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[Functionally Graded Materials 1998　Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials (pp.262-538)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/99ed3420-d55f-4514-bb77-c112cb97eff1)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 262-270 熱反応放電による表面強化（TRESS）の新技術を用いたFGMコーティングの形成 Formation of FGM Coating by the New Method of Thermoreactive Electrospark Surface Strengthening (TRESS) 1 E. Levashov, A. Kudryashov, E. Kharlamov2 大柳満之 小泉光恵3 S. Hosomi1 SHS-Center of Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute Leninsky prospect, 4, 164 Moscow RU-1 17936, Russia 2 龍谷大学  Yokotani 1-5, Seta, Ohtsu City 520-21, Japan 3 トーメイダイヤ（株）, 栃木県小山市城東4-5-1 E. Levashov 1, A. Kudryashov 1, E. Kharlamov 1, M. Ohyanagi 2, M. Koizumi 2 and S. Hosomi 31 SHS-Center of Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute Leninsky prospect, 4, 164 Moscow RU-1 17936, Russia 2 Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta, Ohtsu City 520-21, Japan 3 Tomei Diamond Co., Ltd, Joto 4-5-1 Oyama-city, 323, Japan  This work describes the method of Thermoreactive Electrospark Surface Strengthening (TRESS). The physical essence the TRESS method is that the electrode presents a mixture of chemical reagents which can interact with each other on the substrate with a high heat evolution after a local heat initiation of the synthesis reaction by the electric discharge energy. Thus the process of coating formation becomes a less energy consuming one as compared to the basic technology of the electrospark alloying. The opportunities of TRESS method are exposed with the example of the FGM wear and heat resistant coatings formation on the base of NiAl, TiAl and its' composites with carbides, borides and other solid fillers. The opportunity of FGM diamond containing coatings production by TRESS is presented. Masstransfer kinetics, coating structure and properties were studied. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 271-276 SHSによる耐酸化性積層コーティングに関する研究 Study on the Coating of Oxidation Resistant Layer by SHS 山田康雄, 下島康嗣, 中西勝, 馬渕守, 斎藤尚文, 中村守, 朝比奈正工業技術院名古屋工業技術研究所462-8510   愛知県名古屋市北区平手町１丁目１番地 Y. Yamada, K. Shimojima, M. Nakanishi, M.Mabuchi, N.Sato, M. Nakamura and T. AsahinaNational Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya (NIRIN), Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8510, Japan  Molybdenum is one of refractory metals and is a good material at high temperatures. However, it is difficult to use over 700K because of its poor resistance to oxidation. Thus, it is inevitable to introduce a protective surface layer with an oxidation-resistant material such as silicides or aluminides of refractory metals when it is used in oxidizable surroundings at high temperature. MoSi2 is expected to be used as the protection layer since it shows excellent resistance to against oxidation in hot air at temperatures above 2000K. When MoSi2 is used as the surface layer, cracks would form between the metal matrix and surface layer because of the difference of coefficients of thermal expansion between MoSi2 (8.56 x 10**-6/K) and Mo (5.6 x 10**-6/K).       In this paper, the protection layer, which consists of multiple layers with gradient compositional rate, was prepared and tested. A Mo/MoSi2 material with multiple layers was fabricated by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS). As a result, samples that have good relaxation of thermal stress can be obtained by this method. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 277-282 化学蒸気合成によるナノスケール傾斜材料 Nanoscaled Gradient Materials by Chemical Vapor Synthesis S. Seifried, M. Winterer and H. HahnThin Films Division, Department of Materials Science, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstr. 23, DE-64287 Darmstadt, Germany S. Seifried, M. Winterer and H. HahnThin Films Division, Department of Materials Science, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstr. 23, DE-64287 Darmstadt, Germany  Thick films in the Si-C-B system are prepared by a modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method, the Chemical Vapor Synthesis (CVS). A hot wall reactor is used for the pyrolysis of tetramethylsilane and triethylborane under helium flow. One-dimensional gradients in composition and porosity are achieved over film thicknesses of up to 150 micrometer on silicon and graphite substrate materials at 1100 deg.C. The dependence of process parameters, specifically reactor position and carrier gas flow on the film microstructure and microroughness is examined. The films consist of crystalline grains with sizes below 70 nm. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 283-289 耐磨耗性と形成の応用のための、傾斜機能窒化クロム薄膜の陰極アーク蒸発 Cathodic Arc Evaporation of Functionally Graded Chromium Nitride Thin Films for Wear Resistant and Forming Applications A. M. Peters 1, J. J. Moore 1, l. Reimanis 1, B. Mishra 1 and R. Weiss 21 Colorado School of Mines, Advanced Coatings and Surface Engineering Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401-1887, USA 2 United States Mint, Denver, Colorado 80204-2693, USA A. M. Peters 1, J. J. Moore 1, I Reimanis 1, B. Mishra 1 and R. Weiss 21 Colorado School of Mines, Advanced Coatings and Surface Engineering Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401-1887, USA 2 United States Mint, Denver, Colorado 80204-2693, USA  In earlier research [1-3], chromium nitride thin films were examined for properties of critical load, hardness, residual stress, microstructure, stoichiometry, and wear resistance. It was found that near-stoichiometric Cr-N films exhibited high critical loads, while sub-stoichiometric Cr-N films exhibited high hardness. Based on these findings and the requirements for a well-adhered wear resistant coating, it was determined that a compositionally graded coating system could be developed for wear resistant applications. These functionally graded chromium nitride thin films were deposited by cathodic arc evaporation (CAE) onto several substrates including: 52100 tool steel, 304 stainless steel, and M4 tool steel (both hardened and mill-annealed). Cathodic arc evaporation was chosen for its unique advantages over other physical vapor deposition processes [4,5]. Films were characterized using Knoop indentation and single- and multi-pass scratch testing, to examine hardness, critical load and wear resistance, respectively. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 290-294 電気化学的反応を用いた水溶液からの傾斜機能ZnOフィルム作製 Preparation of Functionally Graded ZnO Film by Electrochemical Reaction from an Aqueous Solution 1 伊崎昌伸2 H. Ishizaki, 芦田淳, 小見崇, 伊藤太一郎1 大阪市立工業研究所　無機化学課　536-8553    大阪府大阪市城東区森之宮１丁目６－５０2 大阪府立大学　工学部　599-8531　大阪府堺市学園町１－１ M. Izaki 1, H. Ishizaki 2, A. Ashida 2, T. Omi 2 and T. Ito 21 Dep. of Inorganic Chem., Osaka Muni. Tech. Res. Inst., 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553 Japan 2 College of Eng., Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai-shi, Osaka 593, Japan  A functionally graded zinc oxide (ZnO) film was prepared by a chemical deposition of 0.17-micrometer-thick ZnO film on a nonconductive substrate in an aqueous solution containing 0.1 mol/l zinc nitrate and 0.1 mol/l dimethylamineborane (DMAB) at 335K and by the cathodic growth in the same solution. The ZnO film had changing resistivity from 1x10**6 to 7.8 x10**-3 ohm cm in the thickness direction. The change in resistivity corresponded to the increase in carrier concentration and the increase in mobility. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 295-300 表面が酸化したTiAl-Sbの磨耗特性 Wear Properties of Surface-Oxided TiAl-Sb S. Ikeno and K. Hasimoto金属材料技術研究所305-0047   茨城県つくば市千現1-2-1 S. Ikeno and K. HasimotoNational Research institute for Metals, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan  TiAl-Sb rods of 10 mm diameter and 13 mm length were grown by a directional solidfication. The crystals contained lamellar grains (gamma phase + alpha 2 phase) and Sb-rich phase grains. Diameter and aspect ratio of the Sb-rich grains were 14-20 micrometer and 7, respectively. Further, oxidized surface layer of 100 micrometer was formed in an Ar-O2 mixture. Microvickers hardness of the lammellar grains, the Sb-rich phase, and the oxided surface layers were 300, 506 and 1000, respectively.       Wear properties were measured with an Ohgoshi-type test machine at room temperature. The friction velocities were from 0.2 m/s to 3.6 m/s. Wear resistance of TiAl-Sb was depended on friction velocities. Columnar structure improved the wear resistance of TiAl-Sb at above 1.0m/s of friction velocities. The wear resistance of columnar TiAl-Sb was superior to that of stelite alloys (practically used for wear resistance). However the wear resistance of the columnar TiAl-Sb at friction velocities of 0.2 m/s -1.0 m/s was inferior to that of stelite alloys. The oxided surface layers brought to excellent wear resistance of columnar TiAl-Sb at friction velocities of 0.2 m/s - 3.6 m/s. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 301-306 Cu2Se界面でのCulnSe2薄膜の配向成長 Oriented Growth of CulnSe2 Thin Films by Means of Cu2Se Interfaces 芦田淳, 長田貴弘, 伊藤太一郎大阪府立大学　工学部　機能物質科学工学科　599-8531　大阪府堺市学園町１－１ A. Ashida, T. Nagata and T. ItoOsaka Prefecture University, College of Engineering, Department of Applied Materials Science, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan  As the optical absorption coefficient in a range of solar spectrum is largest among known semiconductor materials, only 1 micrometer thick CuInSe2 can absorb sunlight sufficiently. Furthermore, as the band gap of CuInSe2 is as narrow as until 1 eV, it is expected as a promising material for absorption layers in thin film solar cells. In spite of these desirable properties, CuInSe2 must satisfy some electrical and optical conditions, which depend on structural and crystallographical conditions of films. We have found that Cu2Se thin layer tends to have a strong preferred orientation, and CuInSe2 grown on it can have the strong (112) preferred orientation and the smooth surface, necessary to fabricate high quality heterojunction. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 307-312 改善された疲労性能のための、準安定ベータ-チタン合金中の表面に近い部分のミクロ傾斜構造 Near-Surface Gradient Microstructures in Metastable Beta-Titanium Alloys for Improved Fatigue Performance A. Berg and L. WagnerTechnical University of Brandenburg at Cottbus Chair of Materials Technology, DE-03013 Cottbus, Germany A. Berg and L. WagnerTechnical University of Brandenburg at Cottbus Chair of Materials Technology, DE-03013 Cottbus, Germany  Roller-burnishing and deep-rolling with subsequent annealing were performed on solution heat treated Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo to develop microstructural gradients in near-surface regions. Rolling forces and annealing treatments were varied to a wide extent to evaluate optimum conditions for excellent fatigue performance and outstanding fracture toughness of a component. Such a property combination cannot be achieved by non-gradient microstructures. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 313-318 傾斜アルミニウム合金の機械的挙動 Mechanical Behavior of a Graded Aluminum Alloy F. Bohner and J. K. GregoryTechnical University of Munich, Lehrstuhl fur Werkstoffe im Maschinenbau, Boltzmannstraァe 15, DE-85748 Garching, Germany F. Bohner and J. K. GregoryTechnical University of Munich, Lehrstuhl fur Werkstoffe im Maschinenbau, Boltzmannstraァe 15, DE-85748 Garching, Germany  Graded materials can be generated in the age-hardenable commercial alloy Al 2017 by thermo mechanical surface treatments. Firstly, plastic deformation is introduced into the surface layer by a shot peening process. Then, a carefully selected heat treatment is performed such that the aging response is more pronounced in the surface layer than in the interior. Using this procedure, it is possible to develop microstructural gradients which directly correspond to loading gradients which are present owing to notches. In other words, the properties of the alloy can be tailored to the local loading conditions.       The alloy Al 2017 was chosen because its aging response is known to be sensitive to the degree of prior cold work. Notch-tensile properties can be improved over those of conventionally treated material by development of a strength gradient corresponding to that of the equivalent stress. Using an Almen intensity of 0.10mmA and age hardening at 170 deg.C, the proportional limit can be increased without any significant loss in ductility as assessed by reduction in area. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 319-322 FGM積層によるマグネシアの二つのブロックの拡散連結 Diffusion Joining of Two Blocks of Magnesia via FGM Layer 新谷光二北星学園女子短期大学064-8524   北海道札幌市中央区南四条西１７丁目２番２号 K. AtarashiyaHokusei Gakuen Women's Junior College, Sapporo 0648524, Japan  A metal foil was placed between two ceramic blocks, and this set was annealed in air. The metal foil entirely reacted with gaseous oxygen to form a metal oxide layer. When it was considerably heated the two ceramic blocks were joined by contact with a functionally gradient material layer in which metal oxide was soluble in the ceramic blocks. This method was applied to magnesia/nickel/magnesia. In the same way, it can probably be applied to magnesia/cobalt/ magnesia, alumina/chromium/alumina and so on, because these systems form a complete solid solution between ceramics and each metal oxide. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 325-330 傾斜機能生体セラミック Functionally Graded Bioceramics W. Pompe 1, S. Lampenscherf 1, S. R圦ler 1, D. Scharnweber 1, K. Weis 1, H. Worch 1 and J. Hofinger 21 Dresden University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Hallwachsstr. 3, DE-O1069 Dresden, Germany 2 BoneMaster, Hallwachsstr. 3, DE-O1069 Dresden, Germany W. Pompe 1, S. Lampenscherf 1, S. R圦ler 1, D. Scharnweber 1, K. Weis 1, H. Worch 1 and J. Hofinger 21 Dresden University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Hallwachsstr. 3, DE-O1069 Dresden, Germany 2 BoneMaster, Hallwachsstr. 3, DE-O1069 Dresden, Germany  It has been the intention of the investigations discussed in the following to prepare graded hydroxyapatite/collagen I composites with osteoconductive properties which can be used as coatings for titanium implants or as bone replacements. Functionally graded multiphase calcium phosphate coatings can be applied for biocompatible coatings of metallic implants. Electrochemically assisted TiO2 - HAP - ACP coatings possess high interface strength, bone like compliance, and biocompatibility. The integration of collagen I in electrochemically assisted TiO2 - HAP coatings yields an osteoconductive behavior. Osteoconductive bone replacements can be manufactured from liquid HAP- collagen precursor. The various routes are focused on the formation of structures with graded micro- and macroporosity. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 331-337 天然複合材料中の知的モデリングメカニズムとデザインコンセプト Intelligent Modelling Mechanisms and Design Concepts of FGMs in Natural Composites 野方文雄岐阜大学501-1193   岐阜県岐阜市柳戸１－１ F. NogataDepartment of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido Gifu, 501-1193, Japan  The goal of this report is to provide a new insight into nature as a source of inspiration for optimizing mechanical properties of structural components through functionally graded and/or multi-phased microstructures. It is shown that biological structures are designed to have uniform strength at all positions in both radial and axial direction. One lesson that could be learned is that rather than developing new materials with high stiffness, it might be more advantageous to create structures, for example composites of multiphase and functionally graded materials, by using or modifying those models found in living organisms such as the optimal placement of fibers in bamboo or various types of microstructures, or porous or cellular structures as found in mollusc shells. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 338-343 麻ヤシ枝の傾斜機能構造 Functionally Graded Structure of Hemp Palm Branches 1 天田重庚, 寺内奏2 H. Hasegawa1 群馬大学   376-8515   群馬県桐生市天神町１丁目５－１2 東亜工業株式会社373　群馬県太田市西新町126-1 S. Amada 1, Y. Terauchi 1 and H. Hasegawa 21 Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan 2 Toua Ind. Ltd., 126-1, Nishi-Shinmachi, Ohta, Gunma 373, Japan  The cross section of main frame structure is preferable to be cylinder for plants and animals in order to adapt to their environment. There are some exceptional. One of those is a hemp palm branch. It has an up side-down triangular shape with two equal sides. Since the hemp palm branch have unusually large leaves as comp ared with other trees, the branches must be subjected a large bending moment. A triangular cross section must be a solution for that problem. Furthermore, the branch is a composite material reinforced by fibers. It constructs a functionally graded structure on fiber distribution. This structure provides a higher strength in the critical laded region than the induced stress there. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 344-348 HA-G-Ti傾斜機能複合材料の骨結合研究と移植組織応用 Bone Bonding Studies and Implant Application of HA-G-Ti Functionally Gradient Composites 1 S. Maruno2 H. Iwata3 伴　清治4 H. Itoh1 名古屋工業大学   466-8555   愛知県名古屋市昭和区御器所町2 名古屋大学   466-8550   愛知県名古屋市昭和区鶴舞町６５3 愛知学院大学   464-8650   愛知県名古屋市千種区楠元町１丁目1004 東京厚生年金病院   162-8543   東京都新宿区津久戸町５－１ S. Maruno 1, H. Iwata 2, S. Ban 3 and H. Itoh 41 Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan 2 Nagoya University, Orthopedic Surgery, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan 3 Aichi-Gakuin University, School of Dentistry, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan 4 Tokyo Kouseinenkin Hospital, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8543, Japan  Bioactive composites (rod and stem) comprising hydroxyapatite containing glass coated titanium or titanium alloy, so-called HA-G-Ti functionally graded materials providing both the bioactivity potential due to the HA, biochemical stability of the glass and the mechanical strength of titanium or alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), were implanted into dog femur for a short/long period of time (1-12/27-76 months). The bonding behavior and the interface reaction between the composite implants and bone, as well as the biological reaction within the compositionally gradient HA-G coating layer, have been investigated. The implants were well integrated and fixed firmly with the surrounding bone without inflammatory reaction and bone resorption, and it was also found to be capable of maintaining strong bonding between the implant and bone even for a prolonged period of time (more than 27 months). The bonding of bone to the implant is resulted from not only the direct bonding, well-known as the bonding between bone and HA, but also bone ingrowth into the HA-G layer. It is noticeable in the case of a long period of implantation that the formation of carbonate apatite, closely associated with the dissolution and precipitation phenomena of the exposed and dispersed HA particles of the HA-G layer, and bone ingrowing into the interior of the HA-G layer appear to be deeply involved with in vivo bonding of the composite. We concluded that the HA-G-Ti composites are an excellent biomaterial, applicable to cementless prostheses and endosseous dental implants being able to survive sufficiently the lifetime of the implant. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 350-355 ガラスコーティングしたチタンを含有するハイドロキシアパタイトを包含する傾斜機能生体活性複合材料の製造と特性 Fabrication and Properties of Functionally Gradient Bioactive Composites Comprising Hydroxyapatite Containing Glass Coated Titanium 1 伴　清治, J. Hasegawa2 S. Maruno1 愛知学院大学   464-8650   愛知県名古屋市千種区楠元町１丁目1002 名古屋工業大学   466-8555   愛知県名古屋市昭和区御器所町 S. Ban 1, J. Hasegawa 1 and S. Maruno 21 Aichi-Gakuin University, School of Dentistry, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan 2 Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan  We have developed a composite material (HA-G-Ti composite) consisting of titanium coated with a glass-hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic layer, wherein the ceramic layer comprises a gradient coating with increase in HA concentration from the innermost sub-layer toward the outermost sub-layer (70 wt% HA) and the surface has a roughened surface containing voids and exposed HA particles. Titanium substrate contributes to mechanical strength of the composite, whereas exposed HA particles have a role to provide bioactive performances. The aim of the present study is to describe the fabrication method of this composite and to discuss particular properties applicable to implant materials as follows. Coefficient of thermal expansion of the HA-glass layer was arranged to be compatible with that of titanium metal to minimize residual thermal stresses. The HA-glass layer was tightly bonded to titanium through under-coated glass layer, and bonding strength varied with HA content. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 356-361 チタン/ハイドロキシパタイトおよびチタン/コバルト傾斜機能移植組織の生体親和性 Biocompatibility of Titanium/Hydroxyapatite and Titanium/Cobalt Functionally Graded Implants 亘理文夫, 横山敦郎, 松野浩宣, 佐相史徳, 宇尾基弘, 川崎貴生北海道大学　歯学部060-8586   北海道札幌市北区北十三条西７丁目Email: watari@den.hokudai.ac.jp, Fax: +81-11-706-4251 F. Watari, A. Yokoyama, H. Matsuno, F. Saso, M. Uo and T. KawasakiSchool of Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan Email: watari@den.hokudai.ac.jp, Fax: +81-11-706-4251  To investigate the tissue reaction to the gradient composition of FGM implant the animal experiments were done comparatively for titanium/hydroxyapatite (Ti/HAP) and titanium/cobalt (Ti/Co) FGM implants as well as the pure metal implants. FGM implants were prepared by powder metallurgy. Either dry method to pack mixed powders gradiently into mould or wet method to distribute mixed powders gradiently by sedimentation in solvent liquid was applied and then followed by compressing and sintering. Pure Ti, Ti/20%HAP and Ti/100 %Co were implanted in hard tissue and soft tissue of rats and rabbits. Tissue response and osteogenesis after implantation were evaluated from histological observation by optical microscopy using the thinly sectioned, stained specimens and from elemental mapping by EPMA and XSAM (X - ray scanning analytical microscope) using the unstained block specimens. Implantation test of Ti/20HAP into hard tissue showed very little difference in new bone formation for pure Ti region and HAP-rich region. This is mainly because both Ti and HAP have good biocompatibility. In the implantation test of Ti/Co into soft tissue the thin fibrous connective tissue was formed in pure Ti region. The thickness of fibrous tissue layer was increased with Co concentration, forming the more inflammatory tissue in Co rich region. The change of concentration of Co seemed to affect on the biocompatibility of implant material. The tissue reacted gradiently in response to the gradient composition of FGM implant.  This implies the possibility to control the tissue response through the gradient function of FGM. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 362-367 コラーゲン-ハイドロキシアパタイト前駆体中の気孔と構造形成：実験モデル Pore and Structure Formation in Collagen-Hydroxyapatite Precursors: Experiment-Model S. Lampenscherf 1, 2, K. Weis 1 and W. Pompe 11 Technical University Dresden, Department of Materials Science, Hallwachsstr. 3, DE-01069 Dresden, Germany 2 Corresponding author: E-Mail: Iampe@tmfs.mpgfk.tu-dresden.de, Phone: 0049351-4631406, Fax: 0049351-4631422 S. Lampenscherf 1, 2, K. Weis 1 and W. Pompe 11 Technical University Dresden, Department of Materials Science, Hallwachsstr. 3, DE-01069 Dresden, Germany 2 Corresponding author: E-Mail: Iampe@tmfs.mpgfk.tu-dresden.de, Phone: 0049351-4631406, Fax: 0049351-4631422  In this paper we discuss different routes for the formation of collagen/HAP-composites with graded porosity. We show experimental evidence of the pore growth during phase separation of an aqueous collagen solution and investigate the influence of different mechanical boundary conditions (freestanding body, film on rigid substrate). The formation of a graded pore structure via phase separation is presented as well as the successful synthesis of a collagen/HAP-composite via a cementation reaction from a colloidal HAP-precursor.       In the modelling part we focus on the drying process as a route for graded densification and structure formation. We present a brief description of the model used to investigate stress formation and plastic deformation in a two-phase material containing a liquid and a solid phase. We outline the important processing and material parameters for structural design and show how the model can be used to find the optimum processing conditions for a desired graded structure. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 368-373 生物医学的使用のための傾斜コーティングの実現 Realisation of Graded Coatings for Biomedical Use S. Kyeck 1 and P. Remer 21 Materials Science Institute, University of Technology Aachen, Julicher Strasse 344a, DE-52070 Aachen, Germany 2 Benteler AG, Luisenstrasse 117, DE-46537 Dinslaken, Germany S. Kyeck 1 and P. Remer 21 Materials Science Institute, University of Technology Aachen, Julicher Strasse 344a, DE-52070 Aachen, Germany 2 Benteler AG, Luisenstrasse 117, DE-46537 Dinslaken, Germany  In order to overcome the structural weakness of already existing coatings for implants, research in the field of functionally graded materials was carried out in this study. The aim was to improve the mechanical properties of the coatings by using graded structures. The gradient was achieved by using thermal spraying techniques with simultaneous processing of two different powders. First tests with the two materials hydroxyapatite and titanium were carried out by using a SPS torch. As an alternative, the same tests were carried out using an HVOF system, but the results showed that the SPS system leads to better coatings. Therefore, for the remainder of the experiments the SPS system was used. The coatings were analysed by LM, SEM and EDX to recognise material modification. In addition, porosity and adhesive bond strength of the coatings were tested. The aim of the project, a higher adhesive bond strength for coatings, was eventually achieved. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 374-379 骨格置換移植組織として予定された多孔性FGMの調整のためのチタン粉末焼結 Titanium Powder Sintering for Preparation of a Porous FGM Destined as a Skeletal Replacement Implant M. Thieme 1, K.-P. Wieters 1, F. Bergner 1, D. Scharnweber 1, H. Worch 1 J. Ndop 2, T. J. Kim 2 and W. Grill 21 Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science, DE-01062 Dresden, Germany 2 Univ. of Leipzig, Institute for Experimental Physics ll, Linnestr. 5, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany M. Thieme 1, K.-P. Wieters 1, F. Bergner 1, D. Scharnweber 1, H. Worch 1 J. Ndop 2, T. J. Kim 2 and W. Grill 21 Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science, DE-01062 Dresden, Germany 2 Univ. of Leipzig, Institute for Experimental Physics ll, Linnestr. 5, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany  This contribution refers to basic research into a functionally graded material (FGM) as a permanent skeletal replacement implant with improved properties. The latter concerns elastic adaptation and structural compatibility in order to achieve faster bone tissue ingrowth and better long-term stability. Target is a sintered porous coating on a compact substrate with a perpendicular gradient of the porosity and, hence, of the Young's modulus.       To achieve optimal porosity and pore size, coarse Ti powder fractions with diameters of up to 1000 micro m were chosen. Additionally, an acceleration of the sintering progress was attempted using fine-grained secondary powder components, such as silicon or titanium hydride.       Preliminarily, beam-like model specimens without gradient were produced to elucidate how powder characteristics and processing influence the general sinter behaviour, porosity, strength, and elastic properties.       Silicon-assisted liquid phase sintering (LPS) resulted in a substantial increase of the neck diameter (<= 500 micro m) and the strength of the sinter contacts. Milling the powder mixture was found to be superior to liquid-dispersed approaches in regard of uniform distribution of Si.       The Young's modulus determined by ultrasound velocity measurements ranged from 5 to 80 GPa, covering typical values of cortical bone (12÷23 GPa). In dependence on porosity, a correlation was perceivable as predicted by application of the effective medium approach (EMA).       Specimens with porosity gradients were successfully fabricated and characterized using acoustic microscopy and quantitative description of the microstructural geometry. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 383-388 プラズマ溶射したNiCrAlY-ジルコニアFGMs中の傾斜プロフィールの合成と特性評価 Synthesis and Characterization of Grading Profiles in Plasma Sprayed NiCrAlY-Zirconia FGMs S. Sampath 1, W. C. Smith 1, T. J. Jewett 1 and H. Kim 21 Center for Thermal Spray Research, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2275 USA2 Inha Technical College in Incheon, Korea S. Sampath 1, W. C. Smith 1, T. J. Jewett 1 and H. Kim 21 Center for Thermal Spray Research, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2275 USA2 Inha Technical College in Incheon, Korea  The versatility with respect to feed materials and process conditions makes plasma spray processing a flexible and inherently economic means for producing FGMs. However, successful synthesis of FGMs by plasma spray requires fundamental understanding of the process variables and associated materials response in the plasma flame. A multi-institutional, interdisciplinary effort is currently underway examining the important attributes in the plasma spray synthesis of FGMs. Fundamentals associated with processing, diagnostics and materials properties have been investigated in an integrated manner so as to develop strategies for effective development and utilization of FGMs.       In an initial study, multi-particle behavior in plasmas has been investigated. Particle characteristics of the FGM species and their spray behavior within the plasma spray plume have been optimized. Based on these optimization studies composite mixtures of metal and ceramic have been deposited and their deposition characteristics with respect to composition have been assessed. Using these results the process has been controlled to achieve stepped, linear and parabolic grading profiles. The step lengths have been varied in an effort to analyze the physical, thermal and mechanical characteristics of the FGMs. Deviations from targeted compositions have been assessed and related to process conditions and analysis techniques. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 389-395 傾斜・単一組成を伴うプラズマ溶射複合材料コーティング中の残留応力の測定 Measurement of Residual Stress in Plasma-Sprayed Composite Coatings with Graded and Uniform Compositions O. Kesler 1, J. Matejicek 2, S. Sampath 2 and S. Suresh 11 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA 2 State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA O. Kesler 1, J. Matejicek 2, S. Sampath 2 and S. Suresh 11 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA 2 State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA  Residual stresses in plasma sprayed composite coatings were studied experimentally by both curvature and neutron diffraction measurements. Graded and uniform composite coatings, consisting of nickel + alumina and NiCrAlY + yttria-stabilized zirconia, were investigated. This paper briefly summarizes our recent work dealing with the effects of coating thickness, composition, and material properties on the evolution of residual stresses in coatings. Analysis of the results allowed in some cases the separation of the quenching stress and thermal stress contributions to the final residual stress, as well as the determination of the through-thickness stress profile from measurements of different thickness specimens. In the ceramic-metal composites, it was found that the thermal mismatch stress plays a dominant role in the ceramic phase, whereas the stress in the metallic phase is mostly dominated by quenching stress. The residual stress measurement methods employed here were found to be complementary, in that each can provide unique information about the stress state. Through-thickness stress profiles in graded coatings were determined with high spatial resolution by the curvature method, and determination of the stress in each separate phase of a composite was made by neutron diffraction. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 396-401 傾斜EB-PVDアルミナ-ジルコニア遮熱コーティング－実験的アプローチ Graded EB-PVD Alumina-Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings-An Experimental Approach T. Krell, U. Schulz, M. Peters and W. A. KaysserDLR-Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V., Institut fur Werkstoff-Forschung, DE-51 140 Koln, Germany T. Krell, U. Schulz, M. Peters and W. A. KaysserDLR-Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V., Institut fur Werkstoff-Forschung, DE-51 140 Koln, Germany  Graded and homogeneous Al2O3-PYSZ thermal barrier coatings were processed by means of electron beam-physical vapor deposition in a dual source process. A compositional gradient was achieved by a suitable variation of deposition parameters. Both types of coatings show a dense and coarse columnar morphology with an internal multilayered structure which can be explained by a rotational effect. Coatings consist of nanocrystalline zirconia-rich and amorphous or nanocrystalline alumina-rich layers. Phase analysis reveals strongly broadened peaks of the tetragonal zirconia phase, but no alumina peaks. Annealing at 1100deg.C in vacuum leads to formation of the crystalline (alpha)-Al2O3 phase as well as zirconia grain growth while the multilayers dissappear. The grain growth can be described by a phenomenological growth law. The oxidation behavior of graded coatings was also investigated. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 402-409 PSZ/NiCrAlY傾斜機能遮熱コーティングの周期熱破壊作用と破砕寿命 Cyclic Thermal Fracture Behavior and Spallation Life of PSZ/NiCrAlY Functionally Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings 川崎亮, 渡辺龍三東北大学　大学院工学研究科　材料加工プロセス学980-8579   宮城県仙台市青葉区荒巻字青葉１－１ A. Kawasaki and R. WatanabeDepartment of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan  The major problem in thermal barrier coatings applied to gas turbine components is the spallation of ceramic coating under thermal cycling environments. In order to study the spalling behavior and durability of functionally graded thermal barrier coatings, the well controlled burner-heating-test is conducted. Three types of FGM coatings as well as duplex coatings, each designed to have the same thermal resistance, are fabricated by air plasma spraying process on stainless steel substrates. The spallation mechanism has been discussed on the basis of the crack observation, frequency analysis of AE events and the variation of effective thermal conductivity. The sequence of spalling behavior is found to be; orthogonal crack formation on the top surface during cooling, then transverse crack formation in the graded layer during heating, and subsequent growth of transverse cracks and their coalescence which leads eventually the ceramic coat to spall. Comparing with duplex coatings, it has been revealed that functionally graded TBCs possess the desirable effect for improvement of spallation life under cyclic thermal loads. The dependence of spallation life on composition profile in functionally graded coatings has been discussed. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 410-415 燃焼室へのPSZ/Ni　FGM遮熱コーティングの応用についての研究(TBCとその機構の破損条件) Research on the Application of PSZ/Ni FGM Thermal Barrier Coating to the Combustion Chamber (Damage Conditions of TBC and its Mechanism) 森谷信一, 黒田行郎, 佐藤政裕, 只野真, 毛呂明夫, 新野正之航空宇宙技術研究所981-1525　宮城県角田市君萱字小金沢1 S. Moriya, Y. Kuroda, M. Sato, M. Tadano, A. Moro and M. NiinoNational Aerospace Laboratory, Koganezawa 1, Kimigiya, Kakuda City, Miyagi, 981-1525, Japan  A PSZ/Ni FGM is investigated in Japan as a new chamber inner wall material of rocket thrust engines to improve their performance. The cyclic thermal shock tests of the chamber coated with PSZ/Ni FGM was conducted by using bipropellant of NTO/MMH. It was shown that the combustion chamber coated with PSZ/Ni FGM thermal barrier coating has a enhanced life compared with the combustion chamber coated with non-FGM layer. However, the main problem has found to be the damage of the material under combustion gas heating conditions, such as the vertical cracking perpendicular to the heated surface, interfacial delaminations, and spalling of the thermal barrier coating. To study the damage mechanism, the transient thermal stress analysis simulating the firing test of the combustion chamber and the steady state analysis simulating the local interface roughness of the coating were performed. As the result of it, it is considered that the interface roughness between PSZ phase and Ni phase fabricated by LPPS and the large compressive stress state in the coating during a heating period induced the delamination. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 416-421 C/C複合材料上の傾斜機能C/SiCコーティングの健全性 Health Diagnosis of Functionally Graded C/SiC Coating on C/C Composites 1 若松義男2 庄子哲雄3 小川和洋4 I. Hino1 科学技術庁航空宇宙技術研究所　角田宇宙推進技術研究センター　981-1525　宮城県角田市君萱字小金沢12 東北大学   980-8579   宮城県仙台市青葉区荒巻字青葉１－１3 東北大学大学院工学研究科　980-8579   宮城県仙台市青葉区荒巻字青葉1-14 東北大学   980-8579   宮城県仙台市青葉区荒巻字青葉1-1 Y. Wakamatsu 1, T. Shoji 2, K. Ogawa 3 and I. Hino 41 National Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda Research Center, Kakuda, Miyagi 989-1525, Japan 2 Tohoku University, Research Institute for Fracture Technology, Sendai 980-8579, Japan 3 Tohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai 980-8579, Japan 4 Tohoku University, Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Sendai 980-8579, Japan  Specimens made of C/C composites with a functionally graded C/SiC coating were fabricated and subjected to the supersonic hot gas flow to evaluate durability. After repeated heating tests, pinholes were found in a SiC coating layer. Understanding of the state and the process of damage and the health diagnosis of coating layer are very important for the practical application. Authors introduced the observation of thin film made of cross section of a damaged sample in addition to some kinds of diagnostic technique. On the other hand, an impedance spectroscopy technique was introduced to diagnose the health and the residual life of the coating layer. Initial cracks in the SiC coating layer due to the thermal stress have been said to close as the temperature rises. Authors presumed that chipping of the crack edge of SiC allowed the diffusion of oxygen into the C/C and the combustion of C/C followed by the temperature rise and the active oxidation of SiC. Authors made clear that the electric resistance of CVD-SiC was proportional to the SiC thickness. The measurement of SiC resistance became possible by the introduction of the impedance spectroscopy method even if the high electric resistance layer of SiO2 was formed on the SiC surface. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 422-427 酸化耐性金属-セラミック傾斜機能材料：材料コンセプトと製造必要事項 An Oxidation Resistant Metal-Ceramic Functional Gradient Material: Material Concept and Processing Requirements M. Willert-Porada and R. BorchertUniversity of Dortmund, Department of Chemical Engineering, Div. Mater. Sci., DE-44221 Dortmund, Germany M. Willert-Porada and R. BorchertUniversity of Dortmund, Department of Chemical Engineering, Div. Mater. Sci., DE-44221 Dortmund, Germany  A new concept for achieving thermomechanical as well as oxidation resistance in a metal-ceramic FGM for thermal barrier applications is presented. The ceramic part of the thermal barrier is composed of a graded mixture of 8Y-ZrO2 and a bimodal ZrSiO4 with subsequent metal additions. By adapting the microstructure within the ceramic zone of the FGM to form a regular microcrack-network, a significant reduction of the thermal expansion mismatch between the ceramic and the metal components of the graded structure is achieved, together with a decrease in thermal conductivity of the nearly dense zirconia-zircon-mixtures as compared to known porous zirconia coatings. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 428-433 スペースプレーン(宇宙飛行機)のための高温応用のための傾斜機能セラミック材料 Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials for High Temperature Applications for Space Planes T. Laux 1, A. Killinger 2, M. Auweter-Kurtz 1, R. Gadow 2 and H. Wilhelmi 31 University of Stuttgart, Institute for Space Systems, Pfaffenwaldring 31, DE-70550 Stuttgart, Germany 2 University of Stuttgart, Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites, Allmandring 5b, DE-70569 Stuttgart, Germany 3 University of Technology Aachen, Institute of Industrial Furnaces and Heat Engineering, Kopernikusstr. 16, DE-52074 Aachen, Germany T. Laux 1, A. Killinger 2, M. Auweter-Kurtz 1, R. Gadow 2 and H. Wilhelmi 31 University of Stuttgart, Institute for Space Systems, Pfaffenwaldring 31, DE-70550 Stuttgart, Germany 2 University of Stuttgart, Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites, Allmandring 5b, DE-70569 Stuttgart, Germany 3 University of Technology Aachen, Institute of Industrial Furnaces and Heat Engineering, Kopernikusstr. 16, DE-52074 Aachen, Germany  Whether it is possible to develop a fully reusable space vehicle essentially depends, according to the current point of view, on the success of developing appropriate thermal protection materials. Functionally graded materials are being developed for this purpose. This paper presents first results of the manufacturing of graded coatings and their investigation under high enthalpy flow conditions. The materials were manufactured by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) at the Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites (IFKB). The TPS is made up of principally three layers: a substrate, an intermediate layer and the appropriate thermal protection layer. The substrate is the high melting alloy Inconel 625. In addition to the improvement of the adhesive power between the top layer and the substrate the intermediate layer acts as an oxygen barrier. Cr3C2-NiCr, NiCrAlY and Mo-MoSi2 are investigated as intermediate layer materials. ZrO2 and TiO2 are used for the TPS surface. First investigations of the selection of surface and intermediate layers were carried out. The investigation of the erosion behaviour was performed within a plasma wind tunnel at the Institute for Space Systems (IRS). The circular samples are loaded by a high enthalpy flow produced by a magnetoplasmadynamic generator (MPG). The test conditions were determined by measurements of the heat flux and the Pitot pressure. The surface temperature of the test sample is measured by pyrometers. The effects of thermal and chemical loads on the sample are presented. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 434-441 HVOFガンを使用したFGM遮熱コーティングの高熱流速循環 High Heat Flux Thermal Cycling of FGM Thermal Barrier Coatings using a HVOF Gun C. Verdy 1, S. Abboudi 1, C. Coddet 1, D. Cornu 2 and J. M. DeMonicault 21 LERMPS, Institut Polytechnique de Sevenans, BP 449, FR-90010 Belfort Cedex, France 2 SEP, Societe Europeenne de Propulsion, BP 802, FR-27207 Vernon, France C. Verdy 1, S. Abboudi 1, C. Coddet 1, D. Cornu 2 and J. M. DeMonicault 21 LERMPS, Institut Polytechnique de Sevenans, BP 449, FR-90010 Belfort Cedex, France 2 SEP, Societe Europeenne de Propulsion, BP 802, FR-27207 Vernon, France  The aim of this work was to determine the behavior of multi-layered and FGM structures under high heat fluxes. A direct simulation by the implicit finite difference method was used to predict the transient temperature distribution in each layer of the multimaterials. Experimentally, high heat fluxes were produced using a HVOF gun operated with a methane-oxygen mixture and internally cooled samples.       Multi-layered deposits (Copper alloy / MCrAlY / Partially Stabilized Zirconia) were sprayed using a plasma torch under controlled atmosphere (VPS) onto a copper block containing cooling channels for a circulation of water. Transient and static tests were performed with heat fluxes up to 100 MW/m2 for durations of a few minutes to several hours. Microstructural characterizations of deposits were performed by optical microscopy after thermal tests in order to determine the erosion resistance of the PSZ coating for both cases. Results show a better erosion resistance of the FGM (MCrAlY / PSZ) thermal barrier coating. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 442-449 遮熱コーティングにおける表面粗さ誘発残留応力：コンピューターシミュレーション Surface-Roughness Induced Residual Stresses in Thermal Barrier Coatings: Computer Simulations C. H.  Hsueh 1, P. F. Becher 1, E. R. Fuller, Jr. 2, S. A. Langer 2 and W. C. Carter 31 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6068, USA 2 Nationai Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA Email: edwin.fuller@nist.gov 3 presently at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA C. H.  Hsueh 1, P. F. Becher 1, E. R. Fuller, Jr. 2, S. A. Langer 2 and W. C. Carter 31 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6068, USA 2 Nationai Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA Email: edwin.fuller@nist.gov 3 presently at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA  Adherence of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBC's) during deposition is strongly dependent on a rough metallic bond-coat surface topology. However, the resultant interfacial asperities modify the residual stresses that develop in the coating system due to thermal expansion differences, and other misfit strains, and generate stresses that can induce progressive fracture and eventual spallation of the ceramic coating. For a flat interface, the principal residual stress is parallel to the interface, as the stress normal to the interface is zero. However, the residual stress normal to the interface becomes non-zero, when the interface has the required interlocking morphology. In the present study, an actual microstructure of a plasma-sprayed TBC system was numerically simulated and analyzed with a recently developed, object-oriented finite element analysis program, OOF, to give an estimate of the localized residual stresses in a TBC system. Additionally, model TBC microstructures were examined to evaluate the manner in which the topology of interfacial asperities influences residual stresses. Results are present for several scenarios of modifying interfacial roughness. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 450-455 レーザー照射の方法による傾斜機能遮熱コーティングの破壊機械的モデリングと破損特性評価 Fracture Mechanical Modelling and Damage Characterization of Functionally Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings by Means of Laser Irradiation I. Hofinger 1, H. -A. Bahr 1, H. Balke 1, G. Kirchhoff 2, C. Hausler 1 and H. -J. Weiァ 21 Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Solid Mechanics, DE-01062 Dresden, Germany 2 Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology, Winterbergstrasse 28, DE-01277 Dresden, Germany I. Hofinger 1, H. -A. Bahr 1, H. Balke 1, G. Kirchhoff 2, C. Hausler 1 and H. -J. Weiァ 21 Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Solid Mechanics, DE-01062 Dresden, Germany 2 Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology, Winterbergstrasse 28, DE-01277 Dresden, Germany  The fracture and damage behaviour of high temperature materials can be modified by realizing well-defined property gradients. The damage characterization of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) by means of laser irradiation shows that crack propagation perpendicular and parallel to the heated surface are the crucial phenomena. Crack propagation parallel to the surface leads to delamination and spalling. In terms of fracture mechanics, optimizing gradients means minimization of the ratio between the energy release rate G for delamination and its critical value Gc. The aim is to allow maximum load at large TBC thickness. Two effects are discussed by means of an example. One is the reduction of G for stationary heat flow and the other one is the higher Gc through a gradient towards a more ductile material. A method for measurement of Gc for thin, brittle layers is presented. Cyclic surface heating by laser irradiation enables us to quantitatively evaluate the damage resistance of non-graded and graded TBCs. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 459-466 傾斜金属-炭化物組成物質のレーザー世代 Laser Generation of Graded Metal-Carbide Components T. Seefeld, C. Theiler, E. Schubert and G. SepoldBIAS Bremen Institute of Applied Beam Technology, Klagenfurter Str. 2, DE-28359 Bremen, Germany T. Seefeld, C. Theiler, E. Schubert and G. SepoldBIAS Bremen Institute of Applied Beam Technology, Klagenfurter Str. 2, DE-28359 Bremen, Germany  A technique to generate graded metal-carbide composite materials has been derived from the powder-fed laser beam cladding process which involves the line-by-line deposition of layers and enables to build up freeform components layer by layer.       This basic investigation focuses on graded components and multilayer coatings produced using a model system of Cr3C2 as hard and wear resistant phase in a matrix of different Ni alloys.       A compositional gradient is introduced into the material by increasing the carbide content quasicontinuously from 0 to 80 vol% during the cladding process. The distribution of carbides, their degree of dissolution in the matrix alloy, and other microstructural features are determined by the carbide content and the laser processing parameters. The correlation between parameters, process behaviour and the resulting property gradients is subject of the current investigations. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 467-475 非反応性マグネトロンスパッタリングによって蒸着したTiC-TiN傾斜コーティングの微細構造特性評価 Microstructural Characterisation of TiC-TiN Gradient Coatings Deposited by Non-Reactive Magnetron Sputtering H. Leiste, M. Stuber, V. Schier and H. HolleckForschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Materialforschung I, Karlsruhe, Germany H. Leiste, M. Stuber, V. Schier and H. HolleckForschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Materialforschung I, Karlsruhe, Germany  A concept for the deposition of TiC-TiN gradient coatings by non-reactive magnetron sputtering is presented. Using symmetrically divided targets consisting of TiC and TiN parts thin graded films are deposited by moving the substrate below the target during deposition from the carbide rich to the nitride rich side. The composition of the growing film depends on the location of the substrates below the target. The gas pressure and substrate bias as deposition parameters show strong influence on the constitution and mechanical properties of the films (hardness, critical load of failure). In AES investigations the distribution of the composition of the graded films show the predicted values and correlate to the location dependent composition of stationary coated samples below the divided target. For Ar-gas pressures between 0,2Pa < p < 2,0Pa, a nearly linear distribution of the composition of TiCxNy with 0,9 > x > 0,1 and 0,1 < y < 0,9 was found. TEM investigations show columnar structure of gradient coatings with composition dependent grain size. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 476-481 繰り返し負荷の下での傾斜超硬合金中の破損機構 Damage Mechanisms in Graded Hard Metals under Cyclic Loads S. Kursawe 1, R. Schulte 2 and H. G. Sockel 11 Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Institut for Werkstoffwissenschaften, Lehrstuhl I, Martensstr. 5, DE-91058 Erlangen, F. R. Germany 2 Tigra Hartstoff GmbH, Gewerbering 2, DE-86698 Oberndorf a. Lech, Germany S. Kursawe 1, R. Schulte 2 and H. G. Sockel 11 Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Institut for Werkstoffwissenschaften, Lehrstuhl I, Martensstr. 5, DE-91058 Erlangen, F. R. Germany 2 Tigra Hartstoff GmbH, Gewerbering 2, DE-86698 Oberndorf a. Lech, Germany  Cutting tools made of hard metals with a graded surface zone and a hard coating show a strongly increased lifetime in the technical application, compared to the homogeneous, coated hard metal.       The aim of this work was to achieve an understanding of these behaviours. Investigations of the mechanical properties under different loading conditions (i. e. static, monotonically increasing, and cyclic loads) and of the states and processes in the microstructure by SEM and TEM revealed the dominating damage processes in the different materials. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 482-488 WC-Co傾斜材料の応用 Applications of WC-Co Gradient Materials P. NicolaeMetallurgical Research Institute ICEM-SA, 39 Mehadia St., RO-77769 Bucharest 6, Romania P. NicolaeMetallurgical Research Institute ICEM-SA, 39 Mehadia St., RO-77769 Bucharest 6, Romania  Sintering in the WC-Co system allows structural gradient materials to be achieved. The structural gradient was built up in the pressing stage and it joined at final configuration after the liquid phase sintering. Two different powders (straight mixtures) were compacted both on the pressing direction and on the perpendicular direction of pressing.       After sintering the cobalt gradient, a certain arrangement of alpha-WC and gamma-WC-TiC-Ta(NbC) phases were obtained. The gradient hardmetals were tested as compared to the straight hardmetals. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 487-492 鋼上で焼結-結合した傾斜機能超硬合金のニヤネット形状形成 Near-Net Shape Forming of Functionally Graded Cemented Carbide, Sinter-Bonded on Steel 1 池ヶ谷明彦, 津田圭一, K. Uchino2 T. Miyagawa 3 Y. Suehiro1 住友電気工業株式会社  伊丹研究所　664  兵庫県伊丹市昆陽北1-1-12 （財）金属系材料研究開発センター　150   東京都港区虎ノ門1-26-53 日本石油株式会社   261 千葉県千葉市美浜区浜田1-2-2 A. Ikegaya 1, K. Tsuda 1, K. Uchino 1, T. Miyagawa 2 and Y. Suehiro 31 Itami Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., 1-1-1 Koya-Kita, Itami 664, Japan 2 Japan Research and Development Center for Metals, 1-26-5 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan 3 Technology Research Center, Japan National Oil Corporation, 1-2-2 Hamada, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261, Japan  The cemented carbide coating on steel is required to have a harder and thicker coated layer to improve durability. However, it is difficult to coat a hard and thick coated layer firmly, because it promotes cracks and peels the coated layer due to the thermal stress originated by the thermal expansion mismatch. To overcome this problem and to improve the property of hard material, we studied a new FGM of steel coated with cemented carbide layers. Cobalt compositionally graded cemented carbide powders stacked on steel and sinter-bonded to the steel by a new sintering process, using pressurizing and direct resistance heating by pulse current. We manufactured the desired structure and confirmed the stress relief, high bonding strength and distribution of functionality of coated layers between the surface with high wear resistance and with high toughness inside.       We applied this FGM to a stabilizer blade for a well drilling tool. Although the blade has a curved surface, we successfully sinter-bond graded cemented carbide layers on the near-net-shaped steel substrate with a uniformly graded structure. To fabricate the stabilizer, the blades were welded to steel. The FGM blades with-stood the heat cycle of welding and were confirmed to have welding performance equivalent to conventional blades. Because the entire surface is covered with graded cemented carbide layers, this new stabilizer is expected to have excellent performance compare to the conventional stabilizer whose blades have cemented carbide tips that are inserted partially. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 493-499 傾斜機能TiC-素地サーメット Functionally Graded TiC-Based Cermets M. P. Dariel, S. Sabatello, L. Levin and N. FrageDepartment of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel M. P. Dariel, S. Sabatello, L. Levin and N. FrageDepartment of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel  A well-known approach for manufacturing ceramic-metal composites is based on infiltration of a ceramic preform by a molten metal. The particular properties of the TiCx-M system (M is an infiltrating metal) allow to follow two different strategies in order to generate functionally graded structures. According to the first approach a graded distribution of porosity is generated in the carbide preform by taking advantage of the dependence of the sinterability on the carbon content (x). Liquid metal infiltration generates a varying ceramic-to-metal ratio and a concurrent property profile. According to the second approach, a pre-designed spatial carbon variation in a TiCx preform generates a corresponding affinity variation towards an infiltrating carbon containing molten alloy, e.g. a carbon steel. By appropriate heat treatments and as a function of the carbon content, one can induce significant variations and produce pre-designed property profiles in the metallic component and, thence, in the ceramic-metal composite. Examples will be put forward in order to illustrate the two approaches. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 500-505 自己伝播高温合成(SHS)によって調整したAl2O3-TiCx(x＝0～1)複合材料の熱物理的特性 Thermophysical Properties of Al2O3-TiCx (x = O~1) Composites Prepared by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) 1 L. Chen, G. Groboth, E. Kny2 L. Chen1 Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Department of Materials Technology, AT-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria 2 Corresponding author: E-Mail: Iimin.chen@arcs.ac.at L. Chen 1,2, G. Groboth 1 and E. Kny 11 Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Department of Materials Technology, AT-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria 2 Corresponding author: E-Mail: Iimin.chen@arcs.ac.at  Al2O3-TiC ceramic is an important industrial material which is widely used as wear-resistant parts such as cutting tools. Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) provides an attractive practical alternative to the conventional methods of producing this kind of materials because SHS offers advantages with respect to process economics and process simplicity. On the other hand, the properties of Al2O3-TiC ceramic depends on the stoichiometry factor x of TiCx. Our previous work has shown that the properties of Al2O3-TiC ceramic can be improved by FGMs (Functionally Graded Materials) concept.       In the present work, dense Al2O3-TiCx ceramics with x value in the range of 0~1 were manufactured by SHS combustion reaction: 3TiO2 + 3xC + 4Al -> 3TiCx + 2Al2O3. Only cost effective raw materials were used. Thermophysical properties of SHS produced Al2O3-TiCx ceramics (x=0~1), such as thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and specific heat were investigated as functions of the stoichiometry factor x of TiCx. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 509-514 日本における傾斜機能材料の最近の、そして将来の開発 Recent and Prospective Development of Functionally Graded Materials in Japan 平井敏雄, 陳立東東北大学金属材料研究所980-8577   宮城県仙台市青葉区片平２丁目１－１ T. Hirai and L. ChenInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan  The concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs), originally developed for the purpose of reducing thermal stress, has now greatly expanded and is being applied to the development of electrical, optical, magnetic, and biochemical materials. Here in Japan, several FGM research projects have been promoted with the support of the government and other organizations. Many societies concerned with material science now include special sessions or symposia on FGMs at their annual conferences to promote FGM research, and FGM research in Japan has been increasing year by year. Many novel fabrication processes have been developed, and various new materials with unique properties have been prepared by introducing graded structures. For example, achievement of successful control of electrical properties of perovskite-type (La1-xCax) MnO3 has led to a new approach to the control electronic transport behavior by a graded structure, and the advanced optical filter characteristics of graded TiO2/SiO2 multilayer film provide a new avenue not only for application of FGMs but also for understanding their mechanisms. In this paper, some recent interesting findings on the design, process, and characteristics of FGMs are described. Future possibilities and trends in FGM research are also discussed. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 515-520 傾斜機能圧電セラミック Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Ceramics W. F. Shelley II, S. Wan and K. J. BowmanSchool of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 1289 Materials and Electrical Engineering Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA W. F. Shelley II, S. Wan and K. J. BowmanSchool of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 1289 Materials and Electrical Engineering Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA  Piezoelectric ceramics are widely used in industry in such devices as transducers and actuators. While bulk ceramics perform well in most applications, they are limited in use as actuators where large strains are needed. This research examines bulk piezoelectric ceramics with functional gradients of composition in order to produce large strains. Layered lead zirconate titanate ceramics were centrifugally cast with compositional gradients from Pb(Zr0.50 Ti0.50)O3 to Pb(Zr0.45 Ti0.55)O3. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the unpoled state of each layer of the functionally graded ceramic. X-ray diffraction and d33 measurements were made to confirm the Curie temperature of each layer of the functionally graded ceramic through depoling. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was performed to determine the composition of each layer in the ceramic. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 521-526 傾斜1‐3複合材料圧電変換器のモデリング Modeling of Graded 1-3 Composite Piezoelectric Transducers S. Hirsekorn, W. Gebhardt and W. ArnoldFraunhofer Institut fur zerstorungsfreie Prufverfahren (IZFP) Universitat, Geb. 37, DE-66123 Saarbrucken, Germany S. Hirsekorn, W. Gebhardt and W. ArnoldFraunhofer Institut fur zerstorungsfreie Prufverfahren (IZFP) Universitat, Geb. 37, DE-66123 Saarbrucken, Germany  A simple physical model of 1-3 piezoelectric composites can be used to determine the material properties that are relevant to thickness-mode oscillations. If the lateral scale of the composite is sufficiently fine, it can be treated as an effective homogeneous medium. This model is extended to graded 1-3 composites in which the diameter and (or) the number of the piezoelectric ceramic rods is varied in through thickness direction to allow broadband thickness oscillations. If the lateral scale is sufficiently fine over the thickness, the graded composite can be described as a stack of homogeneous layers of different effective material properties. The frequency dependent oscillatory behavior of graded 1-3 composite transducers including backing, matching layers, and feedback effects of the voltage source is calculated analytically. The equations obtained are numerically evaluated and compared with experimental results. Objective of this work are design and optimization criteria for the construction of graded piezoelectric composites for applications. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 527-532 圧電傾斜材料を用いた広帯域超音波変換器 Broadband Ultrasound Transducers Using Piezoelectrically Graded Materials 山田顕, J. Sakamura, 中村僖良東北大学　大学院工学研究科　仙台市 K. Yamada, J. Sakamura and K. NakamuraTohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Japan  Broadband ultrasound transducers are presented that utilize piezoelectric materials having an effectively graded piezoelectric parameter and/or applied electric field. These transducers are constructed by forming a number of fine V-grooves on one surface of a piezoelectric plate. Broadband frequency characteristics of the proposed transducer is demonstrated through experiments of wave generation in water. The finite element method analysis has proved that even order resonant modes are also excited in the plate with a grooved configuration. English Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials,held in New Town Hall,Dresden.Germany,october 26-29,1998 Functionally Graded Materials 1998Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 6 1998-12-31 533-538 アコースティックインピーダンス勾配を伴う材料 Materials with an Acoustic Impedance Gradient G. Zimmermann and A. SchievenbuschACCESS e. V., Intzestr. 5, DE-52072 Aachen, Germany G. Zimmermann and A. SchievenbuschACCESS e. V., Intzestr. 5, DE-52072 Aachen, Germany  This paper focusses on processing and characterization of aluminum- and copper-based materials which have a gradient in the acoustic impedance and can be used for ultrasonic diagnostics. In the copper-based material the amount of tungstencarbide is varied by solidification in a Bridgman-type gradient furnace vertically upwards and sedimentation of the tungstencarbide particles. The gradient in the aluminum-based material is produced by melt diffusion in a high temperature furnace by variation of the process time and succeeding quenching.       To characterize the gradient materials the acoustic impedance gradient is determined. The gradient couplers are tested in practice by using an ultrasonic set-up based on the puls-echo method. It is found that the intensity of the detected echo can be increased up to a factor of two, i. e. about 12 dB, by using the gradient materials as acoustic couplers. English