組成多目的最適化問題 Multi-objective Optimization Problem of Material Composition in Consideration of Effect of Porosity Distribution in Functionally Graded Hollow Sphere Making Use of Genetic Algorithm 坂上琢久，河村隆介，谷川義信 Takuhisa SAKAUE, Ryuusuke KAWAMURA, Yoshinobu TANIGAWA  This study is concerned with a multi-objective optimization problem of material composition in a functionally graded hollow sphere to improve strength against thermal stress and heat resistance against thermal load, simultaneously. Assuming that the hollow sphere is subjected to uniformed heat supply, theoretical analyses of one-dimensional heat conduction and thermoelastic problems have been developed. Taking the distribution of porosity in the hollow sphere into consideration, material properties of titanium alloy/zirconium oxide FGM are estimated by the rule of mixture. Next, Pareto optimal solutions of material composition are found using the genetic algorithm. At last, the effects of pores in Pareto optimal solutions of material composition to the improvement of strength and heat resistance in a functionally graded hollow sphere are examined. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 88-92 FGM化によるBi-Te系化合物の冷却特性の向上 Improving of Thermoelectric Cooling Properties of Bismuth Telluride by FGM Structure 岩間麻子，桑折仁，塩田一路，西田勲夫 Asako IWAMA, Hitoshi KOHRI, Ichiro SHIOTA, Isao A. NISHIDA  Every thermoelectric material shows high performance in a specific narrow temperature range. The temperature range can be expanded by joining the materials with different peak temperature. Thermoelectric cooling properties of two kinds of p-type bismuth tellurides, sample 1 with high carrier concentration and sample 2 with low carrier concentration, and their FGM were evaluated by observing the maximum temperature difference between higher temperature side and lower temperature side to electric current. When the higher temperature side was kept at 400 K, the temperature difference of the homogeneous sample 1 was 45.1 K, while 53.1 K for the sample 2. On the other hand, the FGM showed a larger temperature difference of 58.2 K than the homogeneous samples when the sample 1 was placed at the higher temperature side. The temperature difference, however, was only 37.0 K when the sample 2 was placed at the higher temperature side. These results show the proper arrangement of the materials along the temperature gradient enhances the performance. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 93-97 傾斜機能型デンタルポストの応力緩和効果 Stress Relaxation Effect of Functionally Graded Dental Post 亘理文夫，松尾晋吾，佐藤範幸，上田康夫，大畑昇 Fumio WATARI, Shingo MATSUO, Noriyuki SATOH, Yasuo UEDA, Noboru OHATA  Dental core and post, which is inserted in root canal after endodontic treatment to restore mastication function by setting a crown on the core part, often causes the fracture in dentin around the apex of post by imposition of impact force. To induce stress relaxation effect the composite resin with ceramic fillers in polymer matrix was used and FGM structure was formed by gradual change of filler content. Laser lithography, one of the photo-curing type CAD/CAM systems, was applied for the fabrication of functionally graded post. The elastic modulus could be changed longitudinally from 10.6GPa in core part to 2.9GPa at the apex of post by decreasing the filler content of ceramic powders from 64% to 0% in polymer matrix. Stress analysis using finite element method showed the stress relaxation by further 30 % in FGM, compared with the uniform composite resin. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 98-103 温度傾斜熱処理によるキャリア濃度傾斜PbTeの作製 Fabrication of Carrier Concentration Graded PbTe by Heat Treatment under Temperature Gradient 今井義雄，篠原嘉一，磯田幸宏 Yoshio IMAI, Yoshikazu SHINOHARA, Yukihiro ISODA  In this paper, we tried to fabricate carrier-concentration-graded PbTe by heat treatment under temperature gradient. Crack-free PbTe with low carrier concentration was fabricated by adding Al and PbI2 and by rapid solidification. And, PbTe with uniform carrier concentration can be made by holding a higher temperature of the top of the specimen than the bottom, during melting before the rapid solidification. Carrier concentration of rapid solidified PbTe increased after heat treatment, and reached the same level as a unidirectionally solidified material after the heat treatment at 773K, 24h. The increase of carrier concentration depended on heat treatment conditions. Therefore, we thought that the FGM of carrier concentration could be controlled by heat treatment under a temperature gradient. When the sample was heat-treated under temperature gradient, however, diffusion of dopants occurred to the elevated temperature side from the low temperature side. The electrical resistivity was uniform only at the elevated temperature side. On the other hand, continuous FGM was obtained by water cooling solidification after holding the top of sample at an elevated temperature. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 104-109 導電性高分子電気的特性の評価方法について Measurement of electrical properties of conductive polymer 小原一樹，篠原嘉一，中西八郎 K.Ohara, Y.Shinohara, H.Nakanishi  Electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power in the thickness direction and the surface direction of polyaniline was measured. Several kinds of setting were applied for the both measurements examination of a result was performed. The results are as follows: 1) For the measurement of conductivity and thermoelectric power, Ohmic contact between the specimen and probe(electrode) was important. -The specimen surface should be coated by Pt. -The specimen should be contacted to the electrode using Ag paste. -When In is used for a probe, reproducibility is lost. 2) For the measurement of conductivity, the probe should be separated from the electrode so that current may not pass through the probe. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 110-113 SiC系熱電材料における電極の接合 Joining of SiC-based Thermoelectric Materials to Electrode 北川裕之，角直美，野田泰捻 Hiroyuki KITAGAWA, Naomi KADO, Yasutoshi NODA  The joining of SiC-based materials to MoSi2 electrode was performed by using spark plasma sintering (SPS) method at 1800deg.C. Directly joining of SiC/MoSi2 brought cracking in SiC and MoSi2, as thermal expansion coefficient of MoSi2 mismatched largely that of SiC. The SiC-thermoelectric material can be tentatively joined to FGM electrodes of [(SiC-50wt%Graphite)-(MoSi2-60wt%Graphite)-(MoSi2-40wt%Graphite)-(MoSi2)]. It was found that the thermal stress in the electrode and the junction interface was decreased by making the graded structure. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 114-118 ムライト‐モリブデン積層傾斜平板の作製及び熱衝撃特性評価 Fabrication of Mullite-Mo Multilayered FGM Plate and its Thermal Shock Resistance. 金剛、竹内　誠、本多沢雄、西川直宏、淡路英夫 Gang JIN, Makoto TAKEUCHI, Honda SAWAO, Tadahiro NISIKAWA, Hideo AWAJI   Multilayered mullite-Mo functionally graded material (FGM) disks and mullite/Mo composites were fabricated by a pulse electric current sintering technique. The specimens were sintered in vacuum of 4.5x10-5 Torr at temperature and pressure of 1500deg.C and 20MPa, respectively. Thermo-mechanical properties of mullite/Mo composites were investigated and thermal shock tests were carried out on the FGM specimens. It is shown that the FGM specimens were dense and well compositionally graded as expected. The thermal shock test results demonstrated that the thermal shock property of FGM was strongly influenced by the residual thermal stress. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 119-123 チタン酸バリウム系傾斜機能材料の電気的特性 Electric Properties of Barium Titanate Functionally Graded Materials. 藤尾州平、古橋秀夫、林　二一、比嘉俊太郎、内田悦行 Shuhei FUJIO, Hideo FURUHASHI, Niichi HAYASHI, Shuntaro HIGA, Yoshiyuki UCHIDA  BaTiO3 based functionally graded materials (FGMs) for the purpose of an insulator were developed and characteristics of FGMs were investigated. Progressive lamination method is selected to make materials, since it is easy to make a thick material with excellent characteristics. The results show that dielectric loss decreases with increasing sintering temperature. Stabilities of the dielectric loss and the dielectric constant for frequencies were observed at higher sintering temperature. The dielectric constant decreases with increasing the ratio of Korean kaolin to BaTiO3. Based on these results, it can be controlled the dielectric loss and the dielectric constant of FGM. It can be concluded that the BaTiO3 based FGMs have a possibility to used for the insulator. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 124-129 GeによるPb-Te系化合物の使用温度領域制御 Smoothing a Valley of Figure of Merit in Bi2Te3/PbTe FGM Using Pb-Ge-Te. 桑折　仁、岩間麻子、西田勲夫、塩田一路、 Hitoshi KOHRI, Asako IWAMA, Isao A. NISHIDA, Ichiro SHIOTA  High performance of every thermoelectric material appears at each specific temperature. If the proper materials with different carrier concentrations and/or compositions are placed and joined along the temperature gradient, the performance should be higher than that of a monolithic material in wide temperature range. Pb-Te is generally used in the temperature range between 500 and 800 K. The FGM in which PbTe is joined with Bi2Te3 indicates higher power generating performance than a monolithic PbTe. Temperature dependence of the figure of merit Z of PbTe, however, is insufficient to the FGM, because the FGM has a valley of Z at 500 K, which is corresponding to near the Bi2Te3/PbTe interface. In order to smooth the valley of Z, we investigated the effects of Ge substitution for Pb on thermoelectric properties of PbTe. The PbTe added with GeTe were prepared by vertical Bridgman method. The GeTe content range was from 0 to 15 mol%. From the results of XRD, the ingots with above 10 mol%GeTe consisted of two phases of PbTe and GeTe. The PbTe with 10 mol%GeTe showed a largest dimensionless figure of merit ZT of 1.19 at 500 K, which is rather promising as a component of the FGM. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 130-135 板厚方向に温度変化を受ける直交異方性不均質長方形板の熱座屈解析 Thermal Buckling Analysis of Orthotropic Inhomogeneous Rectangular Plates Subjected to Temperature Change in the Thickness Direction. 森本卓也、谷川義信、河村隆介、 Takuya MORIMOTO, Yoshinobu TANIGAWA, Ryuusuke KAWAMURA  This paper is concerned with the thermal buckling analysis of an orthotropic inhomogeneous rectangular plate subjected to the arbitrary distributed thermal loads. Derivation of the fundamental system of equations is based on the classical plate theory. It is assumed that the inhomogeneous material properties such as the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, the thermal conductivity and Young's modulus of elasticity are changed in the thickness direction with the power law, while Poisson's ratio is assumed to be constant. As an illustrative example, we consider the thermal buckling phenomenon of the orthotropic inhomogeneous rectangular plate subjected to temperature change in the thickness direction. Numerical calculations are carried out for several cases taking into account the variations of inhomogeneous material properties, material orthotropy, aspect ratio and thickness of the plate. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 136-141 貫通き裂を有する不均質厚板の平面弾性解析 Plane Elastic Analysis for Inhomogeneous Thick Plate with a Griffith Crack. 石田祥二、谷川義信、河村隆介 Shoji ISHIDA, Yoshinobu TANIGAWA, Ryuusuke KAWAMURA  In this paper, we deal with an isothermal plane elastic problem of an inhomogeneous medium. As an analytical model, we consider the plane elastic problem for a thick plate with a Griffith crack subject to uniformly distributed internal pressure on the crack surfaces. Making use of the fundamental equations system, which is already established in our previous paper, the analytical solution for such singular stress field is successfully developed. The elastic behaviors are evaluated through the numerical calculations Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 142-147 GI型全フッ素プラスチック光ファイバールキナ Perfluorinated Graded Index Plastic Optical Fiber Lucina(tm). 尾川　元 Gen Ogawa  Graded Index Plastic Optical Fiber (GI-POF) with large core and high bandwidth offers many excellent advantages comparing with glass optical fiber. One is low cost connection due to large core. Second is that flexibility and toughness of polymer makes handling easy. These advantages make GI-POF better suited than glass optical fiber in over gigabit per second transmission. However short transmission length less than 50m and light source limitation at 650nm wavelength of the poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) based GI-POF makes its application limited. The perfluorinated optical polymer based GI-POF (PF-GI-POF) has been commercially available as a brand name of LucinaTM by Asahi Glass. Recent progress of development is described in this paper. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 148-151 傾斜機能材料データベース The Database of Functionally Graded Materials. 木皿且人、新野正之、鈴木祐之、海老由希子 Katsuto KISARA, Masayuki NIINO, Hiroyuki SUZUKI, Yukiko EBI  The functionally graded materials(FGMs) are one of the design method for the functional materials to exhibit the most suitable function corresponding to the service environment, and the main data consist of information about the ways to show the function in the environment. The graded composition, distribution of additives, and the introduction of graded structural design are common in the FGMs. So, the data are different from those of the homogeneous materials or conventional composite materials. The functionally graded materials (FGMs) are proposed by Japanese, and the research development of fundamental technology for FGMs was carried out as a National research project with the National Aerospace Lab. of Japan as a leader in 1986 year. The results of this research were arranged as a database in cooperation with JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) under the purpose of their use as fundamental materials for the international contribution and the spread and promotion of FGMs. The arranged information consists of 1295 research papers from 1986 to March 2000 on the domestic and foreign research reports about FGMs. From these reports, extraction of research results and findings, category classification, and arrangement of numerical data, figures and tables, and photographs were compiled. The arranged database is serviced with Japanese and English representatives. In addition, the information about 1600 researchers, research organizations and patent information of FGM research are provided.  Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 152-157 傾斜ポテンシャル構造を用いた太陽光励起半導体レーザーの開発 Development of Solar Excited Semiconductor Laser using Graded Potential Structure. 藤田和久、水井順一、小林正和、太田浩一、古河裕之、山中正宣、新野正之 Kazuhisa FUJITA, Jun-ich MIZUI, Masakazu KOBAYASHI, Koichi OTA, Hiroyuki FURUKAWA, Masanobu YAMANAKA, Masayuki NIINO  Solar excited laser (SEL) using semiconductor material is proposed for wireless energy distribution system with laser light in space. The SEL converts solar light directly to laser light suitable for long-distant transmission. Semiconductor has high controllability of its optical and electrical functions which can be utilized for realization of the SEL. AlGaAs system is taken as an appropriate material for highly efficient conversion. Potential structure of the laser device is discussed from aspects of absorption of the solar light and transfer of the produced carrier into the active layer emitting laser light. Non-linear graded potential is mentioned as a possibility to enhance the performance. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 158-163 非対称断面を持つ光体を用いた太陽光軸励起固体レーザーの励起・発振シミュレーション Calculation of Excitation and Oscillation for a Solid-State Laser under Coaxial Pumping with Solar light by Using of a Collector Structure with Asymmetrical Profile. 佐伯　拓、今崎一夫、本越伸二、椿本孝治、内田成明、中塚正大、森　雅裕 Taku Saiki, Kazuo Imasaki, Shinji Motokoshi, Kouji Tsubakimoto, Shigeaki Uchida, Masahiro Nakatsuka, Masahiro Mori  Calculations of excitation and oscillation of a solid-state laser with solar-pumping have been performed. The laser will be used for a space solar power station (SSPS). Pumping geometry is based on fiber lasers since it has efficient cooling effect through its surface when conduction cooling is used. Solar power is focused by a Fresnel lens along the longitudinal axis. Several shapes of the fiber cross section were investigated such as D-shaped, cylindrical and concentric circular shapes. The Fresnel lens was used to collect the sunlight efficiently. It was found that the optimal configuration of the focusing and laser medium consists of a Fresnel lens of f number 1 (10m aperture and 10 m focus length) and a ten-meter Nd:YAG rod. The results of our work suggests that the total efficiency could be improved to 20 % from 10% by using a collector structure with 10 cm in diameter of D-type aperture and 10m length. Japanese 平成１４年傾斜機能材料論文集 FGM 2002 24 2003-03-31 164-170 レーザーによる宇宙エネルギー利用構想 Space Energy Utilization Concept by using laser. 森　雅裕 Masahiro　Mori  National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) has examined studies on Space Solar Power Systems (SSPS) and high efficiency hydrogen-methanol generating systems using laser beams since FY1998 organizing a special committee and working group. In the high efficiency hydrogen-methanol generating systems, a solar condenser equipped with lenses or mirrors and laser-generator would be put into orbit. A laser beam would be directly sent to Earth-based hydrogen generating device. The FY2001 studies surveyed the technological subject, demonstration scenario, safety and efficiency of space energy utilization systems on the basis of the study about maturity of element. We also conducted oscillation experiment of solar-pumped lasers. In the coming years, we will continue to examine system configuration, the technical subject, and the research-and-development of related key technologies, such as laser transmission technology and control technology of large scale flexible structure. Japanese