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National Institute for Materials Science

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[Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999 ](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/e962dd82-1280-4486-9a09-f9bc10855c00)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 1-5 分光エリプソメトリによる軟鋼のプラズマ浸炭過程の研究 Study of Plasma Carburizing Process in Mild Steel by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry ○森谷明弘1)、山田高寛1)、野田泰稔1)、北村寿宏1)、片山裕之1)、金山信幸2)1)島根大学、2)島根県立工業技術センター A.Moritani1), T.Yamada1), Y.Noda1), T.Kitamura1) H.Katayama1) and N.Kanayama2)1)Shimane University 2)Institute of Industrial Science & Technology, Shimane Prefecture  Plasma carburizing process in a mild steel containing 0.15%C, 0.65%Mn and 0.18%Si has been studied by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. The plasma caburizing was carried out in the dc glow discharge of 100% methane at 930 deg.C. In the heating process up to the carburizing temperature, a surface reconstruction from as-polished surface layer to polycrystalline and the alpha-to-gamma phase transformation have been observed in the ellipsometric measurement. Time-dependent carbon content and deposition of graphite at the surface was found from the spectral change in the optical constants arising from the plasma carburizing at 930 deg.C. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 6-8 高重力を利用する分子傾斜化～Si-Ti傾斜ガラス作製への応用および展開～ Formation of molecular-scale graded structure using high-gravity field -Preparation of SiO2-TiO2 graded glass- ○西村理香1)、松崎晋2)、西原正通1)、伊原博隆1)、真下茂3)1)熊本大学　自然科学研究科、2)熊本大学　理学部、3)熊本大学　衝撃・極限環境研究センター R. Nishimura1), S. Matsuzaki2), M. Nishihara1), H. Ihara1), T. Mashimo3)1) Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan 2) Faculty of Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan 3) Shock wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan  The purpose of this study is to prepare the multi-component graded functional oxide glass in molecular scale by means of ultracentrifuge treatment and sol-gel process. We added the ultracentrifuge treatment during the sol-gel transformation to realize the sedimentation of colloidal particles in liquid. As a result, the SiO2-TiO2 glasses with the graded concentration distributions of Ti and Si were prepared. The appropriate conditions for formation of the graded structure are discussed in this paper. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 9-13 部分遮蔽マスク回転基板蒸着法による面内組成傾斜薄膜作成法の提案 Partially masked rotary substrate method to make an in-plane constituent graded thin film 岡本庸一、稲井博志、河原敏男、寺本純防衛大学校　材料物性工学239-8686神奈川県横浜市走水1-10-20 Y.Okamoto,H.Inai,T.Kawahara and J. MorimotoNational Defense Academy, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering1-10-20 Hashirimizu,Yokosuka,Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan  We propose the fabrication method of the in-plane constituent graded thin film. The mask which shades evaporation beam partially and rotating substrate is used in this method. The in-plane constituent graded thin film is fabieated by alternative deposition with partially shade mask and without the mask. From the constituent analysis of the fabricated thin film, it is obvious that the constituent changes continuously with position as intended. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 14-19 屈折率傾斜化による高性能薄膜光学フィルタの設計および作製 Design and Preparation of High Performance Optical Filter with Graded Refractive Index Profiles ○王　新栄1)、増本　博1)、染野義博2)、陳　立東1)、平井敏雄1)1)東北大学金属材料研究所  980-8577仙台市青葉区片平2-1-1;　2)アルプス電気株式会社   981-1595宮城県角田市角田字西田６－１ Xinrong Wang1), Hiroshi Masumoto1), Yoshihiro Someno2), Chen Lidong1) and Toshio Hirai1)1) Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan. 2) Mechatronic Devices Division 1, ALPS Electric Co. Ltd., 6-1 Aza Nishida Kakuda, Kakuda-Shi, Miyagi-Ken, 981-1595, Japan.  In this work, a novel bandpass filter was designed by inducing the graded refractive index profiles into the structure of optical filter. Designed bandpass filter is constructed of the parts with graded refractive index and the part of three-cavity stacks. It exhibits good optical characteristics, i.e. high transmittance (over 99%) at the designated wavelength of 1550+ - 25 nm and high reflectance (over 99%) at wavelength regions of 1400+ - 50 nm and 1780+ - 100 nm. A designed 33-layer TiO2-SiO2 film with graded refractive index profiles was prepared by helicon plasma sputtering. The measured transmittance spectrum exhibits a good agreement with the design, while the transmittance of pass band at 1550+ - 20 nm is about 83% lower than the designed value. The microstructure of multilayer film was investigated using electron microscope. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 20-24 遺伝的アルゴリズムによる屈折率傾斜型光フィルタの設計 Design of Step Index type Optical Filter using Genetic Algorithm ○菊池俊宏1)、染野義博1)、水関博志2)、川添良幸2)、平井敏雄2)1)アルプス電気(株)、2)東北大学　金属材料研究所 T.Kikuchi 1), Y.Someno 1), H.Mizuseki 2), Y.Kawazoe 2), T.Hirai 2)1) ALPS Electric Co., Ltd. 2) Institute of Materials Research, Tohoku University  We propose a modified genetic algorithm (GA) for design of optical multilayer filter, which has stepped index profile. In this algorithm, reproduced chromosomes have a small mutant gene. Design of half mirror was performed in 5 layer to compare the efficiency of the conventional GA against the proposal GA. Stepped index grated filter design, which had better fitness, was obtained faster than conventional GA. Finally satisfied performance was obtained in 15 layer filter. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 25-30 Al2O3/Cu 傾斜機能材料の新しい製作方法 A new manufacturing process for Al2O3/Cu FGMs A. Neubrand1、川崎亮２1 Darmstadt University of Technology, Department of Materials Science Petersenstr. 23 , 64287 Darmstadt, Germany ２東北大学工学部材料加工学科　980-8579　仙台市 A. Neubrand 1 and A. Kawasaki 21 Darmstadt University of Technology, Department of Materials Science Petersenstr. 23 , 64287 Darmstadt, Germany 2 Tohoku University, Department of Materials Processing Sendai, 980-8579, Japan  A new manufacturing process for graded ceramic/metal composites based on the replication of graded foam structures is described. The process relies on the inhomogeneous compaction of polyurethane soft foams at elevated temperature. The resulting open-celled foams with a porosity gradient have been converted to alumina with a porosity gradient by infiltration with alumina slip, foam burnout and sintering. Infiltration of the porosity graded alumina with Cu yields a Cu/Al2O3 FGM. It was demonstrated that FGMs with a variety of transition functions and full density can be produced with this method. The FGMs possess an interpenetrating network microstructure which reflects very precisely the structure of the polymer foam. Thus, the FGM microstructure can be controlled by selecting a polymer foam with the desired microstructure. The process is expected to be suitable for the production of a variety of ceramic/metal FGMs from components with different melting points. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 31-36 傾斜機能材料研究会ホームページとイントラネット FGM Home Page and Intranet 木皿且人、森谷信一、新野正之航空宇宙技術研究所 Katsuto KISARA, Shinichi MORIYA, Masayuki NIINONational Aerospace Lab.  The FGM homepage is the official announcement medium of the FGM Forum. On the other hand, as for the intranet, conference rooms in internet, information sending, a data base have a function over the information network for the FGM Forum member. The data base gets the support of the JST from thls October, and it is prepared. It becomes an international data base system in three years. A trial production system is introduced to the public in the intranet. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 37-42 溶液フローシステムによるBaTiO3/SrTiO3 傾斜膜の直接作製 Direct fabrication of functionally graded SrTiO3-BaTiO3 thin films by the Hydrothermal-Electrochemical method under flowing solution ○渡辺友亮・Wojciech L.Suchanek・吉村昌弘東京工業大学(応用セラミックス研究所、構造デザイン研究センター)226横浜市緑区長津田4259 Tomoaki Watanabe, Wojciech Suchanek, Masahiro YoshimuraTokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226 Japan  BaTiO3, SrTiO3, and BaxSr1-xTiO3 thin films, as well as multilayers in the SrTiO3-BaTiO3 system have been prepared on Ti-substrates in the newly constructed flow-system equipment by the hydrothermal-electrochemical method. The synthesis parameters (temperature of 120-200deg.C, flow rate of 1-50cm3/min) allow fabrication of dense, single-phase films with different morphology by controlling nucleation and/or growth rates. The flow system enables also an easy fabrication of SrTiO3/BaTiO3 and BaTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers with variable chemical composition and microstructure across the film thickness. The multilayers can be prepared in only one experiment by simply changing kind of the flowing solution and/or adjusting the processing conditions. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 43-46 動物の組織構築におけるコラーゲンの傾斜構造 Collagen as a graded functional material in human body ○水野一乗1)、武田　康1)、安達栄治郎2)、吉川　究1)、今村保忠1)、林　利彦1)1)東京大学大学院総合文化研究科生命環境科学系 153-8902東京都目黒区駒場、2)北里大学・医院・分子形態科学　228-8555神奈川県相模原市 K.Mizuno1), Y.Takeda1), E.Adachi2), K.Yoshikawa1), Y.Imamura1) and T.Hayashi1)1) Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8902, Tokyo, JAPAN 2) Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Sagamihara, 228-8555, Kanagawa, JAPAN  Complicated structure of human body can be essentially constructed by folding of multicellular sheets. In one type of the sheets, connective tissue, collagen family proteins show graded distribution. Type IV collagen forms a thin layer at an upper part of the sheet under the epithelial or endothelial cells, while type I collagen is distributed at a lower part of the connective tissue sheet, that is connective tissue. Type V collagen is distributed at the intermediate. Type V collagen content is high where thin collagen fibrils are abundant. We have hypothesized that homeostasis of physiological condition of human is regulated by graded distribution of collagens. Sickness and diseases, such as cancer, arteriosclerosis, liver fibrosis etc. would be highly related to the disorder of graded structure of collagens. In particular, type V collagen comprising two subtypes might play an important role in mediating the connection between type I and type IV collagens. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 47-52 粒子径傾斜型傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of Particle-Size Graded Materials by Centrifugal Method 松田公一1)、渡辺義見2)、福井泰好3)1)信州大学　大学院工学系研究科院生　386-8567　上田市、2)信州大学　繊維学部　386-8567　上田市、3)鹿児島大学　工学部　890-0065　鹿児島県 Koichi Matsuda 1), Yoshimi Watanabe 1) and Yasuyoshi Fukui 2)1) Department of Functional Machinery and Mechanics, Graduate Student Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan 2) Department of Functional Machinery and Mechanics, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan 3) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan  Since the particle size distribution in composite material plays an important role controlling its mechanical properties, a detail knowledge of particle size distributions in FGM is required to predict the mechanical properties of the FGM. The aim of this study is, therefore, to examine the possibility of the gradual particle size distribution of the FGMs using centrifugal method. It is known that the motion of ceramic particles in a viscous liquid under a centrifugal force can be estimated using Stokes' law. On the other hand, in ease of Al/Al3Ni in-situ FGM, the Al3Ni particle size is affected by the cooling rate during the centrifugal method. Therefore, in the FGMs fabricated by centrifugal method, the particle size is expected to be distributed along the applied centrifugal force. In this study, particle size distributions in the FGMs fabricated by centrifugal method are studied. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical ones. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 53-56 無機―有機複合蛍光体薄膜の作製と傾斜機能 Preparation of Inorganic-organic Composite Phosphor Thin Films and Their Gradation Function ○町田憲一、Norhayati Che Cob、植田大分、李　慧惠、足立吟也大阪大学　大学院工学研究科　 565-0871　大阪府吹田市 K. Machida, N. Che Cob, D. Ueda, H. Li, G. AdachiOsaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan  Transparent glass phosphor films were prepared from sol solutions of organically modified silicates (ORMOSIL) and organically modified ceramics (ORMOSIL) doped with europium phenanthroline complex, [Eu(phen)2]Cl3, by dip-coating, and their optical properties were characterized by measurements of refractive index, absorption, reflection, and luminescence spectra. Waveguide-type luminescent solar concentrator panels made of the quartz plates as coated with the ORMOSIL composite glass phosphor film with n=ca.1.40 showed apparent increases in the photovoltaic current (10-15%) of crystalline silicon solar cells by its fluorescence wavelength shifting effect to transform from the UV component of sunlight to the visible lights. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 57-62 配向度傾斜型傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of Orientation Graded Materials by Centrifugal Method 江竜寛之1)、渡辺義見2〕1)信州大学　工学系研究科院生　長野県上田市2)信州大学　繊維学部　長野県上田市 Hiroyuki Eryu1), Yoshimi Watanabe2)1) Department of Functional Machinery and Mechanics, Graduate Student, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan 2) Department of Functional Machinery and Mechanic, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan  A detail knowledge of particle orientation distributions in FGMs is required to predict the mechanical properties of the FGMs, since the particle orientation distribution in composite material plays an important role controlling its mechanical properties. The aim of this study is, therefore, to examine the possibility of the gradual particle-orientation distribution in the FGMs using centrifugal method. In a recent study, Watanabe et al. found that the Al3Ti platelets in FGM fabricated by centrifugal method were arranged with their platelet planes nearly perpendicular to the centrifugal direction. The platelet orientation is expected to be distributed in the FGMs fabricated by centrifugal, since many processing parameters, which affect the platelet orientation, are varied along the applied centrifugal force. In this study, platelet orientation distributions in the FGMs fabrieated by centrifugal method are studied. A wear test is also performed to discuss the potential applications of this FGM. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 63-68 Cu及びCu2OをドープしたAl2O3/TiC/Ni系傾斜機能材料の作製と機械的特性 Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3/TiC/Ni FGMs Doped with Cu and Cu2O 樋口宏司1)、林君山2)、宮本欽生2)、廣田健3)、山口修3)、岩佐美善男4)1)　同志社大学　大学院　京都府京田辺市、2)　大阪大学　接合科学研究所　大阪府茨木市、3)　同志社大学　工学部　京都府京田辺市、4)　大阪工業技術研究所　大阪府池田市 K.Higuchi 1) , J.S.Lin 2), Y.Miyamoto 2), K.Hirota 3), O.Yamaguchi 3), M.Iwasa 4)1) Graduate School, Doshisha University, Kyo-Tanabe, Kyoto, Japan 2) Joining and Welding Research Institution, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan 3) Doshisha University, Kyo-Tanabe, Kyoto, Japan 4) Osaka National Research Institute, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan  Symmetrically graded materials in the system of Al2O3/TiC/Ni with three different outer layers of the Al2O3-10vol%Cu, Al2O3-(5vol%Cu+5vol%Cu2O) and Al2O3-10vol%Cu2O were fabricated by SHS/HIP process. High residual compressive stresses were induced in the Al2O3 matrix of the outer layer, resulting in enhancement of hardness and toughness of the outer layer. The tribological properties of the surface layer were investigated in water. The residual compressive stress improved wear resistance of these FGMs. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 69-72 傾斜機能超硬工具の開発 Development of Functionally Graded Cemented Carbide Tools ○池ヶ谷明彦、津田圭一住友電気工業株式会社　兵庫県伊丹市 A.Ikegaya, K.TsudaSumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Itami, Hyogo Japan  To improve the properties of cemented carbide tools, we have been developing functionally graded cemented carbide tools by distributing functionality between the surface and the inside, moreover introducing compressive residual stress in the surface region. We developed two types of FGMs. One is the material consists of a titanium-based ceramic surface with high wear resistance and a tough cemented carbide core and an intermediate layer with graded composition. It has high compressive residual stress in the surface. This material made by conventional powder metallurgy process and revealed both high wear resistance and breakage resistance when applied to cutting tools. The other is a functionally graded cemented carbide, sinter-bonded on steel made by a new sintering process, pressurizing and direct resistance heating by pulse current. This FGM shows good bonding strength by thermal stress control and has distribution of functionality of cemented carbide layers between the surface with high wear resistance and inside with high toughness. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 73-77 セラミックス/耐熱金属系傾斜機能材料(中空円筒)の熱応力について Study on the Thermal Stress in a Hollow Cylinder of FGM ○南亜樹1）,赤間信也1)1)防衛庁技術研究本部　神奈川県相模原市 A.Minami1) , S.Akama1)1) Japan Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan  Stress-relaxation on hollow cylinder of PSZ/IN100 functionally graded material was studied by FEM with measured material properties. As a result, these were found that there were many optimum material compositions to minimize total stress of thermal and centrifugal stress and the heat flux changed in these optimum material compositions. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 78-83 超音波法を用いた竹の弾性特性評価 Evaluation of Bamboo's Elastic Property by Ultrasound ○天田重庚1)、荒川秀臣2)、桑原史和3)1)群馬大学　群馬県桐生市天神町1-5-12)(株)日本信号　埼玉県大宮市3)群馬大学　大学院 1) Shigeyasu Amada,2) Hideomi Arakawa,3) Fuminori Kuwabara1) Shigeyasu Amada, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 2) Hideomi Arakawa, Nihon Shingoh Co. Ltd. Ohmiya, Saitama 3) Fuminori Kuwabara, Gunma Uniuversity, Graduate School  Bamboo has not only the flexible characteristics, but also a high strength as structural steels. These properties come from its structure, which are a functionally graded and a hierarchical structure. The bamboo culm is made of a composite material, the reinforced fibers of which may have a superior characteristics. This paper presents the measurement of the fiber's elastic modulus using a scanning acoustic microscope(SAM) and ultrasound technique. The longitudinal elastic modulus 60.1 GPa is obtained by SAM and 31 .63-37.1 GPa by an ultrasound technique. The transversal modulus of the fiber is 1.3-2.13 GPa. This anisotropic property suggests that the fiber has an intrnal structure. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 84-89 高エネルギー吸収特性を有する傾斜組織ZnO素子の開発 Development of Functionally Graded ZnO Elements with High Energy Absorption Capability ○安藤秀泰、伊藤義康株式会社　東芝　電力・産業システム技術開発センター　川崎市 Hideyasu Andoh, Yoshiyasu ItohPower and Industrial Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Co., Kawasaki, Japan  Thermal stress characteristics of a ZnO non-linear element were studied in case of the ZnO element subjected to the partial heating during electrifying. The thermal stress analysis results indicate that the maximum thermal stress at the surface of the disk-shaped ZnO element was reduced when the edge of the element was heated. Moreover, it was made clear that the maximum thermal stress at the surface of the ZnO element was reduced by using a graded heating profile at the edge of the element.      From the point of view of thermal stress reduction, a functionally graded ZnO element with a high surge energy absorption capability was developed for the first time in this study. Namely, graded electric-resistivity at the edge of the disk-shaped ZnO element could be realized by controlling the ZnO grain growth. As a result, high surge energy absorption capability of the functionally graded ZnO element could be confirmed by comparing with a conventional ring heating type element. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 89-94 セラミックス―金属系傾斜概能材料の三点曲げ破壊挙動 Fracture Behavior of Ceramics-Metal Functionally Graded Material under Three-Point Bending ○東郷敬一郎1)、波多野明宏2)1)静岡大学　工学部　静岡県浜松市、2)静岡大学　大学院　(現在:スズキ(株))静岡県浜松市 Keiichiro Tohgo1) and Akihiro Hadano2)1) Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka , Japan 2) Shizuoka University (Present: Suzuki Co. Ltd.), Hamamatsu, Shizuoka , Japan  This paper dealt with fracture behavior of ceramics/metal functionally graded material (FGM) under three-point bending. The used material has a functionally graded surface layer (FGM layer) on stainless steel (SUS 304) substrate, and the FGM layer consists of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and SUS 304. On the three-point bending test, crack initiation and unstable crack growth occurred from ceramics surface through the FGM layer, and the crack was arrested at the interface between FGM layer and substrate. Then, the crack branched and both crack-tips grew stably along the interface with increasing deformation. After a some amount of crack growth, the both crack-tips were arrested, and a new crack was initiated and grew into the SUS 304 substrate ahead of the initial cracking of the FGM layer. The finite element analysis taking account of distribution of a PSZ volume fraction and plasticity of SUS 304 phase were carried out for each stage of fracture process. Based on the numerical results of the stress intensity factors and stress distributions, details of fracture behavior of the FGM were discussed. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 95-100 ロケットエンジン燃焼器への遮熱コーティングの適用に関する検討 Investigation of Thermal Barrier Coatings to Rocket Engine Combustors ○森谷信一1)、只野　真1)、佐藤政裕1)、黒田行郎1)、新野正之1)、天本義己2)、大森　守3〉1)航空宇宙技術研究所　宮城県角田市2)宮城県産業技術総合センター　宮城県仙台市3)東北大学金属材料研究所　宮城県仙台市 S.Moriya1), M.Tadano1), M.Sato1), Y.Kuroda1), M.Niino l), Y.Amamoto2), M.Omori3)1) National Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda, Miyagi, Japan 2) Industrial Technology Institute, Miyagi Prefectual Goverment, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan 3) Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan  Enhancing a life of a rocket engine combustion chamber has been one of the essential problems to establish RLV (Reusable Launch Vehicle). It is reported that the required chamber life for a RLV main engine such as LE-7 is 100 Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 101-106 熱応力緩和型傾斜機能材料平板の熱衝撃時の温度・熱応力分布 Temperature/Stress Distributions in a Stress-Relief-Type Plate of Functionally Graded Material under Thermal Shock ○本多沢雄1)、竹中宏光1)、西川直宏1)、淡路英夫1)1)名古屋工業大学　愛知県名古屋市 S. Honda1), H. Takenaka1), T. Nishikawa1), H. Awaji1)1) Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan  In this paper, a numerical technique for analyzing onedimensional steady-state and transient temperature distributions in a plate of functionally graded ceramicmetal-based materials (FGMs), in relation to both the temperature-dependent thermal properties and continuous/gradual variation of the thermal properties of the FGM, is presented. The FGM plate is assumed to initially have a steadystate temperature gradient, being exposed to high temperature on the ceramic surface and to low temperature on the metallic surface, similar to its in-service state. The FGM plate is then rapidly cooled from the ceramic surface side by cold medium. The steady-state and transient temperature distributions in the FGM plate are analyzed numerically for a model aluminanickel FGM system. The proposed analytical technique for determining the temperature distribution is relatively simple and widely applicable compared with methods recently proposed by other researchers. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 107-113 遠心成形法によるアルミナ/ニッケル傾斜機能材料の熱衝撃特性 Thermal Shock Resistance of Alumina/Nickel Functional Gradient Materials Prepared by Centrifugal Casting ○西川直宏、増田暁司、本多沢雄、淡路英夫名古屋工業大学　愛知県名古屋市 T. Nishikawa, A. Masuda, S. Honda and H. AwajiNagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan  Alumina/nickel functionally graded materials (FGM) was prepared by the centrifugal casting and sintering in fine graphite powder. Starting mixed ratio and concentration of the dispersant were controlled to obtain the desirable FGM. Relative density after sintering was above 95% for FGM with above 70 vol% alumina and concentration of 1.0 to 1.5 mmol/l. The largest gradient width was approximately 5 mm, where Vicker's hardness and analyzed composition changed linearly. However, the aggregation of alumina particles was observed in nickel-rich part. Thermal shock resistance of FGM, measured by the heating and quenching in steps, was developed to be same compared with those of homogeneous particle-dispersed composites. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 114-119 SiO2と溶融Alとの反応により作製したAl/A12O3複合体へのCu浸透による硬度傾斜化 Hardness Gradation of Al/Al2O3 Composite Bodies Fabricated by Reaction between SiO2 and Molten Al by means of Cu Infiltration ○吉川　昇1)、菅原誠司2)、菊池　淳1)、谷口尚司1)1)東北大学　大学院工学研究科　980-8579　仙台市2)東北大学　学生(現大学院工学研究科) N.Yoshikawa1), S.Sugawara2), A.Kikuchi1), S.Taniguchi1)1)School of Metallurgy, Division of Engineering, Graduate Schools, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan 2)Student at Tohoku University (Present: Graduate Student at Tohoku University)  Al/Al2O3 composite rods were fabricated using a substitutional(displacement) reaction between SiO2 and molten Al. They were immersed in molten Al-Cu alloy and Cu was infiltrated from the rod surface. After aging treatment, hardness gradation was obtained such that the surface area had larger hardness than that of the internal area.       In this study, fundamental investigations were performed to observe the microstructures of Al-Cu/Al2O3 composite bodies using TEM and to obtain the relationship between aging condition and the hardness. Fine needle-like precipitates appeared, in the metallic parts of the composites, which played a role of obstacles aginst disloction movement during deformation and contributed to the increase in hardness. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 120-124 Fe-PSZ系傾斜機能材料の機械的性質 The mechanical characteristics of the FGM of the Fe-PSZ system ○山本孝生、渡辺茂男、内田悦行、比寿俊太郎、林二一愛知工業大学　470-0392　愛知県豊田市八草町八千草1247 T.YAMAMOTO, S.WATANABE, Y.UCHIDA, S.HIGA, N.HAYASHIAichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho,Toyota, Aichi 470-0392 Japan  In this paper, it has a purpose of the development of the way of manufacturing the FGM. It used the metal and ceramics powder which is widely used as the material of the machine for the FGM. It proposed the technique of wet manufacture which is called slurry step addition method as the way of manufacturing. It evaluated a mechanical characteristic about the FGM which was manufactured by this way. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 125-130 HB型熱電モジュールで構成された3段カスケード型熱電発電用サブユニットの概念設計 Concept Design of 3-Stage Cascade-Type Thermoelectric Subunit Composed of the HB-Type Modules 丹治雍典(1）、中川康昭(2）、木皿且人(1）、康燕生(3）、森谷信一（1）、熊谷達夫（1）、新野正之(1）(1)航空宇宙技術研究所　角田宇宙推進技術研究センター　981- 1525 角田市君萱字小金沢１(2)東北工業大学工学部　982-8577仙台市(3)東北大学工学部　980-8579仙台市 Yasunori Tanji (1), Yasuaki Nakagawa(2), Katuto Kisara(1), Yang-sheng Kang t3) Shinichi Moriya(1), Tatuo Kumagai(1) and Masayuki Niino(1)(1) National Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda Research Center, Koganezawa l , Kimigaya, Kakuda, Japan, 981- 1525 (2) Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Japan, 982-8577 (3) Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 980-8579  It is clearly shown that the maximum generating power of a 3-stage cascade-type sub-unit is superior to that of a 3-stage segment-type sub-unit operated on the same heat condition. We carried out a concept design of 3-stage cascade-type sub-unit composed of the HB-type modules tentatively, introducing some new techniques and new materials. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 131-134 AgSbTe2の作製と電気的性質 Preparation and Electric Properties of AgSbTe2 ○野田泰稔1)、川見幸治1)、水野薫1)、北村寿宏1)、西田勲夫2)1)島根大学　島根県、2)金属材料技術研究所　茨城県つくば市 Y. Noda1), K Kawami1), K. Mizuno1), T. Kitamura1), I. A. Nishida2)1) Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan 2) National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan  Melt-grown and sintered materials of AgSbTe2 were prepared by Bridgman method and pulse current sintering, respectively. The melt growth was performed for the nominal composition of AgSbTe2 and AgSb1.33Te2.68 with the growth rate of 10 mm/d. The X-ray diffraction patterns consisted of the AgSbTe2 single phase at the bottom end of the ingots. The patterns at the top end indicated the precipitation of Ag2Te from AgSbTe2 or Sb2Te3 from AgSb1.33Te2.68. The thermoelectric properties in the bottom half along the growth axis were characterized by high carrier concentration in the order of magnitude of l0**(25) m-3 and low mobility of l0**(-3)m2V-1s-1. In the upper half of the ingot, the electrical properties may have been influenced by the precipitation of n-type Ag2Te or p-type Sb2Te3 depending upon the nominal compositions. The electrical properties of the sintered material were almost comparable to those of the source material in the bottom half of the ingot. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 135-140 多層膜熱電材料の格子熱伝導率 Lattice Thermal Conduction across Multilayered Thermoelectric Materials ○西尾好正、寺木潤一、平野徹ダイキン工業(株)　電子技術研究所　滋賀県草津市 Y. Nishio, J. Teraki and T. HiranoDaikin Industries Limited, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.  The use of the artificially multilayered materials has been proposed to improve the efficiency of the thermoelectric energy conversion. The multilayered thermoelectrics with graded barrier height is one of the possible application of FGM. To design the thermoelectric multilayer, the method of calculating the lattice thermal conductivity across the multilayer is required. Generally the scattering probability of phonons can be expressed by the structure factor times the form factor. The form factor represents the scattering probability of a single scattering center, while the structure factor describes the spatial distribution of the scattering centers. Since the barrier layer can be regarded as a layer of concentrated scattering centers of the mass defect, the geometry of the multilayer is specified by the structure factor. We calculate the scattering probability of phonons for various geometry of the multilayer and evaluate the lattice thermal conductivity across the multilayer by solving the Boltzmann equation. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 141-146 SiGe熱電半導体の不純物ドーピング制御と評価 Doping Control for SiGe Thermoelectric Semiconductors ○林敬一郎1)、林君山1)、宮本欽生1)、木戸博康2)、谷淳一2)1)大阪大学　接合科学研究所、2)大阪市立工業研究所 ○K.Hayashi1), K.Lin1), Y.Miyamoto1), H.Kido2), J.Tani2)1) JWRI.Osaka University, 2)Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute  SiGe thermoelectric semiconductors are suitable thermoelectric materials for high temperature use below 1000deg.C. However it is difficult to prepare homogeneous SiGe thermoelectric semiconductors in the concentration of dopants because of segregation during solidification process. The boron doping in densitication of SiGe powders was controlled by HIP process. While, the phosphorus doping was controlled by SPS process. SiGe thermoelectric semiconductors were evaluated in respect to the homogeneity and thermoelectric properties. The properties were compared with the reported values of samples prepared by hot pressing and zone-levelling techniques. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 147-154 補助コレクタ型熱電子発電器の発電出力特性 Power generation characteristics of a thermionic converter with an auxiliary collector ○福田隆三、加藤健、春日康弘電子技術総合研究所 Ryuzo Fukuda, Ken Kato, Yasuhiro KasugaElectrotechnical Laboratory  A thermionic energy converter with an auxiliary collector was fabricated and the power-generation experiments were conducted in order to reduce the internal arc voltage loss. The converter is a plane-parallel type and the emitter is made of polycrystalline tungsten, the collector and the auxiliary collector both made of sputter-coated AgOx. The experimental conditions were; emitter temperature TE=1543K-1800K, Cs reservoir temperature TR=443K-583K, the interelectrode space between the emitter and the collector d1=0.19mm-0.4mm, the one between the emitter and the auxiliary collector d2=0.69mm-0.9mm. Almost no improvement in J-V curves was observed under the auxiliary collector operation, compared to the J-V curves of no auxiliary collector operation. The reasons were firstly the difficulty of keeping the ignited mode operation in the space between the emitter and the auxiliary collector by itself, and secondly that the ignited mode operation surely occurred in the space between the emitter and the collector whenever the auxiliary collector did ignite.The barrier index of the W-AgOx converter without the auxiliary collector was 2.1V at TE=1657K under the conventional ignited mode operation. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 155-158 太陽電池用 CuInSe2 薄膜の機能傾斜化 Functionally Graded CuInSe2 Thin Films for Solar Cells ○芦田　淳、長田貴弘、熊谷倫一、伊藤太一郎大阪府立大学　工学部 A. Ashida, T. Nagata, T. Kumagai and T. ItoCollege of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University  CuInSe2 is one of the promising materials applicable to high efficiency polycrystalline thin film solar cells. Electrical properties of CuInSe2 are controlled by Cu/In ratio. Grain size also depends on its composition. The authors tried to prepare CuInSe2 thin films with highly preferred orientation, which is advantageous to fabricate p-n junction, using a technique related to the grading of composition. CuInSe2 thin films were prepared by conventional evaporation of three elements on heated glass substrates. Cu and Se were evaporated at the start of deposition to fabricate Cu2Se initial layer. After that, three sources were evaporated to be stoichiometric composition of CuInSe2. According to this technique with difference in composition during deposition, highly oriented CuInSe2 thin films were obtained. It is considered that such improvement of orientation is due to spontaneous preferred orientation of cubic beta-Cu2Se initial layer. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 159-162 Bi-Sb合金の作製と電気的性質 Preparation and thermoelectric properties of Bi-Sb alloys ○野田泰稔1)、澄田直樹1)、水野　薫1)、北村寿宏1)、宮島雅史2)、篠原嘉一3)1)島根大学　島根県松江市、2)ダイキン工業（株）　茨城県つくば市、3)金属材料技術研究所　茨城県つくば市 Y.Noda1), N.Sumita1), K.Mizuno1), T.Kitamura1), M.Miyajima2), Y.Shinohara3)1) Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan 2) Daikin Industries, Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 3) National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan  Bulk Bi1-xSbx alloy has been studied as the thermoelectric material for coolers operating around 80 K. The melt-growth was made at the nominal composition Bi0.925Sb0.075. By using the as-grown ingots, the heat-treatment and the powder sintering were performed. The X-ray diffraction indicated that the composition in the Bridgman ingot was in Sb-excess from the nominal composition at the bottom end and Sb-deficient at the top end, respectively. The electrical properties slightly changed along the growth axis, suggesting the composition fluctuation. The electrical measurement for the heat-treated ingot indicated that the prolonged heating have caused the shift of the composition or the change of the grain structure in the ingot. The electrical conductivity and Hall mobility of the sintered materials were low lying compared with those of the melt-grown ingots. Japanese 傾斜機能材料　Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13,1999 Functionally Graded Materials Vol.13, 1999  14 2000-12-01 163-168 キャリア濃度3段傾斜n型PbTeの出力特性 Power Generation Properties of n-type PbTe Composed of Three-Step Carrier Concentration 今井義雄1)、田口健二2)、篠原嘉一1)、磯田幸宏1）、西田勲夫1)1)金属材料技術研究所　茨城県つくば市、2)株式会社　ミツバ　群馬県 Y.Imai1), K.Taguchi2), Y.Shinohara1), Y.Isoda1), I.A.Nishida1)1)National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 2)Mitsuba Ltd., Gunma, Japan  FGM of n-type PbTe with three-step carrier concentration were made by using the mixed powders of heavily PbI2-doped PbTe and non-doped PbTe. The FGM showed inferior power generating performance, unexpectedly. To clarify this reason, we measured the thermoelectric properties of each constitutional step in FGM. The heavily PbI2-doped PbTe had an electron concentration of 6.9x10**25/m3, whereas the non-doped one was p-type of 1.6x10**24/m3. In the case of the sintered material from p- and n-type powders, the carrier concentration increased and the mobility became small against the expectation. Both carriers of electron and hole are likely to remain after the sintering. As a result, the maximum of power factor becomes small and the corresponding temperature is shifted to the lower temperature side. Japanese