# Fileset

[fgm-viii-2004-3-266.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/a5e3b09c-b49e-42fd-9b98-725349529a89/download)

## Creator

National Institute for Materials Science

## Rights



## Other metadata

[Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM2004) (pp.3-266)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/1125090e-70a9-473d-990d-dc063a43fc38)

## Fulltext

Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 3-8 セラミック遮熱コーティングの試験および特性評価 Testing and Characterization of Ceramic Thermal Barrier Coatings Marion Bartsch, Bernd Baufeld, Serdar Dalkilic, Iulian Mircea Marion Bartsch, Bernd Baufeld, Serdar Dalkilic, Iulian Mircea  This paper gives a short overview of tests applied for the investigation of long-term behavior of thermal barrier coating systems. A variety of tests have been conducted on an exemplary material system with the coatings applied by electron beam physical vapor deposition. Damages and damage evolution in different tests are compared. Since the observed damage mechanisms are different, it is proposed to design laboratory tests as realistic as possible, especially if the test data are used for lifetime assessment. In order to get reasonable testing times, the damage accumulation has to be described as a function of loading history, long time before failure. For the case of final failure by spallation of the ceramic top coat, it is proposed to use the apparent interfacial fracture toughness as a damage parameter. Several methods for measuring the apparent fracture toughness of brittle coatings are discussed with respect to their application to thermal barrier coating systems. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 9-14 FGM TBCの最適化および熱サイクル安定性 Optimization of FGM TBC and Their Thermal Cycling Stability Michael Gasik, Akira Kawasaki, Yan-Sheng Kang Michael Gasik, Akira Kawasaki, Yan-Sheng Kang  Application of FGM concept for thermal barrier coatings (TBC) provides a superior thermal stress relaxation over homogeneous or duplex coatings. It was demonstrated that FGM TBC have better oxidation resistance and longer lifetime during test conditions. In this work, new FGM TBC system was designed using high-velocity oxygen flame (HVOF) coating process. After coatings optimization, coating layer was subjected to a hot burner test for thermal fatigue cycling with increasing heat load. It was found that FGM TBC has successfully withstood thermal cycling and prevented visible delaminating or transverse cracks. New coating design may give an opportunity to develop a cost-effective FGM TBC system for gas turbine applications. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 15-20 ZrO2/ステンレス鋼遮熱コーティングFGMの設計および作製 Design and Fabrication of ZrO2/Stainless Steel Thermal Barrier Coating FGM Chang-Chun GE, Wen-Bin CAO, Zhang-Jian Zhou, Zhang-Hua CHEN Chang-Chun GE, Wen-Bin CAO, Zhang-Jian Zhou, Zhang-Hua CHEN  The design idea of FGM was used for fabricating the plasma-sprayed ZrO2-based coatings on stainless steel substrates (1Cr18Ni9Ti) with the aim to reduce the thermal residual stresses developed both during fabrication and during service. The residual stress field and working stress field were calculated based on the thermal elasticity-plasticity theory and finite element analysis of thermal-mechanical coupling, which offers basic data for prediction and design of material systems. Specimens with linear composition distribution between bond coat and ZrO2 surface layer were fabricated. The thermal shock performance test and high-temperature fatigue performance test were conducted. The phase analysis and microstructure of the specimens before and after tests were investigated with XRD and SEM respectively. Two optimum combination of bond coat composition and thickness of surface layer of ZrO2 on the stainless steel substrate were selected. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 21-26 最新式高温タービンシール材料および設計 Advanced High Temperature Turbine Seals Materials and Designs W.Smarsly, N.Zheng, C.S.Bushheim, C.Nindel, C.Silvestro, D.Sporer, M.Tuffs, K.Schreiber, C.Langlade-Bomba, O.Andersen, H.Goehler, N.J.Simms, G.McColvin W.Smarsly, N.Zheng, C.S.Bushheim, C.Nindel, C.Silvestro, D.Sporer, M.Tuffs, K.Schreiber, C.Langlade-Bomba, O.Andersen, H.Goehler, N.J.Simms, G.McColvin  Advanced turbine seal materials and designs are under development to achieve higher temperature capability, extended lifetime and reliability than the state of the art technology. Cooling air consumption, inspection cycles interval and repair costs of aero engines have to be reduced. In the following, results of a program funded by the European Community under the "Competitive and Sustainable Growth"-Program, project number GRD-1999-10608 (acronym: "ADSEALS") are presented. The relevant properties of advanced high temperature seal materials, especially FeCrAl-alloys and ceramic abradables, as well as advanced seal structures, like thin walled honeycombs, gradient fiber and hollow sphere structures as well as gradient porous coatings have been evaluated. The material and structure combinations which meet the advanced requirements were tested and validated in order to develop the most capable innovative technology for advanced gas turbine seals. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 27-32 放電加工機用TiC0.5N0.5粒子-Si3N4導電・耐摩耗性複合材料 Electrically conductive and wear resistant Si3N4-based composites with TiC0.5N0.5 particles for electrical discharge machining Dongtao Jiang, Jef Vleugels, Omer Van der Biest, Weidong Liu, Raf Verheyen, Bert Lauwers  Dongtao Jiang, Jef Vleugels, Omer Van der Biest, Weidong Liu, Raf Verheyen, Bert Lauwers   Electrically conductive and wear resistant Si3N4-based composites were developed in order to facilitate electrical discharge machining (EDM). The microstructural and mechanical properties of Si3N4-based composites with different amounts of TiC0.5N0.5, fabricated by hot pressing at 1650 deg.C for 1 hour, are investigated and evaluated. The hardness of the micron-sized TiC0.5N0.5 powder based composites increased with increasing TiC0.5N0.5 content from 20 up to 40 vol. %, whereas the bending strength decreased. The fracture toughness reached a maximum at 30vol.% TiC0.5N0.5 and exhibits a strong anisotropy with respect to the hot-pressing direction. The EDM behavior of the composites is strongly influenced by the TiC0.5N0.5 content. The composites with a higher TiC0.5N0.5 content have a lower material removal rate but a better surface quality. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 33-38 アルミニウム基傾斜機能複合材料の摩耗機構：水溶液の影響 Wear Mechanisms in Functionally Graded Aluminium Matrix Composites: Effect of the Presence of an Aqueous Solution J.R.Gomes, A.R.Ribeiro, A.C.Vieira, A.S.Miranda, L.A.Rocha J.R.Gomes, A.R.Ribeiro, A.C.Vieira, A.S.Miranda, L.A.Rocha  Functionally graded aluminum matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles are attractive materials for a broad range of engineering applications whenever a superior combination of surface and bulk mechanical properties is required. In general, these materials are developed for the production of high wear resistant components. Also, often this kind of mechanical part operates in the presence of aggressive environments, such as marine atmospheres. In this work, aluminum composites with functionally graded properties, obtained by centrifugal cast, are characterized by reciprocating pin-on-plate sliding wear tests against nodular cast iron. Three different volume fractions of SiC reinforcing particles in each functionally graded material were considered. Sliding experiments were performed with and without the presence of a lubricant (3% NaCl aqueous solution). In the case of the lubricated tests, electrochemical parameters (corrosion potential) were monitored during sliding.Friction values were in the order of 0.42 for unlubricated conditions, but varied between 0.22 and 0.37 when the aqueous solution was present. For all test conditions, relatively high wear rates (over 1*10**-6 gm**-1) were obtained, particularly for the cast iron pin. The volume fraction of SiC particles exerted a net effect on the tribological response of the composites, although conditioned by the presence or absence of the aqueous solution. The worn surface morphology of the composites indicated that the presence of the aqueous solution modifies the protective action promoted by the combined effect of the presence of reinforcing particles as load bearing elements and the formation of adherent iron-rich tribolayers. The evolution of the corrosion potential during the sliding action is in accordance to the degradation mechanisms proposed for these systems. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 39-46 滑り反応フォーム焼結法（Slip Reaction Foam Sintering: SRFS)により作製された金属フォームの機能特性および構造特性評価 Functional and Structural Characteristics of Metallic Foams produced by the Slip Reaction Foam Sintering (SRFS) - Process S.Angel, W.Bleck, S.Harksen, P.F.Scholz S.Angel, W.Bleck, S.Harksen, P.F.Scholz  Highly porous open-cell materials on the base of various metals and alloys are of increasing interest as they combine structural and functional properties. There is a wide range of possible applications for such materials, e.g. as heat exchangers, filters or catalysts. A new and promising method to produce open-cell metallic foams on base of iron powder, low and high alloyed steel powders as well as nickel alloy powder is the Slip Reaction Foam Sintering (SRFS)- process. In comparison to other production processes of metallic foams, the SRFS- process provides several advantages: foaming at room temperature, allowing a very good process control by various parameters, foams of a great variety of metals are possible and a broad spectrum of properties is achievable. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 47-52 異なる微細構造を持つY-TZPの接触負荷強度の減衰への研削残留応力の影響 The effect of grinding residual stresses on contact loading strength degradation in Y-TZP with different microstructures Alberto Juy, Marc Anglada Alberto Juy, Marc Anglada  The influence of grinding surface stresses in Y-TZP doped with 2.5% molar yttrium on the contact loading response has been studied. It is shown that by grinding with different pressures compression residual stresses are induced in a surface layer of about 10 micrometer in depth. Their effect is manifested by shorter indentation cracks in ground specimens, but they recover the original lengths of annealed specimens after a surface thin layer is removed by polishing. The response to cyclic contact loading with a ball of 1.96 mm in diameter has been studied by looking to the damage that takes place below the indenter, as well as by measuring the flexure biaxial strength after 1, 10**3 and 10**5 cycles and for different load amplitudes. It is found that there is a threshold load, that is, a maximum contact load below which there is no degradation in the strength. This threshold is lower when transformability is higher and it depends on the number of contact cycles. But after a given large number of cycles, no further important additional degradation takes place. Under repeated contact loading in annealed specimens at loads for which a marked degradation in strength is detected, nucleation and growth of like-radial cracks is the main cause for the loss of strength, while for of ground specimens the extension of these defects is impeded by the compression surface residual stresses. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 53-58 衝撃荷重耐性の改善のための傾斜層の電気めっき Electrodeposition of gradient layers for improved impact load resistance Heidi Fauser, Christophe Poizat, Markus Grimm, Heiko Knoll, Winfried Schmitt, Renate Freudenberger Heidi Fauser, Christophe Poizat, Markus Grimm, Heiko Knoll, Winfried Schmitt, Renate Freudenberger  The aim of the research project described here is to increase the durability of components under cavitations erosion by electrodeposition of gradient layers. Parallel to the material development, a simulation tool is elaborated to determine the optimal gradient layers for improved load resistance. This helps in minimizing the number of prototype layer systems to be manufactured within the project. The initial experiments were executed with the nickel-phosphorus system, which is well-known for its favorable properties regarding hardness, corrosion resistance and tribology. Single and gradient layers are characterized and evaluated in view of the following properties: hardness, internal stresses, ductility, coefficient of friction, wear resistance, elastic modulus and tensile strength. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 59-62 6.5wt%Si-Fe合金の局部傾斜構造および延性への影響 Local graded structure in 6.5wt%Si-Fe Alloy and the Effect on Ductillity Qiang Shen, Ran Li, Lianmeng Zhang Qiang Shen, Ran Li, Lianmeng Zhang  The changes of phase composition and structure evolvement of Fe and Si powders with the ratio of 6.5wt%Si to 93.5wt%Fe were mainly studied. It is found that, the local graded structure, Fe-Fe(Si)-Fe3Si-(FeSi)-Si, forms due to the obvious diffusion and the alloying reaction between Fe and Si powders when sintering at 900-975 deg.C. The graded structure, in which the high silicon phase based on Fe-Si alloys is packed by the low silicon solution based on Fe, exhibits a graded concentration of Si distribution. And most of the Fe-containing phase remains a state of lower Si content, less than that of 3wt%Si-Fe alloy, thus provides the good deformation behavior of rolling and cutting for the compacts. Therefore, it is feasible for the high silicon iron sheets to be produced by the powder metallurgy method. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 63-68 燃焼合成および疑似静水圧プレス成形により作製した傾斜機能TiC基サーメット Functionally graded TiC-based cermets via combustion synthesis and quasi-isostatic pressing M.Martinez Pacheco, M.Stuivinga, E.P.Carton, L.Katgerman M.Martinez Pacheco, M.Stuivinga, E.P.Carton, L.Katgerman  Experimental results on the preparation of functionally graded TiC-based cermets obtained by combustion synthesis (also known as Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis, SHS) followed by quasi-isostatic (QIP) pressing in a granulate medium are presented. Pellets of TiC-Fe graded cermets are produced by stacking layers of Ti and C powder mixtures in which the content of a NiFe alloy (50 wt% Ni and 50 wt% Fe) is varied from 5 up to 25 vol%.X-ray diffraction showed that the NiFe alloy did not react with the TiC, thus preserving its special properties. Scanning electron microscopy results show a graded material with pores increasing in size towards the side with the highest ceramic fraction. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 69-74 Al2O3-ZrO2~Ni傾斜機能パイプの作製 Fabrication of Al2O3-ZrO2~Ni Functionally Graded Pipes H.Kobayashi H.Kobayashi  The fabrication of Al2O3-ZrO2~Ni Functionally Graded Pipes has been investigated by slurry coating and pressure less sintering process. Each slurry of Al2O3-ZrO2~Ni mixture and Ni was coated in order on the Al2O3-ZrO2 pipes formed by slip casting method with those slurries. The obtained laminar green pipes were 30 mm in diameter and approximately 90 mm in length. The laminar green pipes were sintered for 2 hours at 1430 deg.C in a vacuum. The structure of pipes fabricated by this method was optically and the graded distribution was examined by an EPMA analysis of Al and Ni. The pipes with 2 layers of Al2O3-ZrO2 and Ni had crevices in the bonding interface. Some functionally graded pipes with 3 layers were free from cracks and warps without porosity, and each interface had the complete bonding. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 77-84 新機能材料；フォトニックフラクタル A new functional material; photonic fractal Y.Miyanmoto, S.Kirihara, M.W.Takeda, K.Honda, K.Sakoda Y.Miyanmoto, S.Kirihara, M.W.Takeda, K.Honda, K.Sakoda  An entirely new functional material named photonic fractal has been developed. It can strongly localize electromagnetic waves in a dielectric fractal cube called Menger sponge without reflection and transmission. The wavelength and frequency of the localized mode can be predicted using a simple equation associated with the fractal geometry and the spatially averaged dielectric constant of the Menger sponge structure. A wide variety of applications to communication, information, energy, sensing, medical care, and other fields are considered. Design and fabrication of Menger sponge fractals with epoxy resin and ceramics, their electromagnetic wave responses, integration of photonic fractals as well as potential applications are reported. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 85-88 ソルボサーマル合成で作製されたナノITO粉末の合成 Synthesis of nano ITO powders prepared by solvothermal process Sung-Don Ahn, Sung-Churl Choi Sung-Don Ahn, Sung-Churl Choi  In order to provide higher driving forces for densification of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) sputtering targets, nano-sized ITO powders with uniform size distribution were prepared by solvothermal process.In this study, sintered bodies were densified by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process at 950 deg.C. The experiments conduct the SPS method in order to achieve the highest density of sputtering targets. The phase and relative density of ITO sputtering targets were identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Archimedes method, respectively. The surface microstructure and quantitative analysis of the targets were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ITO powders particle were measured by SEM, XRD-LB methods. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 89-94 Self-consistent法によるコアシェル型含有物の複合材に関する実効誘電率の評価 Effective permittivity of composite with core-shell type inclusions by self-consistent method Zhi-Jun Peng, Peng-Cheng Zhai, Qing-Jie Zhang Zhi-Jun Peng, Peng-Cheng Zhai, Qing-Jie Zhang  In the paper, firstly self-consistent model (SCM) is used for establishing the predicted formula which can predict the effective permittivity of the composite materials with core-shell type inclusions. Then the factors on the effective permittivity of this kind of composite are investigated on the base of this predicted formula. The researching results indicate the effective permittivity of composite depends on not only the volume fraction of inclusions, but also the permittivity of matrix and inclusions (core and shell). According to our works, the optimal design of composite with core-shell type inclusion must be done if we want to make this composite get better effect of absorbing wave. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 95-100 Yb**3+, Ho**3+:Y2O3ナノ結晶粉体の可視アップコンバージョン発光への赤外線 Infrated to visible upconversion luminescence in Yb3+, Ho3+:Y2O3 nanocrystalline powders Jian Zhang, Shiwei Wang, Liqiong An, Min Liu, Lidong Chen Jian Zhang, Shiwei Wang, Liqiong An, Min Liu, Lidong Chen  Yb3+, Ho3+ co-doped Y2O3 nanocrystalline powders were synthesized via a reverse-strike co-precipitation method using nitrates and ammonia as raw materials. The as-prepared powders are cubic Y2O3 after fired at 700 deg.C for 2h. Field emission scanning electronic microscopy revealed that most of the particles are nearly spherical and the average diameter of the particles is in the range of 60-80 nm. Under the excitation with a 980 nm continuous wave diode laser, two main emission bands, i.e., green emission centered at 549 nm and red emission centered at 666 nm is observed, respectively. The green emission is attributed to the transition of (5S2, 5F4-5I8) levels of Ho3+; while for the red emission, the transition of 5F5-5I8 levels is suggested. In addition, near infrared emission centered at 755 nm is also detected, corresponding to the transition of (5S2, 5F4-5I7) levels. The dependence of the intensity of upconversion emissions upon the pump power of the diode laser suggests that two-photon absorption mechanism be involved in these processes. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 101-108 ナノサイズ(Y,Gd)2O3:Eu粉末の共沈プロセスおよび強化X線励起発光 Co-precipitation Processing of Nanosized (Y, Gd)2O3:Eu Powder and Its Enhanced X-ray Exited Luminescence Ying Shi, Joyang Chen, Jianlin Shi Ying Shi, Joyang Chen, Jianlin Shi  Preparation of nanosized (Y, Gd)2O3:Eu powders by co-precipitation processing is reported. Phase transformation during calcinations was studied by means of DTA-TG FT-IR, SEM and XRD in detail. It was found that the morphologies and X-ray excited luminescence of (Y, Gd)2O3:Eu powders were greatly influenced by the precipitants used. The (Y, Gd)2O3:Eu powders resulted from the complex precipitants of NH3*H2O and NH4HCO3 possessed best microstructural features with grain size of about 30nm and specific surface area of 38m**2/g after being calcined at 850 deg.C for 2hr, showing a much finer grain and less agglomeration than those from other two precipitation processing. It was demonstrated that nanosized (Y, Gd)2O3:Eu powder from complex precipitant exhibited much higher luminescence intensity at 611nm under excitation of X-ray (70 Kev) which might be attributed to less degree of agglomeration among primary grains, decreasing the probability of non-radiation relaxation. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 109-114 Z5U多層コンデンサに用いられるBaTiO3基誘電セラミック Ferroelectric Ceramics Related to BaTiO3 for Z5U Multilayer Capacitors  Laldja Taibi Benziada Laldja Taibi Benziada  Several pellets of general formula Ba1-xMx(Ti1-xLix)O3-3xF3x were prepared from BaTiO3, MF (M = Ca, Sr, Ba or Pb) and LiF powders then sintered by the conventional solid state route at 900 or 1000 deg.C for 1, 2 or 4 hours. X-ray powder diffraction patterns were collected at room temperature and SEM observations were carried out. Dielectric measurements were performed between 150 and 450 K in the frequency range 50Hz-40MHz. All the ceramics exhibit a very broad ferroelectric desplacive phase transition in the temperature range 255K <= Tc <= 328K. The er-T curves and the values of tan(delta) are compatible with the Z5U class of capacitors. Furthermore, a Debye dielectric relaxation occurs in these oxifluorids in the frequency range 4Mhz <= fr <= 38.5Mhz. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 115-120 ラングミュアーブロジェット法で積層した非線形有機フィルムの分子組織 Molecular Organization of Nonlinear Organic Films Laminated by Langmuir-Blodgett Method Saburo Uchida, Vijay T. Chitnis, Hideo Furuhashi, Toshio Yoshikawa, Akinori Maeda, Goro Sawa, Kenzo Kojima, Asao Ohashi, Shizuyasu Ochiai, Yoshiyuki Uchida, Masaru Hori and Akihiro Kono Saburo Uchida, Vijay T. Chitnis, Hideo Furuhashi, Toshio Yoshikawa, Akinori Maeda, Goro Sawa, Kenzo Kojima, Asao Ohashi, Shizuyasu Ochiai, Yoshiyuki Uchida, Masaru Hori and Akihiro Kono  In the 21st century, the optical computation is likely to be the basic technology for processing lots of information at high speed. The aim of the present research work is to develop optical logic gates or memory chips. For this purpose, we have examined the suitability of organic nonlinear optical dye material Vanadyl-phthalocyanine (VOPc). Large single crystals of this material have been fabricated by using Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) technique. The epitaxial films were formed on the substrate under optimum operating conditions. However, the epitaxial growth is observed only up to a limited thickness. Above this thickness, the films become non-epitaxial, which can be improved by annealing. The reformation of the epitaxial films has been confirmed. We have also reported the effects of the environment of high temperature on the multilayered tetra-tert-bultyl-Vanadyl-phthalocyanine ((t-bu)4VOPc) films, formed by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method. The solvent used to dissolve ((t-bu)4VOPc) was 1,2-dichloroethane. The monolayer on the surface of the water was transferred to a glass substrate by the vertical dipping method. If the multilayered stack is too thick, the molecular arrangement of the film may get disturbed. The improvement in the molecular arrangement of the LB films was examined and confirmed by measuring it's nonlinear optical susceptibility, using Maker Fringe Method. Monolayer formation is not perfect, multiplayer stacks cannot be formed. The molecular area of surface pressure-area isotherm. The molecular organization of the monolayer on the substrate and the molecular structure and the molecular structure of the multilayered ((t-bu)4VOPc) films are discussed. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 123-128 偏析および含浸により作製されたCu-W傾斜機能材料の特性 Properties of Cu-W functionally graded materials produced by segregation and infiltration D.Jankovic Ilic, J.Fiscina, C.J.R.Gonzalez-Oliver, F.Mucklich D.Jankovic Ilic, J.Fiscina, C.J.R.Gonzalez-Oliver, F.Mucklich  The Cu/W functionally graded material (FGM) was produced by vibration of W agglomerates in order to obtain the W Skelton with a gradient in porosity, which after pressure less sintering was infiltrated with molten Cu. Certain sintering mechanisms are suggested for these complex W structures. The segregation of two different sizes of W agglomerates was controlled by vibration time. Different vibration duration resulted in different types of microstructure: Skelton type microstructure after shorter vibration time and graded type microstructure after extended vibration times. The final Cu-infiltrated FGMs were characterized microstructurally and their electrical resistively (rou) was measured using the 4-probe technique. The values of rou were in between those for pure W and Cu, depending strongly on the vibration times of the initial W agglomerates, and exhibiting particular rou vs. T (K) behavior. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 129-134 スピネル基(LiMn2O4, Li4Ti5O12)箔複合電極の構造および機械的強度に対する動的圧縮の影響 Influence of dynamic compaction on structure and mechanical strength of composite spinel-based (LiMn2O4, Li4Ti5O12) foil electrodes V.V.Ivanov, E.M.Kelder, J.Schoonman, A.V.Nikonov, N.M.Pivkin, A.S.Kaigorodov, O.F.Ivanova, A.I.Medvedev V.V.Ivanov, E.M.Kelder, J.Schoonman, A.V.Nikonov, N.M.Pivkin, A.S.Kaigorodov, O.F.Ivanova, A.I.Medvedev  Magnetic pulsed compaction method has been applied to compact the spinel-based (LiMn2O4, Li4Ti5O12) foil electrodes. The compressibility of the spinel nanopowders (LiMn2O4 and Li4Ti5O12) with combined additive of graphite, carbon black and polyvinyl difluoride has been studied. The structures of the spinel materials under action of pulsed pressures up to 1.6 GPa have been investigated with X-ray and AFM. It was found that pulsed compaction diminishes the adhesion strength of electrode coatings with Al foil. But the annealing of the coatings at temperatures up to 220 deg.C after pulsed compaction leads to the partial restoration of adhesion strength. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 135-140 熱電傾斜ナノ材料に関する最近の開発 Recent development in nano and graded thermoelectric materials Qing-Jie Zhang, Xin-Feng Tang, Peng-Cheng Zhai, Masayuki Niino, Cyoji Endo Qing-Jie Zhang, Xin-Feng Tang, Peng-Cheng Zhai, Masayuki Niino, Cyoji Endo  In 2003, a joint research project entitled "Nano and graded thermoelectric materials/Photovoltaic-thermoelectric-wind power generation" is established in cooperation among research institutes from Japan and China. The major research institutes include State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing (Wuhan University of Technology, China), Shanghai Institute of Ceramics (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China), State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing (Tsinghua University, China), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA, Japan) and Foundation for Promotion of Japanese Aerospace Technology (JAST, Japan). The main aim of this project is to develop a photovoltaic-thermoelectric-wind power generation system with high efficiency solar energy conversion. The key works of the project include: (1) fabrication of high efficiency nano thermoelectric materials with a maximum figure of merit Z>= 1.3; (2) design and fabrication of nano graded thermoelectric material/component with efficiency conversion larger than 12% for wide temperature range and (3) design and construction of photovoltaic- thermoelectric coupled power generation system. The recent progress about the joint research project is reported in this paper. Emphasis is put on the mechanism, design and fabrication of high efficiency nano graded thermoelectric materials. The future research plan is also mentioned in brief. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 141-144 ポリ(3-アルキルチオフェン）の熱電特性 Thermoelectric properties of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) Y.Shinohara, K.Ohara, H.Nakanishi, Y.Imai, Y.Isoda Y.Shinohara, K.Ohara, H.Nakanishi, Y.Imai, Y.Isoda  Typical conductive polymers of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) were synthesized by oxidative polymerization. Alkyl side chains were CnH2n+1 with n=4, 6, 8, 12. The regioregularity with the HT linkage was larger than 99% based on NMR analysis. Completely regioregular head-to-tail (HT) poly(3-alkylthiophenes) were obtained. We have evaluated the effect of side chain size on the thermoelectric properties of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. The results were as follows: 1) Seebeck coefficient decreased with an increasing electrical conductivity. 2) High Seebeck coefficient >1mV/K was observed at low sigma<10**-2S/cm. 3) The smaller side chain caused the higher electrical conductivity in the range of electrical conductivity <10**-1S/cm. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 145-150 連続キャリア濃度傾斜PbTeの電力評価 Power Evaluation of PbTe with Continuous Carrier Concentration Gradient  Y.Imai, P.Zhu, Y.Isoda, Y.Shinohara Y.Imai, P.Zhu, Y.Isoda, Y.Shinohara  In this paper, we reported that lead telluride (PbTe) with continuous carrier concentration gradient, in which PbI2, Al and Zr were doped, were successfully fabricated by the unidirectional solidification method. The carrier concentration was optimized by adjusting the relation between the dopants and the carrier concentration gradient. The carrier concentration for the ingots was estimated from the resistance results which were measured by the one-probe method. The result shows that the carrier concentration was large at the initiation side and small at termination side of the solidified ingots. The degree of the carrier concentration gradient can be controlled by the holding time at a liquid state and the cooling rate from the liquid state. The carrier concentration gradient can be largely affected by the Al-dopant. The samples 0.07mol%PbI2-0.05mol%Zr-0.07mol%Al-PbTe, which were made from a liquid phase at 1200K held for 1h and cooled at 98K/h, showed a carrier concentration gradient ranging from 2*10**24 to 1.5*10**25 /m**3. The effective maximum power for this continuous FGM is 20% larger than that of joined FGM.  English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 151-156 傾斜構造の熱電冷却システムの開発 Development of thermoelectric cooking device with graded structure Hitoshi Kohri, Ichiro Shiota Hitoshi Kohri, Ichiro Shiota  Every thermoelectric material shows high performance at a specific narrow temperature range. The temperature range with high performance can be expanded by joining the materials with different peak temperature. This is the concept of a functionally graded material (FGM) for thermoelectric materials. Bismuth telluride is the best material for cooling devices at around room temperature. Then we investigated the thermoelectric cooling properties for bismuth telluride with two step graded structure. FGM samples were fabricated by three methods. The first FGM was synthesized by in situ method. The second one was fabricated by joining in a hot-press equipment. The last one was composed by joining with solder. Thermoelectric cooling properties were evaluated by observing the maximum temperature drop to electric current when the high temperature side was kept constant. The large temperature difference was obtained when the proper configuration of thermoelectric materials along the temperature gradient were performed. The coincidence of optimum electrical currents of composing materials is also essential to obtain the high cooling performance. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 157-162 薄膜Liポリマー電池の多機能応用 Multifunctional applications of thin film Li Polymer battery cells Muhammad A.Qidwai, Jared N.Baucom, James P.Thomas, David M.Horner Muhammad A.Qidwai, Jared N.Baucom, James P.Thomas, David M.Horner  Commercial off-the-shelf (COST) thin-film solid-polymer Li-ion battery cells appear to posses the requisite physical characteristics for dual use as both electrical energy-storage devices and structural members under a finite load. One realistic application could be small electric unmanned vehicles where the power requirements are in the range of 10 to 100 watts and the mechanical loads are relatively small. We tested the multifunctional feasibility of COST battery cells by designing a specific mechanical testing protocol based on realistic use in unmanned vehicles. Our characterization protocol included randomized bending and shear testing and generation of energy-power relation (Ragone) plots of the COST cells. The results indicate that multifunction applications of COST Li polymer battery cells are feasible; however, battery packaging geometry and bonding are critical design issues. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 163-168 宇宙太陽光発電システム(SSPS)におけるFGM技術の実現可能性の検討 Feasibility study of FGM technology in space solar power systems (SSPS) Masayuki Niino, Katsuto Kisara, Masahiro Mori Masayuki Niino, Katsuto Kisara, Masahiro Mori  In this paper, we introduce research and development in SSPS (aimed at global energy supply) in Japan. To build SSPS, we must develop ultra lightweight materials and high efficiency energy conversion materials. Feasibility of adapting FGM concept for those new demands and advanced research theme for future FGM research are also introduced in this paper. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 171-176 細胞担体への応用のための構造化TiO2表面の作製 Manufacturing of Structured TiO2-Surfaces for cell carrier application Julia Will, Ilka Gilbert, Rainer Dittmann, Havard Haugen, Susanne Schnell-Witteczek, Erich Wintermantel Julia Will, Ilka Gilbert, Rainer Dittmann, Havard Haugen, Susanne Schnell-Witteczek, Erich Wintermantel  Titania Surfaces were produced via a combined tape and slurry casting process. They were structured in the mm-micrometer range using structuring the gypsum, embossing the green ceramic, and lasering the sintered ceramic. The resulting structures were analyzed upon surface roughness and optically characterized by SEM. The ra values lay between 19-28 micrometer. Fibroblasts were seeded onto these structures, incubated for one and three days, and the number of cells was compared using polystyrol Petri-dishes and borosilicate glass cover slips as references. It was demonstrated that the structure of the ceramic had an influence on the cell behavior: larger cell numbers could be observed for the structured ceramics. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 177-182 アルミナ／ジルコニア傾斜セラミックの亀裂伝播への熱残留応力場の影響 Effects of the thermal residual stress field on the crack propagation in graded Alumina/Zirconia ceramics P.Vena, D.Gastaldi, R.Contro P.Vena, D.Gastaldi, R.Contro  A numerical approach to study the crack propagation in symmetric step-wise graded Alumina/Zirconia composites subjected to a residual stress field is presented in this work. The finite element method is used to calculate the stress field is presented in this work. The finite element method is used to calculate the stress intensity factor for cracks developing from the surface and to determine the effects of the thermal residual stress. The results show that a suitably conceived stacking sequence induces in the laminate a residual stress field able to provide increased toughness and reliability of the structure by making the crack propagation stable below a given threshold stress. Moreover a lower bound on stress, below which no crack propagation occurs, can be identified. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 183-188 歯科用レジン基接着材料の構造 Structure of dental resin-based adhesive materials L.Fano, V.Fano, W.Y.Ma, X.G.Wang L.Fano, V.Fano, W.Y.Ma, X.G.Wang  This study aimed to show that the polymerization contraction of dental light cured resin-based materials, which it was used as adhesives on hard substrate, produces voids at the material/substrate interface. Two liner/base systems, one glass-monomer, one restorative composite resins and two composers were cured using mirror-like glass slide as a compliance-free reference substrate. The adhesive surface was analyzed by atomic force microscopy, and the polymerization contraction of bulk material was tested by laser beam scanning method. Nanoperiodic structure of 3D images, section analysis and roughness characteristics (Ra and Rz) indicated that polymerization contraction produced voids at the interface. In visible light-cured (VLC) materials, the interface porosity decreased when an irradiation pause was carried out during gelation. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 189-194 電気化学的インピーダンス分光法による多層Ti/ガラスセラミック界面の腐食耐性の評価 Evaluation of corrosion resistance of multi-layered Ti/glass-ceramic interfaces by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy E.Ariza, L.A.Rocha E.Ariza, L.A.Rocha  Practical applications of metal/ceramic joints can be found in the biomedical field regarding the encapsulation of implantable telemetric devices, the fabrication of crowns and bridges for dental restoration, or in the production of drug delivery systems, biomedical sensors and electrodes. Most of metal/ceramic joints are produced by the active metal brazing technique, which originates a multi-layered interface which should be able of accommodating the abrupt electronic, crystallographic, chemical, mechanical and thermo-mechanical discontinuity that characterize these systems. Additionally, when considering biomedical applications, corrosion resistance becomes of prime importance.In this work, the corrosion resistance of Ti/grass-ceramic interfaces obtained by active metal brazing was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. The electrochemical behavior of the interface was monitored, as a function of time, in a simulated physiological solution at room temperature. In order to evaluate the contribution of each layer and galvanic interactions between them, to the degradation mechanism of the interface, individual samples, representative of reaction layers present at the interface, were fabricated and electrochemically tested.Results show that the corrosion behavior, of the whole interface was strongly influenced by the chemical composition of its constitutive layers. Thus, layers containing high contents of both titanium and silver showed a polarization resistance increase with the immersion time, as a result of the formation of a thermodynamically stable passive film. On the other hand, the copper rich layer, appears to be the main responsible for the interface degradation. In fact, for high immersion times, an instable passive film is formed and, as a consequence, large amounts of copper are released. Galvanic interactions between the copper and the silver rich layers where also identified. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 195-200 多機能材料(MFM)の開発：生体吸収薬剤放出型硬組織固定ねじ Development of multifunctional materials (MFM): bioabsorbable drug-releasing hard tissue fixation screws N.Ashammakhi, M.Veiranto, Sanna-Mari-Niemela, J.Tiainen, S.Leinonen, E.Suokas, P.Tormala N.Ashammakhi, M.Veiranto, Sanna-Mari-Niemela, J.Tiainen, S.Leinonen, E.Suokas, P.Tormala  To develop a successful bone fixation device that can also release therapeutic agents such as antibiotics one has to consider mechanical, drug release, and biocompatibility properties. We have used bioabsorbable polymers (PLGA 80/20 or PLDLA 70/30) as the matrix and ciprofloxacin (CF) as antibiotic to develop such an implant. Initial shear strengths of the studied ciprofloxacin-releasing screws were 152 MPa (P(L/DL)LA) and 172 MPa (PLGA). Studied screws retained their mechanical properties for least 12 weeks (P(L/DL)LA) and 9 weeks (PLGA) in vitro at the level that ensures their fixation properties. Pullout tests indicated that the early version of screws have lower values as compared to controls. CF was found to be released after 44 weeks (P(L/DL)LA) and 23 weeks (PLGA) in vitro. It remained in the range of 0.06-8.7 micro g/ml/day for (P(L/DL)LA)and 0.6-11.6 micro g/ml/day for (PLGA) after the jump start. Release CF was demonstrated to significantly inhibit S. epidermises growth, attachment and biofilm formation different than controls. Histology showed no difference from plain polymer screws, except for increased giant cells at the implantation site. Accordingly, SR-P(L/DL)LA and SR-PLGA MF implants were considered appropriate to proceed to pilot clinical application. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 201-206 傾斜機能アルミナ／ジルコニアセラミックの中性子回折 Neutron diffraction studies of Functionally Graded Alumina/Zirconia ceramics P.Lukas, M.Vrana, J.Saroun, V.Ryukhtin, J.Vleugels, G.Anne, O.Van der Biest, M.Gasik P.Lukas, M.Vrana, J.Saroun, V.Ryukhtin, J.Vleugels, G.Anne, O.Van der Biest, M.Gasik  New functionally graded Al2O3/Y-ZrO2 ceramics are developed as a new material for production of hip prosthesis, especially all-ceramic hip bearings. The used concept of graded ceramics is expected to provide better long-term performance based on improved mechanical properties and lower clinical risks. Mechanical properties are strongly dependent on the distribution of residual stresses resulting mainly from phase specific stresses after cooling from the sintering temperature. However, these stresses could be optimized by an appropriate selection of a concentration profile of constituent phases. The non-destructive neutron diffraction mapping of residual stresses has been used to investigate this problem experimentally. In addition, the small-angle neutron scattering technique was applied to study the porosity in the ceramics as function of the production parameters. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 207-212 段階的傾斜Al2O3-Al2O3/ZrO2コンポジットの密度化 Densification of Step-Graded Al2O3-Al2O3/ZrO2 Composites S.Novak, S.Beranic S.Novak, S.Beranic  The preparation of functionally graded materials requires specially adapted shaping techniques and special attention need to be paid to changes in the amount of shrinkage through the cross-section of the graded material during sintering, to avoid high residual stresses leading to crack formation. In this work we report on the results of investigations of FGMs of Al2O3, ZrO2 and ZTA and their densification as a function of the starting suspensions' properties (alumina/zirconia ratio, solids content and dispersion state), with the aim of compensating for the different amount of sintering shrinkage of the outer and inner materials in step-graded Al2O3-ZTA composites. The sintering studies revealed that the green density and hence the densification of the slip-cast ceramic parts are almost independent on the solids content, while significant effect was observed for dispersion state of the suspensions. Hence, different amounts of total sintering shrinkage in step-graded Al2O3-ZTA may be achieved by modification of the zeta-potential by adjusting the pH of well-dispersed suspensions. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 213-218 傾斜機能生体材料に用いられる新しいニアネットシェイピング法としての電気泳動積層 Electrophoretic deposition as a novel near net shaping technique for functionally graded biomaterials Guy Anne, Kim Vanmeensel, Jef Vleugels, Omer Van der Biest Guy Anne, Kim Vanmeensel, Jef Vleugels, Omer Van der Biest  Complex shaped functionally graded alumina and zirconia based femoral ball-heads for biomedical applications were shaped by electrophoretic deposition (EDP). A composition gradient in alumina and zirconia was engineered to obtain a pure alumina surface region and a homogeneous alumina/zirconia core with intermediate continuously graded regions to generate appropriate thermal residual stresses after sintering. The gradient profiles were designed to obtain maximum compressive surface stresses and minimal tensile stresses in the core of the component to increase the strength and wear properties when compared to pure alumina components. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 219-224 分解性および多機能性形状記憶ポリマー生体材料 Degradable, Multifunctional Polymeric Biomaterials with Shape-memory Andreas Lendlein, Steffen Kelch Andreas Lendlein, Steffen Kelch  none English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 225-228 チタン表面のマイクロアーク窒化 Micro-arc Nitriding of Titanium Surface Kiyotaka Matsuura, Hiroshi Arita, Tatsuya Ohmi, Masayuki Kudoh, Yoshinari Miyamoto Kiyotaka Matsuura, Hiroshi Arita, Tatsuya Ohmi, Masayuki Kudoh, Yoshinari Miyamoto  When a surface of a titanium disk was melted in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen using a 3D Micro Welder which was designed by the present authors, the surface was nitrided to a depth of 90 to 260 micrometer depending on the arc current of 6 to 24 A. The concentration of nitrogen in the nitrided layer was approximately 50 mol% at the surface, and the concentration decreased as the distance from the surface increased. A TiN layer was formed at the surface, and beneath the TiN layer, a dual phase layer of TiN and alpha-Ti was formed. Vickers hardness was approximately 1800 in the TiN layer and it varied from 900 to 200 in the dual phase layer as the distance from the surface increased. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 229-234 生体医学への適用のためのTi6Al4VへのFGMガラスコーティングの微細構造評価および応力腐食割れ挙動 Micro-Structural Characterization and Stress-corrosion Cracking Behavior of a FGM Glass-based Coating on Ti6Al4V for Biomedical Applications J.Pavon, M.Caillate, E.Jimenez-Pique, M.Anglada, S.Lopez-Esteban, E.Saiz, A.P.Tomsia J.Pavon, M.Caillate, E.Jimenez-Pique, M.Anglada, S.Lopez-Esteban, E.Saiz, A.P.Tomsia  Microstructural and stress-corrosion cracking characterization of two glass-based coating on Ti6Al4V with different SiO2 content (61% and 64% of SiO2) have been investigated in this work. These coatings belong to the SiO2-CaO-MgO-Na2O-K2O-P2O5 system and were obtained using a simple enameling technique. They will be used as the first layer of the bioactive FGM coating. Microstructural characterization performed in the coatings by SEM shows the separation of the sintered glass particles after acid etching. The XRD integration method shows the percentage of the crystalline phase (2.4CaO*0.6Na2O*P2O5) due to the partial devitrification is between 3-16 % vol. Mechanical characterization was made using Vickers and Hertzian indentation. Both coatings were sensitive to Vickers indentation subcritical crack growth with longer crack lengths for the smaller SiO2 content. This coating was also more sensitive to stress-corrosion "ring" cracking by Hertzian indentation. These two results are related with the larger residual stresses due to the thermal expansion mismatch. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 235-240 ドロマイトから作製された透輝石の焼結法 A Process for sintering of Diopside Prepared from Dolomite S.Zouai, F.Mezahi, S.Achour, A.Harabi S.Zouai, F.Mezahi, S.Achour, A.Harabi  Diopside CaMgSi2O6 is an attractive material because of its multi applications. It was prepared by sintering the mixture at different temperatures (900 deg.C-1300 deg.C). Starting materials were pure SiO2 and dolomite raw materials. In order to improve the properties of sintered samples, such as the density egg white (ovalbumin) has been added into diopside.Furthermore, the effect of P2O5 addition on the sintering of the prepared diopside in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 wt% was studied as a function of the sintering temperature. A density of 96.5% of theoretical has been achieved when 5.0 wt% P2O5 was added at a sintering temperature of 1225 deg.C, whereas the density of diopside samples, without P2O5 addition was lower than 83.0% of theoretical. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 241-246 ヒドロキシアパタイトの焼結への安定化ZrO2, Al2O3およびTiO2の影響 Effect of Stabilised ZrO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 on Sintering of Hydroxyapatite F.Mezahi, A.Harabi, S.Zouai, S.Achour, D.Bernache-Assollant F.Mezahi, A.Harabi, S.Zouai, S.Achour, D.Bernache-Assollant  In this work, by hydroxyapatite was prepared from cortical bone after calcinations at 700deg.C during 1 hour. In order to improve mechanical properties of HA, 5 wt% of the ZrO2 (stabilized with 12.0 wt% CeO2), Al2O3 and TiO2 were added to HA powder as a reinforcing phase. All the powders were sintered at 1300deg.C for 2 hours. The XRD was utilized to identify the phase composition. It was found that the initial calcined powder is hydroxyapatite with the following chemical composition Ca5(PO4)3OH. In addition, the phenolphthalein test has put into evidence the existence of free CaO. For powders containing ZrO2, the XRD spectra showed a little percent of formed beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP); the HA was decomposed to (beta-TCP) and CaO which forms with ZrO2 the calcium zirconate (CaZrO3). Nevertheless, in powders containing TiO2, the XRD spectra showed that a partial decomposition of HA to beta-TCP was occurred with formation of calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3). However, for powders containing Al2O3, a nearly full decomposition of HA to beta-TCP was occurred, the free Al2O3 was presented. Finally, it has been found that HA composites containing a small amount of beta-TCP and they were not well densified. The microhardness values of HA-ZrO2 composites were greater than those of HA-Al2O3 and HA-TiO2 composites. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 249-254 多機能NOx-触媒およびセンサーの開発 Development of Multifunctional NOx-Catalysts and -Sensors Bilge Saruhan, Mathias Stranzenbach Bilge Saruhan, Mathias Stranzenbach  High temperature lean burners in combustion system are one of the most effective approaches for the improvement of the energy efficiency in gas turbine engines. However, such systems are prone to produce toxic gases causing acid rain and greenhouse effect leading to air pollution. It is the future policy of European Union to achieve efficient and environment-friendly energy generation by targeting low to zero emission in power plant technology and aircraft traffic. Stringent legislation concerning such emissions for vehicles are already underway and is expected to be released for turbine engines, especially for those located in or near urban areas.Catalytically stabilized combustion is an attractive technique because it offers the potential of ultra-low NOx emissions (<3 ppm), improved flame stability and fewer pulsations. Possible positions to situate the catalytic converters in aircraft engines are hot areas such as within combustion chamber and at hot-gas outlets behind the chamber, requiring high-temperature stability of materials.The catalytic system consists of ceramic layers with unique microstructures fulfilling the needs of being smart but low cost. For removal of CO, NOx and HCs, complex oxides are used such as nano-composites of CexZr1-xO2-y with a higher effective surface which yield much better catalytic activity. Another group of materials which delivers preliminary promising results in terms of NO reduction is the Hex aluminates. Mn-substituted La-Hex aluminates with their magnetoplumbite crystal structure having large amount of interstitial oxidation sites and oxygen vacancies provide catalytic combustion by reducing NOx effectively during propulsion. In another approach, nano-sized noble metal particles embedded in ceramic matrices allow an effective fuel-rich catalytic combustion. This paper evaluates the catalytic materials and defines their use and advantages.Lean premixed combustion is considered for both stationary and mobile gas turbines and engines. It is very attractive in terms of increased engine efficiency but poses higher NOx-emission and some practical problems. Since such engines operate near the lean stability limit, under these conditions, incidents such as flame out, flame instability or pressure waves induced flashback may occur. Thus, it is crucial that combustion is controlled by sensors to monitor the process, operate the flame in a safe range and detect rapidly the occurrence of combustion instabilities. The sensor shall take a two-fold task and control the combustion and regenerate the catalyst. The principles for sensing techniques and requirements for sensor materials for each application area are specified.  English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 255-260 MEMS適用への傾斜機能高分子SiGe層の利用 The Use of Functionally Graded Poly-SiGe Layers for MEMS Applications A.Witvrouw, A.Mehta A.Witvrouw, A.Mehta  It is difficult to meet all the different material and economical requirements posed to a MEMS structural layer that can be integrated with the electronics on the same substrate using a single layer process. Therefore a multilayer process, which uses a combination of a CVD crystallization layer and a high-growth rate PECVD bulk layer was developed. High-quality films with excellent electrical and mechanical properties can be obtained at low temperature (<=450 deg.C) and high deposition rates (~100 nm/min). Fine-tuning of the stress gradient is accomplished by the use of a top stress gradient profile over thickness. These layers have been used for processing a 10-micrometer thick poly-SiGe gyroscope on top of a standard 0.35-micrometer CMOS process. English Functionally Graded Materials VIII (FGM 2004) Functionally Graded Materials VIII(FGM 2004) 28 2004-07-14 261-266 圧電材料および薄型電極間の界面亀裂の先端付近のフルフォーム Full form of the near tip field for the interface crack between a piezoelectric material and a thin electrode Christoph Hausler, Herbert Balke Christoph Hausler, Herbert Balke  The Hilbert problems and their solutions of the near tip field for the permeable and the impermeable electrode-ceramic interfacial cracks are derived with the aid of the modified Stroh formalism. In addition, a linear extrapolation method for numerical calculation of field intensity factors is given. This extrapolation method is based on a special combination of the field quantities. English