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National Institute for Materials Science

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[Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM2002) (pp.1-212)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/fc205652-b479-4892-a673-91112fab5ee2)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 1-10 新用途でのFGMの活動 The Activities of FGM on New Application 上村誠一 S. Uemura  The concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs) was proposed in 1984 by materials scientists in the Sendai area as a means of preparing thermal barrier materials. During 20 years period the concept of FGMs has spread into almost all traditional technical and/or scientific fields, through many national projects in Japan. As the results, many commercial applications have been developed. Some of them are the joint work of University/National institute and Industry. Last June 14, FGM Forum held entitled "Workshop on the industrial application of FGMs". Over ten industrial companies presented new application of FGM in several technical fields. These are machining tool, optical fiber, optical filter, surface materials for wristwatch, blade of electric shaver, spike for baseball shoes etc. In this paper, I explain new commercial application of FGM in Japan and discuss what shall we, FGM Forum, do for prosperity of FGM. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 11-16 中国における金属基傾斜機能プラズマ対向材料の新しい進歩 New Progress of Metal-Based Functionally Graded Plasma-Facing Materials in China Chang-Chun Ge, Zhang-Jian Zhou, Yun-Han Ling Chang-Chun Ge, Zhang-Jian Zhou, Yun-Han Ling  The aim of this work is to develop new metal-based bulk FGMs and coating FGMs as plasma-facing materials for the divertors of Chinese next generation Tokamak facilities. On the basis of our previous studies on FGM, the FGM design idea is applied to the composite W/Cu (or Mo/Cu)-to combine the advantages of the high thermal shock resistance and thermal conductivity of copper with the high plasma erosion resistance of W(or Mo) for use as plasma-facing materials of divertors. Five different processing technologies are developed for these FGMs and some results of plasma-relevant performance of these materials are reported. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 17-22 FGM解法の産業応用 Industrial Application of FGM Solutions Michael M. Gasik Michael M. Gasik  The interest in FGM over the last years has resulted in many achievements, but FGM components and their applications did not yet become widespread. "Traditional" FGM applications and processing techniques thus should be extended also to "materials solutions". This includes a solution of the specific problem using some cost-effective FGM design concept where one do not usually have to invent some "new" material or processing technology. This paper outlines the results of the research of joint research projects being carried out in Finland, Japan and the USA. The FGM applications are being considered from the point of their "usefulness" and some examples of industrial applications of FGM are being demonstrated. Finally, opportunities and limitations of FGM components development are discussed. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 23-28 対称性FGM板の設計と製造 Design and Fabrication of Symmetric FGM Plates M. M. Gasik, B.-S. Zhang, O. Van der Biest, J. Vleugels, G. Anne, S.Put M. M. Gasik, B.-S. Zhang, O. Van der Biest, J. Vleugels, G. Anne, S.Put  Optimization of symmetric FGM plates and disks during sintering by computer simulation was illustrated with respect to processing parameters such as green density, particle size and composition profiles. The goal was to minimize the FGM distortion, to avoid cracks and to generate an optimum residual stress distribution. As an example, FGM hardmetal cutting tools (WC-Co-TiC) and ZrO2-Al2O3 wear resistance disks were designed and fabricated using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and pressureless sintering. The results show that optimal parameters in the FGM could be reasonably determined by the simulations in order to achieve a successful fabrication. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 29-32 共沈による組成の円滑変化をもったW-Mo傾斜機能材料の設計及びち密化 Design and Densification of W-Mo Functionally Graded Materials with Smooth Changes of Composition by Co-sedimentation Zhongmin Yang, Daoren Gong, Lianmeng Zhang Zhongmin Yang, Daoren Gong, Lianmeng Zhang  A kind of W-Mo functionally graded materials (FGMs) can be applied in dynamic high-pressure technology to create quasi-isentropic compression on target material. In this paper the particle size distribution of Mo powder has been calculated according to the target function-compositional distribution of the required product Subsequently, the sedimentation experiments were carried out and the sample was tested by the electron probe. The results show that elements W and Mo form a continuously graded structure and the tested values are in fair agreement with the designed values. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 33-38 連続的に傾斜した対称性プロフィルをもった傾斜機能硬質金属 Functionally Graded Hardmetals with a Continuously Graded Symmetrical Profile Stijn Put, Jef Vleugels, Guy Anne, Omer Van der Biest Stijn Put, Jef Vleugels, Guy Anne, Omer Van der Biest  The processing of continuously graded hardmetals with a symmetrical gradient by the electrophoretic deposition process is studied. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a fairly rapid low cost process, capable of producing FGMs with continuous gradients. This paper reports on the processing of WC-Co-Ti(C,N) plates with a gradient in cobalt and Ti(C,N) by means of electrophoresis and subsequent cold isostatic pressing and liquid phase sintering. In order to create a symmetric gradient profile, a model for the EPD process was developed. The EPD model allows predicting the composition and slope of the gradient in the green as well as sintered material from the starting composition of the suspensions, the EPD operating parameters and the powder-specific EPD characteristics. The EPD model was applied to engineer WC-Co-Ti(C,N) FGM plates in order to create the optimal gradient profile. The resulting graded materials show a continuous variation in composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. In the specific illustrated examples, the Ti(C,N) content decreases from 5 wt% on the outer hard edge to almost 0 wt% in the tough bulk of the material whereas the cobalt content after sintering increases along the same direction from about 5-7 wt% to 10-15 wt%. The Vickers hardness HV10 is found to increase continuously from about 16.1 GPa in the bulk of the material to 18.1 GPa on the edge, whereas the fracture toughness decreases along the same direction from 8.8 to 6.6 MPa.m1/2. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 39-44 放電プラズマ焼結(SPS)法によって作製した大型WC/Co傾斜機能材料 Large-Size WC/Co Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Method 鴇田正雄 Masao Tokita  Spark plasma sintering (SPS), also called the pressure assisted pulsed energizing process or the pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) process, is a promising technique for innovative processing in the field of new materials for the 21st century. It offers applications in nano-phase materials, thermo-electric materials, composite materials, new wear-resistant materials and functionally graded materials (FGMs). In order to develop large-size bulk FGMs for industrial applications using the SPS method, the multilayer composition, optimum sintering conditions, mechanical properties as well as manufacturing machine systems were investigated. Utilizing a fully automated production-type SPS system, a square-shaped large-size WC/Co cemented carbide hard-alloy FGM having 4 gradient layers of 100 mm (width) x100 mm (length) x40 mm (thickness) was homogeneously fabricated in less than one hour of continuous operation. The hardness of the top and bottom layers containing 6 wt% Co, 20 wt% Co were 20 and 9 GPa, respectively. Major applications of the WC/Co FGM are various press-stamping dies for the tools and die industry. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 45-48 テープ成形によりWC粒径とCo組成の傾斜分布をもったWC-Co硬質合金の製造 Fabrication of WC-Co Cemented Carbides with Gradient Distribution of WC Grain Size and Co Composition by Tape Casting Jigui Cheng, Yucheng Wu, Yonghong Xia Jigui Cheng, Yucheng Wu, Yonghong Xia  Layered WC-Co (with 8 wt.% Co) green compacts with discontinuous distribution of WC particle size (1-7 micro meters) were prepared by a novel process based on tape casting and lamination. After burning off binder and other organic components, the green tapes were sintered at different temperatures in H2. Microstructures of both the green and the sintered compacts were observed by scanning electron microscopy. An electron probe microanalyser was used to measure the linear distribution of Co element in the layered WC-Co cemented carbides. Mechanical behaviors of the layered materials were investigated and compared with those of WC-Co alloys with homogeneous distribution of WC grain size and Co composition. It has been shown that by controlling WC particle size in the green cast tapes and sintering parameters, a continuous gradient distribution of WC grain size and Co composition can be realized simultaneously in the laminated WC-Co materials, with more Co-rich phase (higher Co content) in the original fine WC side. Owing to the improved microstructure, the gradient WC-Co materials showed better mechanical properties than homogeneous WC-Co materials with either fine or coarse WC grain sizes. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 49-54 プラズマ対向部材として使用するW/Cu 傾斜機能材料の設計及び熱衝撃性能 Design and Thermal Shock Performance of W/Cu Functionally Graded Material used as Plasma Facing Component Yunhan Ling, Xinde Bai and Changchun Ge Yunhan Ling, Xinde Bai and Changchun Ge  The integrity of high sputtering threshold of refractory tungsten with high thermal conductivity and weldability of copper is an attractive material selection as highly loaded plasma-interactive component in a fusion device. Their mismatch thermophysical properties however construct great obstacles to unite the two metals. A feasible solution can be found to create gradient transitions between W and Cu. To avoid possible material failure originated from the process of fabrication and on service, optimization design of thermal stresses of W/Cu FGM was conducted via finite element analysis in the paper. It was found that a 71% reduction of thermal Mises stress in W/Cu FGM and a 80 deg. C decrease of working temperature on W surface compared with those of non-FGM can be expected when gradient exponent p is selected 0.8 and the number of gradient layer n=>4. Cyclic impact test of the as-designed W/Cu FGM exhibited good thermal shock resistance, which can endure 50 cycles of water quenching with a temperature gap from 800 to 25 deg. C, and 700 shots of pulsed laser impingement with a energy density of 123 MW/m2 respectively, without delamination. Whereas fatigue crack or fracture occurred on W surface under overladen impingement, most likely these failures were caused by great thermal tensile stress during thermal shock. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 55-58 マイクロ波焼結による非対称性WC/Co傾斜機能硬質金属の作製と特性 Fabrication and Properties of Axisymmetric WC/Co Functionally Graded Hard Metal via Microwave Sintering Wei Lin, Xinde Bai, Yunhan Ling, Zuozhong Jiang, Zhipeng Xie Wei Lin, Xinde Bai, Yunhan Ling, Zuozhong Jiang, Zhipeng Xie  To reduce the cost of fabrication and improve the product quality, microwave sintering of axisymmetric functionally graded WC/Co hard metals was explored in this paper. WC-Co green compacts with a discontinuously axisymmetrical laying distribution of Co (3-25wt%) were first molded by cold isostatic pressure (CIP) and then sintered by microwave (2.45 GHz) irradiation in an Ar atmosphere. Microstructural changes and hardness survey have been examined through SEM analysis, etc. It was found that the densification and mechanical properties of the gradient compact were strongly dependent on the temperature and time of microwave sintering. Crystal particles remained quite small. Heat activation of WC grains and selective heating of microwave have enhanced the metallurgical and mechanical properties of cemented WC/Co functionally graded hard metals. Based on this result, preparation of nano-structural WC/Co functionally graded cemented carbides by microwave sintering is more promising. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 59-62 ナノ複合材料Nd9Fe84.5Nb0.5B6溶融紡糸リボンの異方性 The Anisotropy of Nanocomposite Nd9Fe84.5Nb0.5B6 Melt Spun Ribbons Z. L. Jiang, X.Y. Chen, Y. Chen, L. Zhang, F. M. Bai, J. Zhu Z. L. Jiang, X.Y. Chen, Y. Chen, L. Zhang, F. M. Bai, J. Zhu  Highly anisotropic nanocomposite Nd9Fe84.5Nb0.5B6 ribbons were obtained by rapid solidification at wheel speeds from 15 m/s to 20m/s. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that these ribbons are preferentially orientated with the c axis of Nd2Fe14B phase perpendicular to the surface of the ribbons. The anisotropy of Nd2Fe14B phase on the free surface is stronger than that on the contact surface and decreases with increase of wheel speed. The anisotropy of Nd2Fe14B phase seems to be caused by the preferential growth of the crystal nuclei favorable orientation with their c-axes along the temperature gradient during rapid solidification. The anisotropy of Nd2Fe14B phase decreases gradually after annealing above 600 deg. C, which is mainly attributed to the precipitation of new alpha-Fe from Nd2Fe14B phase with super-saturated Fe. Decreasing the annealing temperature or reducing the annealing time is beneficial for preserving the anisotropy of Nd2Fe14B phase after annealing. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 63-68 傾斜Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb表面合金化層 Gradient Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb Surface Alloying Layer Xu Zhang, Xishan Xie, Zhong Xu  Xu Zhang, Xishan Xie, Zhong Xu  In this paper the gradient surface-alloying layer similar to superalloy Inconel 625 is obtained at the surface of three kind steels (low carbon steel, industrial pure iron, stainless steel 304) by using Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying Technique. These gradient superalloy surface alloying layers are formed by high temperature diffusion of alloy elements at Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying. The chemical composition of surface layer can be controlled by source electrode material and technological parameters such as power of source electrode and cathode and processing times etc. The microstructures analyzed by XRD show that the alloying layer consists of gamma matrix and some precipitates (Laves intermetallic phase etc.) which depends on the local area composition. The corrosion resistance of nickel base surface alloying layer has been investigated by electrochemical method in 3.5%NaCl and 5%HCl solution. The results indicate: the corrosion resistance of surface alloying layer formed at pure iron substrate is better than that of nickel base superalloy Inconel 625. The results of 200 h exposure tests in 20%H2SO4 and 20%HCl solution show that the corrosion rates of surface alloying layer on pure iron are also equal to that of nickel base alloy Inconel 625 and one order of magnitude lower than that of AISI304 stainless steel. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 69-72 チタン合金表面でのアーク付加グロー放電プラズマ無水素炭化に関する研究 Study on the Arc-Added Glow Discharge Plasma Non-Hydrogen Carburizing on Titanium Alloy Surfaces Fei Chen, Junde Pan Fei Chen, Junde Pan  This paper introduces a new titanium alloys surface strengthening treatment by using the technique of the arc-added glow discharge plasma non-hydrogen carburizing. High purity and high strength graphite is selected as cooling cathode arc source for supplying carbon atoms. These atoms and particle migrate to the titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) surface and form carburizing layer. The tribological property of titanium alloy surface was enhanced notably. At same time, titanium alloy avoids the hydrogen brittleness. The carbonized layer obtained a thickness of 25-30 micro meters at 980 -1050 deg. C, 20-30 minutes. The microhardness of the Ti6Al4V alloy surface attains 936 HV and the coefficient of friction declines to 0.08. Usually, the friction coefficient of Ti6Al4V is 0.50 or so. The research expresses that the carburizing layer is composed of TiC and dissociative Carbon. Tribological properties of non-hydrogen carburizing layer were evaluated using a ball-on-disk wear tester (sliding with GCr15 balls). Results showed that the wear resistance of specimen with non-hydrogen was much higher than that of untreated Ti6Al4V alloy. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 73-76 傾斜機能炭化ほう素‐アルミニウム複合材料 Functionally Graded Boron Carbide - Aluminum Composites Fuhong Zhang, Kevin P. Trumble, Keith J. Bowman Fuhong Zhang, Kevin P. Trumble, Keith J. Bowman  Continuous and stepwise graded multilayer boron carbide-aluminum composites have been produced by melt infiltration of performs prepared by sequential centrifugal casting and by tape casting and lamination, respectively. A low-temperature, short time infiltration process has been developed, significantly suppressing the reaction product formation. Microstructure development as a function of the different processing conditions and the corresponding spatial variations in hardness are characterized. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 77-80 極高速発射に用いる傾斜化インピーダンスをもった飛しょう板材料の調製 Preparation of Flier-plate Materials with Graded Impedance Used for Hypervelocity Launching C.B. Wang, L.M. Zhang, Q. Shen, H. Tan, J.S. Hua C.B. Wang, LM. Zhang, Q. Shen, H. Tan, J.S. Hua  The main aim of the present paper is to prepare a kind of flier-plate materials with graded impedance which can be used for hypervelocity launching. By using diffusion welding method, a 93W/Cu/Ti/Al/Mg system flier-plate material with high parallelism, planeness, densification and a parabolic distribution of impedance along the thickness direction, is prepared. The dynamic loading experimental results show that quasi-isentropic compression energy waves, which have a small initial velocity jump followed by a stepwise-rising front, can be generated by the prepared flier-plate materials. Then on the basis of quasi-isentropic compression, such flier-plate materials with graded impedance successfully drive a projectile material to hypervelocities as 10.02km/s. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 81-84 TiAl-インコネル625傾斜化合金層の耐酸化性 Oxidation Resistance of TiAl-Inconel625 Graded Alloying Layer C.L Zheng, F.Z. Cui, Q.L Feng, Z. Xu, X.S. Xie, Z.Y. He C.L Zheng, F.Z. Cui, Q.L Feng, Z. Xu, X.S. Xie, Z.Y. He  In this paper, TiAl-Incone1625 graded alloying layers were fabricated at 1173 K by means of double glow plasma surface alloying technique (DGPSA). The effects of the TiAl-Incone1625 graded alloying layers on the oxidation resistance of TiAl intermetallic compound were investigated at 1223 K in a static air environment. The bare TiAl exhibited poor oxidation resistance at 1223K due to the formation of TiO2-based scale which tends to spall off. However, The TiAl-Inconel-625 (NiCrMoNb) graded alloying layer obviously improved the oxidation resistance of TiAl because of the formation of a dense and adherent Al2O3-rich scale. An inter-diffusion between scale and substrate was observed. Ni, Cr, Mo, Nb enriched along the scale-substrate (S-S) interface, which led a great change of the interface chemistry. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 85-90 SHSによる二ほう化チタン-銅-ニッケルFGMの耐熱衝撃性及びアブレーション挙動 Thermal Shock Resistance and Ablation Behaviour of Titanium Diboride-Copper-Nickle FGM via SHS Qiang Xu, Xinghong Zhang, Jiecai Han, Xiaodong He, V. L. Kvalin Qiang Xu, Xinghong Zhang, Jiecai Han, Xiaodong He, V. L. Kvalin  TiB2-Cu-Ni functionally graded materials (FGM) and TiB2-Cu-Ni homogeneous cermet were fabricated by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis under conditions of Pseudo Hot Isostatic Pressing. The microstructure and compositions of FGM and cermet were examined by SEM, EPMA and EDX. FGM and TiB2-Cu-Ni cermet were heated for twenty seconds by plasma torch arc heater to investigate thermal shock resistance and ablation behavior. The results indicated that the stacked interface between layer and layer of FGM was obscure, which showed that the bonding of layer and layer was in a good quality. On the ablation surface of cermet, a crack was found, while no crack appeared on the ablation surface of FGM. The mass loss of cermet after ablation experiment is 0.9g, while that of FGM is only 0.5g. The properties of thermal shock resistance, resistance to ablation and erosion of FGM are better than those of cermet due to the graded composition distribution, the higher overall ceramic content and higher relative density of ablation surface of FGM. The ablation results were analyzed and the transpiration of metal and mechanical erosion was considered as the main mechanisms of ablation. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 91-96 傾斜機能アルミニウム基複合材料の摩擦及び摩耗特性 Friction and Wear Properties of Functionally Graded Aluminum Matrix Composites  J.R. Gomes, LA Rocha, S.J. Crnkovic, R.F. Silva, A.S. Miranda J.R. Gomes, LA Rocha, S.J. Crnkovic, R.F. Silva, A.S. Miranda  Aluminum matrix composites are currently considered as promising materials for tribological applications in the automotive, aircraft and aerospace industries due to their great advantage of a high strength-to-weight ratio. A superior combination of surface and bulk mechanical properties can be attained if these composites are processed as functionally graded materials (FGM's). In this work, homogeneous aluminum based matrix composite, cast by gravity, and aluminum composites with functionally graded properties, obtained by centrifugal cast, are tested against nodular cast iron in a pin-on-disc tribometer. Three different volume fractions of SiC reinforcing particles in each FGM were considered in order to evaluate their friction and wear properties. The sliding experiments were conducted without lubrication, at room temperature, under a normal load of 5 N and constant sliding speed of 0.5 ms-1. The worn surfaces as well as the wear debris were characterized by SEM/EDS and by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The friction coefficient revealed a slightly decrease (from 0.60 to 0.50) when FGM's are involved in the contact instead of the homogeneous composite. Relatively low values of the wear coefficient were obtained for functionally graded aluminum matrix composites (| 10-6 mm3N-1m-1), which exhibited superior wear resistance than the homogeneous composite and the opposing cast iron surface. Characterization of worn surfaces indicated that the combined effect of reinforcing particles as load bearing elements and the formation of protective adherent iron-rich tribolayers has a decisive role on the friction and wear properties of aluminum matrix composites. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 97-102 パルス電流焼結によるAl粉末圧粉体における粒子間界面のキャラクタリゼーション Characterization of Interface between Particles in Al Powder Compacts by Pulse Electric Current Sintering Guoqiang Xie, 大橋修, Norio Yamaguchi, Minghui Song, Kazuo Furuya, Tetsuji Noda Guoqiang Xie, Osamu Ohashi, Norio Yamaguchi, Minghui Song, Kazuo Furuya, Tetsuji Noda  Characterization of the bonding interfaces among particles of Al powder compacts prepared by pulse electric current sintering (PECS) process was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The direct metal- to-metal bonding interfaces and the metal-to-oxide film layer-to-metal bonding interfaces were observed in Al powder compacts. The fraction of the direct metal-to-metal bonding interfaces in the powder compacts increased with increasing in sintering temperature or loading pressure. The oxide film covered at Al powder particles surface was broken and dispersed by plastic deformation of powder particles under loading pressure. Increasing in sintering temperature or loading pressure, the breakdown of oxide film was promoted. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 103-106 アーク表面合金化によるニオブ板上へのニオブアルミナイド層の形成 Formation of Niobium Aluminide Layers on Niobium Plate by Arc Surface Alloying 松浦清隆, 小柳貴幸, 工藤昌行, 宮本欽生 K. Matsuura, T. Koyanagi, M. Kudoh, Y. Miyamoto  A new process for intermetallic coating on metals based on the arc surface melting has been proposed, and its feasibility has been experimentally investigated performing an NbAl3 coating on a niobium plate. A thin aluminum plate was placed on the top surface of a thick niobium plate, and a tungsten arc heat source was supplied onto the aluminum plate. The aluminum plate and the top surface of the niobium plate were melted at the same time. The two liquids were mixed and solidified on the niobium plate resulting in the formation of coating layer of intermetallic niobium aluminides. The concentration of aluminum of the coating layer decreased as the position from the surface increased, resulting in a graded change in constituting phases from NbAl3, to NbAl3 and Nb2Al eutectic dual phases, to Nb3Al, and finally to the base metal of niobium. When the optimum arc processing conditions were chosen, a thick NbAl3 layer occupied most of the coating layer. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 107-112 形状記憶合金繊維強化スマートFGMの開発 Development of Shape Memory Alloy Fiber Reinforced Smart FGMs Eiichi Miyazaki, 渡辺義見  Eiichi Miyazaki, Yoshimi Watanabe  This paper reports the fabrication method and mechanical properties of shape memory alloy (SMA) fiber / plaster smart functionally graded materials (FGMs). Fe-Mn-Si-Cr SMA fibers are subjected to pretensile strain at room temperature. The SMA fiber / plaster smart FGMs were fabricated, in which the shape recovery strain or volume fraction of SMA fibers was varied from place to place. Microhardness test and three-point bending test were performed for the mechanical property characterization. Large anisotropic mechanical property was observed, dependent on the volume fraction of SMA fibers. Thus, it is possible to improve the bending strength of the SMA fiber / plaster smart FGM so that better mechanical property could be achieved by considering the distribution of SMA fibers. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 113-118 Arイオン衝撃による拡散接合継手の改善 Improvement of Diffusion Bonding Joint by Ar ion Bombardment Airu Wang,大橋修, Masanori Aoki, Norio Yamaguchi Airu Wang, Osamu Ohashi, Masanori Aoki, Norio Yamaguchi  Austenitic stainless steel (SUS304L) specimens were treated by argon ion bombardment, and then were bonded by diffusion bonding method. The effect of argon ion bombardment treatment on joints was investigated by tensile strength tests, and the cause of improvement of mechanical properties was analyzed by microstructure observations of the bonded interface and the fractured surface. The results showed that the tensile strength of SUS304L stainless steel joints was improved, and reduction of area was increased by argon ion bombardment treatment. At the interface of the joints at 900 deg.C, the original bonding line disappeared. The fractured surface was ductile, and the amount of inclusions was very little. The cause of tensile properties improvement was found to be the decrease in inclusions at the bonded interface. The remainder of small amount of inclusions at the joints with ion bombardment was considered to be contaminated again after argon ion sputter-cleaning. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 119-124 傾斜化マシナブルセラミック:コンセプト及び実行 Graded Machinable Ceramics: Concept and Practice Pan Wei, Wang Ruigang, Fang Minghao, Chen Jian, Cao Zhenzhu Pan Wei, Wang Ruigang, Fang Minghao, Chen Jian, Cao Zhenzhu  This paper provides a new material design method for machinable ceramics within an overall methodology. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of the methodology in specific ceramic materials, and machinability of the materials is characterized with cemented carbide drills instead of diamond tools. This method enables the use of composition compounding and structure design combination for the purposes of improving machinability of ceramics while allowing for retaining mechanical properties of the materials. At the same time, this method also provides basic design principle for the other comparable but intrinsically different ceramic systems based on chemical compatibility and thermodynamic properties. Graded machinable Si3N4/h-BN and Al2O3/LaPO4 composites were designed, fabricated and characterized. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 125-130 耐接触損傷性の改善に対する傾斜化セラミック Graded Ceramics for Improved Contact-Damage Resistance Nitin P. Padture Nitin P. Padture  The concept of elastic-modulus-graded ceramics for improved resistance to quasi-static contact damage (Hertzian-indentation) is reviewed. Here, the in-plane elastic modulus is low at the contact surface and high in the interior (substrate) with a continuous, or stepwise continuous, gradation in between. Processing strategies for fabricating such graded ceramic composites in the Al2O3-glass, the Si3N4-glass, and the Si3N4-SiC systems are described. The Hertzian indentation behavior and wear properties of these composites are presented. Some modeling results are also presented, and are used to discuss the role of elastic-modulus gradients and thermal-expansion residual stresses in imparting contact-damage resistance to these composites. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 131-136 構造用セラミックの表面改質技法:イオン注入支援多重アークイオンめっき Surface Modification Technique of Structural Ceramics: Ion Implantation-assisted Multi-arc Ion Plating Zhijian Peng, Hezhuo Miao, Wenjie Si, Longhao Qi, Wenzhi Li Zhijian Peng, Hezhuo Miao, Wenjie Si, Longhao Qi, Wenzhi Li  Through reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of the existed surface modification techniques, a new technique, ion implantation-assisted multi-arc ion plating, was proposed. Using the proposed technique, the surfaces of silicon nitride ceramics were modified by Ti ion implantation, and then three kinds of ternary coatings, (Ti,Al)N, (Ti,Zr)N and (Ti,Cr)N, were deposited on the as-implanted ceramics. The coatings prepared by this technique are of high-hardness and well adhesive to the ceramic substrates. The maximal hardness measured by nanoindentation tests is more than 40GPa. The maximal critical load by nanoscratch tests is more than 60mN. The cutting tools prepared by this technique with the presented coatings are of excellent performance in industrial applications. The technique may be promising for the surface modification of structural ceramics. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 137-142 MEVVA源をもったチタンイオンで注入した窒化けい素セラミックの硬度とトライボロジー特性 Hardness and Tribological Properties of Silicon Nitride Ceramics Implanted by Titanium Ions with MEVVA Sources Hezhuo Miao, Zhijian Peng, Wenjie Si, Longhao Qi, Wenzhi Li Hezhuo Miao, Zhijian Peng, Wenjie Si, Longhao Qi, Wenzhi Li  Hot-pressed silicon nitride ceramics were modified by ion implantation in a MEVVA (Metal Vapor Vacuum Arc) implanter. The samples were implanted by Ti ions with nominal doses from 5 x10**16 to 1 x10**18 Ti ions/cm2 at ambient temperature. The influences of ion implantation and the doses implanted on the microstructures, mechanical properties and wear performance of ceramics were studied through the characterization of the Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), nanoindentation tests, and cutting tests before and after implantation. It was discovered that: (1) with increasing doses of the implanted titanium ions, the nanohardness and Young's modulus increased; (2) Si3N4 ceramics with different amount of additives during sintering showed different change modes in nanohardness and Young's modulus after implanted by Titanium ions under the same conditions; it seems that composite Si3N4 ceramics need higher doses of titanium ions implanted to rehabilitate the voids derived from the preparation processes; (3) the cutting tools prepared by the as-implanted Si3N4 ceramics showed reduction of flank wear and extension of tool life. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 143-146 注入法によるコアシェル型粒子の調製 Preparation of Core-shell Type Particles by Injection Method Qunyan Li, Yunfa Chen, H. Nakamura, Peng Dong Qunyan Li, Yunfa Chen, H. Nakamura, Peng Dong  SiO2 @ Al(OH)3 core-shell type particles were prepared by injecting Al(NO3)3 solution into NaHCO3 solution in which the SiO2 core particles were dispersed. The monodisperse SiO2 core particles with a diameter of around 300 nm were prepared by a seeding technique on the basis of hydrolyzing tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in aqueous ethanol solutions with ammonia as catalyst. The shell with a thickness of 33 nm could be deposited on SiO2 spheres without free Al(OH)3 particles observable under proper experimental conditions such as 0.5M NaHCO3, 20g/L SiO2, 0.15M Al(NO3)3 and 0.1 ml/min as injection speed. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 147-150 長アフタグロー蛍光体の加水分解及び耐水性の改善方法 Hydrolysis Mechanism and Method to improve Water Resistance of Long After-glow Phosphor Junying Zhang, Zhongtai Zhang,Zilong Tang, Tianmin Wang Junying Zhang, Zhongtai Zhang,Zilong Tang, Tianmin Wang  Hydrolysis mechanism of long afterglow phosphor and the method to improve the water resistance are presented using SrAl2O4:Dy,Eu phosphor as an example. The phosphor with high brightness and long afterglow is liable to hydrolyze in water to form Al2O3 and Sr3Al2(OH)12 because of the crystal structure, and thus the luminescent property decreases. A thin silica film is coated on the surface of the phosphor using a sol-gel process. The silica film acts as a barrier between water and phosphor, and thus suppresses the hydrolysis reaction. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 151-156 ナノ結晶質Mg, Alハイドロタルサイトの形成の機構及びその結晶の水熱条件下での処理 Mechanism of Forming the Nanocrystalline Mg,Al-hydrotalcite and Its Crystal Processing under Hydrothermal Conditions  Qingli Ren, Qiang Luo, Daizhi Liu, Shoutian Chen  Qingli Ren, Qiang Luo, Daizhi Liu, Shoutian Chen  The mechanism of forming the nanometer Mg,Al-hydrotalcite and its crystallization process based on the crystallization chemistry is studied. The nanometer Mg,Al-hydrotalcite was prepared in precipitation by the one-step reaction method at atmospheric pressure. Moreover, the relationship between the nucleation technology process and the size of Mg,Al-hydrotalcite samples is discussed according to the results of TEM, UV and XRD. Later, based on the theoretical model of anionic coordination polyhedron growth units, the growth mechanism and growth habit of the nanometer Mg,Al-hydrotalcite was deeply investigated. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 157-162 ナノ結晶質Mg,Alハイドロタルサイトの熱的性質及び熱分解機構に及ぼすSi4+ドーピングの影響 Effect of Si4+ Doping on the Thermal Property and Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Nanocrystalline Mg,Al-hydrotalcite Qingli Ren, Qiang Luo, Daizhi Liu, Shoutian Chen Qingli Ren, Qiang Luo, Daizhi Liu, Shoutian Chen  The highly pure nanocrystalline Mg,Al-hydrotalcite with Si4+ doping was synthesized by the one-step liquid reaction method at atmospheric pressure. The thermal properties of the Mg,Al-hydrotalcite with / without Si4+ doping were investigated; and two thermal decomposition process stages were recognized. The effect of the Si4+ doping on the thermal properties of the Mg,Al-hydrotalcite samples is discussed according to the results of XRD, TEM, IR and DSC-TG. Moreover, the thermal mechanism functions of the Mg,Al-hydrotalcite with / without Si4+ doping are studied in detail after calculation and comparison. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 163-166 WO3の光物理的性質の種々な金属のドーピングによる改質 Modification of Photophysical Properties of WO3 by Doping Different Metals Junwang Tang, Defa Wang, Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye Junwang Tang, Defa Wang, Zhigang Zou, Jinhua Ye  WO3 doped with different metallic ions, such as Mg2+, Al3+, In3+, Fe3+, Zr4+, was investigated in the paper. These photocatalysts showed much better photophysical properties than pure WO3. Metal doped WO3 photocatalysts have a band gap energy of range from 1.90 eV to 2.58 eV, whereas the band gap energy of WO3 is 2.8 eV. The method of preparation of the photocatalysts was described in detail in the paper. The effects of sintering temperature and doped metal quantity on photocatalyst structure and its photophysical property were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-DRS). The XRD analysis indicated that the monoclinic crystal structure of WO3 was not altered during doping and sintering. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 167-170 プラズマ対向SiC/C傾斜機能材料のキャラクタリゼーション Characterization of Plasma Facing SiC/C Functionally Graded Material A.-H. Wu, W.-B. Cao, C.-C. Ge, J.-F. Li, 川崎亮 A.-H. Wu, W.-B. Cao, C.-C. Ge, J.-F. Li, A. Kawasaki  The technology of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) enables the realization of innovative and multiple functions that can't be achieved with conventional homogeneous materials. Predetermined chemical composition profiles associate with predetermined transitions in their microstructure. In order to use FGMs in practical applications, it is necessary to characterize their properties. In this paper, the properties of plasma facing bulk SiC/C FGMs, including thermal fatigue, thermal conductivity, thermal shock resistance and plasma erosion etc., were evaluated. The results indicate that the bulk SiC/C FGM possesses excellent thermal shock resistance. Compared with CVI and CVD SiC/C FGM and SiC coating, the bulk SiC/C FGM has much thicker SiC surface layer and combines the excellent plasma-erosion resistance of SiC with the high thermal-conductivity and good thermal shock resistance of carbon. It is an important candidate material employed for fusion technology in the future. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 171-176 電気泳動沈殿によって処理した連続傾斜のある厚板形状のAl2O3/ZrO2複合材料 Thick Plate-Shaped Al2O3/ZrO2 Composites with Continuous Gradient Processed by Electrophoretic Deposition Jef Vleugels, Guy Anne, Stijn Put, Omer Van Der Biest Jef Vleugels, Guy Anne, Stijn Put, Omer Van Der Biest  This paper concerns the processing of free standing objects with a gradient composition. The possibility to shape 5 mm thick ZrO2-Al2O3 FGM discs by means of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) from suitable stable suspensions was explored. The EPD processing parameters and sintering schedules are described, and the densified FGM composites are evaluated. A mathematical model was established for the EPD process, allowing to calculate the composition gradient in plate-shaped FGM materials from the starting composition of the suspensions, the EPD operating parameters and the powder specific EPD characteristics. The model was essential to engineer the gradient profiles in the green deposits. Defect free Al2O3/ZrO2 FGM discs with a diameter of 55 mm and a thickness of 5 mm could be successfully processed. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 177-182 SHS複合材料管における裏張りしたAl2O3-ZrO2多相セラミックの微細構造及び靭化挙動 Microstructures and Toughening Behaviors of Lined Al2O3-ZrO2 Multiphase Ceramics in SHS Composite Pipes J.J. Wang, Z.M. Zhao, L. Zhang, M.H. Ye, X.K. Du, X.B. Lu J.J. Wang, Z.M. Zhao, L. Zhang, M.H. Ye, X.K. Du, X.B. Lu  On the basis of using SHS gravitational separation process to fabricate ceramic-lined composite pipes, lined multiphase ceramics with hypoeutectic composition and laminar or fiber (Al2O3 + ZrO2) euecticum base were obtained by means of in-situ crystallization, and fracture toughness of the ceramics was up to 15.96MPa*m**0.5 after Vickers IM testing. It was demonstrated from SEM observation and analyses on fracture mechanic of ceramics that crack extension was strongly influenced by bridging of fiber eutecticum, bridging of laminar eutecticum, which resulted in existence of strong shielding effect around advanced crack tip and strong toughening mechanism due to crack deflection, so that high fracture toughness of the ceramics was maintained. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 183-186 ジルコニア/アルミナ傾斜機能材料の最適化焼結 Optimization Sintering of Zirconia/Alumina Functionally Graded Material Michael M. Gasik, Baosheng Zhang Michael M. Gasik, Baosheng Zhang  An optimization of sintering of zirconia/alumina FGM was carried out using computer simulation. The evolution of stresses and deformation behavior during entire processing cycle (heating, sintering, cooling) were simulated. It was shown that the reasonable surface compressive stresses and minimum stress mismatch can be obtained by adjusting processing parameters like distribution of green density, initial particle size and gradient profile of the zirconia/alumina concentration. This gives an opportunity to design such composite with improved properties. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 187-190 Al2TiO5/Al2O3 FGMの設計と合成 Design and Preparation of Al2TiO5/Al2O3 FGM Lianmeng Zhang, Qiang Shen, Qing Fang, Mingzhong Li Lianmeng Zhang, Qiang Shen, Qing Fang, Mingzhong Li  In the present study, Al2TiO5/Al2O3 composites with different bulk-ratios were fabricated at first, and their parameters were also measured. Then the residual thermal stresses of Al2TiO5/Al2O3 FGM generated during the fabrication process were simulated by finite element method. The optimum componential distribution exponent of this FGM was obtained on the basis of the comprehensive considerations of the minimum residual thermal stress and its location. Finally, by employing optimum simulation results, the integrated Al2TiO5/Al2O3 functionally graded material was prepared successfully. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 191-194 機械加工可能なAl2O3/LaPO4複合材料およびFGMの作製と特性 Fabrication and Properties of Machinable Al2O3/LaPO4 Composites and FGMs. Wang Ruigang, Pan Wei, Fang Minghao, Chen Jian, Cao Zhenzhu, Wang Ruigang, Pan Wei, Fang Minghao, Chen Jian, Cao Zhenzhu,  Chemical comparability in Al2O3-LaPO4 composite system was systematically investigated. A new design method of machinable ceramic composites was proposed, which applies the graded-structure concept to the design of machinable Al2O3 ceramics. Machinable Al2O3/LaPO4 functionally graded materials were fabricated and characterized using powder layering and hot-pressing sintering. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 195-198 MoSi2/Al2O3 傾斜機能材料の作製と微細構造 Fabrication and Microstructure of MoSi2/Al2O3 Functionally Graded Material. Guojian Jiang, Shengqiang Bai, Lidong Chen, Wenlan Li, Hanrui Zhuang, Guojian Jiang, Shengqiang Bai, Lidong Chen, Wenlan Li, Hanrui Zhuang,  MoSi2/Al2O3 functionally graded materials (FGM) with alumina contents varying from 20 to 80 vol% have been fabricated using Field-activated Pressure-assisted Reaction Synthesis (FAPARS) from molybdenum, silicon and alumina. Reactant mixtures with different compositions were stacked in a variety of sequences. Under these conditions, a reaction is initiated by field activation and completed within a short period of time. It is demonstrated that this is an effective method to suppress diffusion and reactions between the different layers during the densification. The combustion reactions were conducted under a load to enhance the densification of the composition-graded composites. Microstructure morphology and interface elements distribution were observed and analyzed. The electrical resistivity of the as-obtained FGM varies by more than 10 orders of magnitude across the FGMs. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 199-202 TiC/Ti3SiC2 複合物およびFGMsの作製と物性 Fabrication and Properties of TiC/Ti3SiC2 Composites and FGMs. Shi Suilin, Pan Wei, Wang Ruigang, Luo Yongming, Shi Suilin, Pan Wei, Wang Ruigang, Luo Yongming,  Titanium silicon carbide (Ti3SiC2) is a promising ceramic material that has only been extensively studied in recent years. It combines the merits of both metals and ceramics. In this paper, TiC/Ti3SiC2 ceramic composites and functionally graded materials were fabricated and characterized sintered at 1300 deg.C by spark plasma sintering). Physical and mechanical properties of TiC/Ti3SiC2 composites with different content of Ti3SiC2 were investigated, such as bulk density, Vickers hardness, and bending strength. All of these properties are important for the design of the functionally graded materials. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 203-208 機械加工性Al2O3/h-BN 複合物およびFGMsの設計と製作 Design and Fabrication of Machinable Al2O3/h-BN Composites and FGMs. Cao Zhenzhu, Pan Wei, Fang Minghao, Wang Ruigang, Cao Zhenzhu, Pan Wei, Fang Minghao, Wang Ruigang,  Machinable Al2O3/h-BN composites and seven-layered functionally graded materials (FGM) with h-BN addition ranged from 0 - 30vol% were successfully fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). SEM analysis revealed that the h-BN mainly distributed at the grain boundaries of Al2O3 grains, and Vickers hardness of the composites decreased with the addition of h-BN. Preferred orientation of h-BN grain was observed by XRD results and confirmed by arranged BN grains perpendicular to pressure direction in SEM images. The relative density of the 30vol% h-BN/Al2O3 composite reached up to 97% whose Vickers hardness was as high as 4.7GPa, which can be drilled easily using carbide cenmented drill. The seven-layered functionally graded material was prepared by powder layering and spark plasma sintering. Its interface between layers observed with optical microscopy became unclear. Element line-scan analysis demonstrated that the boron element distributed gradually in stepwise way. English Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) Functionally Graded Materials VII (FGM 2002) 23 2002-10-15 209-212 MoSi2／酸化物複合物の有効熱伝導率 Effective Thermal Conductivity of MoSi2/oxide Composites. Guangzhao Bai, Wan Jiang, Gang Wang, Guangzhao Bai, Wan Jiang, Gang Wang,  The composition dependence of the thermal conductivity of MoSi2/oxide composites was investigated by incorporating the microstructural details. On this basis, the thermal conductivity was well predicted by the modified model with a combination of two previous models at a wide composition range. English