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National Institute for Materials Science

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[FGMnews (No.1-10)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/98a17f01-959c-4f11-8042-b6be9a91416e)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language ＦＧＭニュースNo.1 FGMnews No.1  1 1988-05-25 10-13 CVD法による傾斜組成材料の創製 Fabrication of Compositionally Graded Materials by CVD 平井敏雄東北大・金属材料研究所 Toshio HiraiTohoku University Faculty of Engineering  The development research of graded composite material has started with the development of thermal shield material for spaceplanes as a immediate objective.  One of the origins of graded compositional material is a composite material called "nano composite" including super-micro dispersion phase of the nanometer order.  It is said that the nano composite will become one of important new materials in the near future. In addition, it is also proposed that various elements be compounded (complexed)  in the dispersion phase without limiting them to the material. We call it a complex material and have named it as fine composite.  Functionally Graded Material (FGM) is made by continuously changing the density of dispersion phase or dispersion material from one side to the other, thus grading the material functions as well. There are various methods for synthesizing nano composite, fine composite, and FGM.  Our research group has adopted chemical vapor phase deposition (CVD) method as a synthetic method in which gas is used as raw material. Having said the above, some research examples of CVD method are introduced in this paper. The development of thermal shield material for spaceplanes using graded composite material and CVD method.    Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.1 FGMnews No.1  1 1988-05-25 14-16 粒子法による傾斜機能材料の作製 Manufacture of FGM by Particle Method 渡辺龍三東北大学工学部 R. WatanabeTohoku University Faculty of Engineering  The immediate goal is the manufacture of super heat-resistant material of thermal stress relaxation type.  In this case, thermostable ceramics should be used for the hotter side, metal or plastic on the colder side the optimum composition is to be controlled in the middle.  Dispersing whiskers must be also taken into consideration in order to strengthen metal and plastic and to improve the ceramic strength.  Therefore, the raw material systems in the particle method are metal and alloy powder, ceramic powder, plastic powder and ceramic whiskers, etc.The basis of fabrication techniques can be obtained from various elemental technologies in the existing powder metallurgy and ceramic optics.The simplest fabrication process is shown in Figure 1. The raw material powder is well mixed according to the predetermined composition, and the fluidity is adjusted.  Next, by multilayer packing or continuous composition control packing the mixed powder into the die, isostatic molding or metallic molding is conducted.  This molding pair is given normal pressure or pressurized sintering. The microscopic composition is controlled by adjusting the particle size and the sintering condition of the raw material powder. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.1 FGMnews No.1  1 1988-05-25 17-18 計算機援用による傾斜機能材料設計支援システムに関する研究 Studies on FGM Design Support System by Computers  平野徹ダイキン工業(株) T. HiranoDaikin Industries Limited  It is important for designing functionally graded material to determine the optimum material combination and the inner compositional distribution in order to reduce thermal stress.Looking at it from different angle, it is an inverse problem of deciding physical property distribution (inside composition) by the deduction of the end use condition (boundary condition) of the material.Or, it can be also called the integration of functional design and structural design in which the function of thermal stress relaxation is furnished to a material conventionally used as a structural member material.We recognize such approach as the concept of "inverse design", and the systematization technique has been studied.  For this reason, the optimum design has been carried out by repeating and using experiential mixing rule on material properties, thermoelasticity constitutive theory based on the microstructural model of polyphase mixed systems, and unidimensional functionally graded material thermal stress analysis method.  As a result, the prototype of functionally graded material design support system which simultaneously displays analysis and inference process in graphic has been realized on reasoning language Prolog.  This sysetem is the workstation integration of the inference system D-1 (Inverse Design) Prolog based on inverse design theory as a core, graphic interface described in C language, simple database described in Prolog, material property assuming module and unidimensional thermal stress analysis module described in the Fortran language.The example of the screen display is shown in Figure 1.  The inference mechanism of this system is capable of identifying microstructures and mixing rules from based on the measured value of physical properties of non-graded and graded materials, and it can be also utilized for the verification of the after-mentioned design theories. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.1 FGMnews No.1  1 1988-05-25 19-20 自己発熱反応法による静水圧下での広域合成成形技術について Wide Area Synthesis Technologies under Hydrostatic Pressure by SHS  佐多延博東北工業技術試験所 Nobuhiro SATAGovernment Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku  The features of SHS method are that synthesis propagates with directivity and it takes very short time.  This merit can be a demerit as well. We have studied until now the simultaneous synthesis formation technique by uniaxial pressurization (spring pressurization) using the spring pressure which has proved to be very convenient.  This is an efficient densification method since that the propagation direction of the reaction can be made to agree with the pressure direction.  However, though it is effective for simple shapes like columns, the uniaxial pressurization loses its effect when coating to wide area and manufacturing compacts of a complicated shape.The uniaxial pressurization does not suit wide area synthesis.  The methods in which isotropic compaction pressure works are necessary.  Then, our institute devised economical synthesis molding techniques under hydrostatic pressure using water as a pressure medium. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.1 FGMnews No.1  1 1988-05-25 20-21 FGMの超高温破壊強度特性評価について Evaluation of Super High Temperature Fracture Strength Properties of FGM 平野一美機械技術研究所 Kazumi HIRANOMechanical Engineering Laboratory  The research on the generic technology of FGM development for thermal stress relaxation, namely, the functionally graded material (FGM) national project, in auspice of Special Coordination Funds for the promotion of Science and Technology officially started from the 1987 fiscal year.  The target is to fabricate super heat-resistant and protection materials in support of developing the Japanese version space shuttles and space planes.  The results of a few of recent studies are introduced here on the evaluation technologies for mechanical strength which are carried out by National Aerospace Laboratory in R&D for characterization  of FGM.  The purpose of this study is to clarify the microscopic fracture mechanism of FGM under very high temperature and to establish  total evaluation methods for fracture strength properties through the development of fracture analysis and its monitoring techniques.  Then, the effect of the microstructure factors upon strength and fracture strength (including fracture resistance) is to be clarified, and the results will positively be fed back to material design and structure control technology research, aiming at the development of FGM which is excellent in high temperature and fracture strength. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.2 FGMnews No.2  2 1988-08-25 1-5 核融合炉のプラズマ対向面について Plasma Facing Component of Nuclear Fusion Reactor 関昌弘日本原子力研究所 Masahiro sekiJapan Atomic Energy Research Institute  The nuclear fusion reactor is a next generation facility expected to replace large plasma containers now in operation such as JT-60, JET, and TFTR. As the name "furnace" suggests, the purpose of the nuclear fusion reactor is the containment of the burning plasma of deuterium (D) and tritium (T), while the plants now in operation are expected to realize the critical condition by hydrogen or deuterium plasma and performance enhancement of plasma. There are some types of plasma container, but this paper deals with the tokamak's fusion reactor, the most advanced one at present.  In the research and development of a nuclear fusion reactor, though the final goal is the construction of a power reactor for the purpose of power generation, at present, the main problem is the construction of an experimental reactor with the aim of containment of burning plasma and achievement of self-ignition condition.  This experimental reactor is often called the next generation large plant in a sense that this plant replaces large plants now in operation such as JT-60.The following are described about the next generation large plant in this paper: clarification of various plasma loads against the plasma facing component, especially, the surface, the current situations of design and research, and the future problems especially requests for the materials development.  The plasma facing component faces plasma literally directly and consists of the first wall, limiter, and diverter. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.2 FGMnews No.2  2 1988-08-25 6-11 機械加工、化合物および界面総計のための金属-セラミックス接合の実際的な形状 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF METAL-CERAMIC JOINING BOUND TO MACHINING, COMPOUNDS AND INTERFACE SHAPES Michel CourbiereCommission of The European Communities, Joint Research Center Michel CourbiereCommission of The European Communities, Joint Research Center  The use of new ceramics will certainly increase in the next future but more and more often and for several reasons the amount of these materials will be lower:- High cost of the sintered products- Difficulty to elaborate large parts- Low reliability due to flaws on large parts     To solve these problems and to realize high technologies products, joining technology takes an important place in the ceramic industry but many new problems appear. Bonding ceramics with metals is a very old technical science since Egyptians covered their jewels with enamel several centuries before Christ. Now the worse problems  are met because it is needed bulk metal-ceramic joining and huge differences exist between the properties of both solids. Furthermore, strong joining is possible as strong adherent oxides are available but many parameter must be looked at in order to realize hybrid-bulk-material. Very often the final product is sophisticated and several new material enter in the joining leading to material with really ""Gradually changement of properties"". Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.2 FGMnews No.2  2 1988-08-25 12-17 傾斜機能材料設計支援システムとプラスチックFGM FGM Design Support System and Plastic FGM  平野徹ダイキン工業(株)　CAEセンター Tohru HiranoCAE Center,Daikin Industries Limited  For designing FGM, the optimum material combination and the internal compositional distribution for thermal stress relaxation can be determined by considering the end use conditions of the material.  For this reason, inverse design procedure has been adopted as shown in Figure 1.  That is to say, possible synthetic material combinations and manufacturing methods are chosen based on the knowledge base, after the shape and boundary conditions of the design structure were predetermined.Next, the physical property estimation model is chosen based on the microstructure. (See Table 1) In addition, thermal conductivity analysis and thermal stress analysis are carried out using the material property database for the assumed graded mixture ratio distributional parameters. (See Table 2)This procedure is repeated even for the case of different graded distributional parameters and different material combinationsso as to determine the graded distributional parameters and material combinations which can minimize thermal stress.  We are developing the system which supports the above inverse design procedure using computers. This sysetem is the workstation integration of the inference system D-1 (Inverse Design) Prolog based on inverse design theory as a core, graphic interface described in C language, simple database described in Prolog, material property module and unidimensional thermal stress analysis module described in the Fortran language. This system has automated the search (See Figure 3) of solution space for the above-mentioned manufacturing method and material combination utilizing the backtrack function attached to Prolog.  The inference mechanism of this system is capable of identifying microstructures and mixing rules from based on the measured value of physical properties of non-graded and graded materials, and it can be also utilized for the verification of the after-mentioned design theories. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.2 FGMnews No.2  2 1988-08-25 18-20 自己発熱反応法による複合組織のち密化と制御 Densification and Control of Composite Structure by SHS 宮本欽生大阪大学産業科学研究所 Yoshinari MiyamotoThe Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research,Osaka University  The generic technologies for effective pressurization and microstructure control methods must be established in order to fabricate FGM using SHS.  In what is called development research project of FGM by Special Coordination Funds for the promotion of Science and Technology,  the wide control technology group in Gov. Industrial Res. Inst., Tohoku and our reaction control technology group are working on the development of this process.  In this paper, the information and knowledge which has been obtained with regard to the above basic problems is introduced. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.2 FGMnews No.2  2 1988-08-25 21-22 高温度落差基礎評価試験装置の完成 Completion of Basic Evaluation Test Equipment for High Temperature Difference Field 熊川彰長航空宇宙技術研究所 Akinaga KumakawaNational Aerospace Laboratory  The research on the generic technology of FGM development for thermal stress relaxation" is promoted under auspices of Special Coordination Funds for the promotion of Science and Technology in cooperation of 17 research institutes led by National Aerospace Laboratory since the 1987 fiscal year.  At the Kakuda branch, aerodynamics department, and thermohydrodynamic department of NAL, research has being carried out on the evaluation technologies of FGM thermal insulation taking into consideration the real environments such as aerodynamic heating field, high-speed rotation  heating field, combustion gas heating field. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.3 FGMnews No.3 3 1988-12-25 4-6 PVDによる傾斜機能材料の熱的安定性 Thermal Stability of FGM Produced by PVD 木吉司、今井義雄、池野、塩田一路科学技術庁金属材料技術研究所 Susumu IKENONational Research Institute for Metals  Research on FGM is advanced for the purpose of developing a material which can be used in a severe service environment of 2000K on the higher temperature side and 1000K on the lower temperature side. Though the focus of research is the mechanical properties at present, 2000K is high enough for ordinary chemical reactions.  Therefore, it is clear that the chemical properties can be a matter of concern in actual operation.  Though FGM has a gradient in its compositional distribution in order to optimally relax thermal stress, some misalignment from the optimum distribution takes place by the diffusion of the raw materials due to such high temperature.  An urgent examination seems to be necessary since such phenomenon will deteriorate the material functions. In this paper, the diffusion stability of Ti-TiC system film produced by PVD method is reported as an example. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.3 FGMnews No.3 3 1988-12-25 7-9 傾斜機能材料の破壊強度評価法 Evaluation Method for Fracture Strength of FGM 高橋秀明東北大学工学部　付属材料強度研究施設 Hideaki TakahashiResearch Institute for Fracture Technology,Tohoku University  This is the second year for the development project of thermal stress relaxation type FGM, and some trial materials have been developed and some reports and measured examples of the characteristic evaluation have been obtained. However, for obtaining various characteristic values, existing standard testing methods have proven insufficient for FGM, and therefore, new evaluation methods peculiar to FGM must be developed. Of the 3 groups (design, synthesis, evaluation) which are a core of the material development project, the development policies of material fracture testing methods of the characteristic evaluation group and the progress of the cooperative research are described. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.3 FGMnews No.3 3 1988-12-25 10-13 ゾル－ゲル法による材料設計－傾斜機能の可能性－ Material Design by Sol-gel Method -Possibility of Function Gradient- 作花済夫京都大学化学研究所 Sumio SAKKAInstitute for Chemical Research,Kyoto University  Sol-gel method has been gathering attention as a new synthetic method of functional glass (new glass), ceramics, and inorganic-organic complex.  The sol-gel method takes gel state in the middle process, and this porous state makes it easier to introduce and extract materials, and it is suitable for creating functions by forming gradients in composition or condition.  In this paper, sol-gel method is explained mainly in respect of making rods and plates, and FGM produced by sol-gel method is introduced. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.3 FGMnews No.3 3 1988-12-25 14-19 宇宙住還機用エンジンの設計からみた傾斜機能材料 FGM from Designing Spaceplane Engines  山中国雍石川島播磨重工業(株) Kuniyasu YamanakaIshikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.  Spaceplanes or aerospace planes are manned level takeoff and landing planes and are round-trip transport aircrafts for frequent transportation of future space activities.  Therefore, low cost, large payload, and high safety are required. Among many technological problems in the spaceplane development, the development of the propulsion system which achieves a wider flight region than the existing aircrafts is an especially important problem in terms of speed and altitude, and it is anticipated with that it and that engine environmental tempertature in the supersonic flight exceeds the best 3300K.  Therefore, it is indispensable to develop a new high temperature material, and FRC, C/C, FGM, etc. are consideredd as new materials. It was timely that National Aerospace Laboratory took the lead in establishing a new material forum of industry-government-university cooperation, and the development of FGM started. In this paper, the requirements for a new material and its use environment are discussed from the viewpoint of the designing, taking an example of Air Turbo Ram (ATR) considered as one of the engines for spaceplanes.  The propulsion of an air breathing engine is by far stronger than that of a rocket engine.  Oxidizing agent is unnecessary for an air breathing engine since it uses oxygen in the atmosphere as a oxidizing agent for the combustion. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.3 FGMnews No.3 3 1988-12-25 20-21 粒子薄膜化、積層法によるFGMの創生 Fabrication of FGM by Particle Thin-Film Lamination Method 田村学NKK(株)鉄鋼研究所 Manabu TAMURASteel Research Center,NKK Corporation  ""Research on the generic technology of FGM development for thermal stress relaxation"" started from the 1987 fiscal year. This research is targeted for establishing generic technologies aiming at a wide spin-off effect, but presently the development object is thermal shielding of the part of the airframe or engine systems of a spaceplane which is exposed to very high temperature.  The goal of the 1st Phase (1987-1989) is the production of small specimens of 1-10mm in thickness and 30mm in diameter and is resistant to the environmental condition of 2000K of surface temperature and temperature difference of 1000K. The SiO2 thermal insulation tile used for the exisiting space shuttle resists 1600K surface temperature and a 1600K temperature gradient, but its thickness measures 100mm.  The difficulty of achieving the goal is obvious when considering the 1mm-thick hydrogen-cooled Cu nozzle in the engine of a space shuttle which is resistant to 800K surface temperature and temperature difference of 300K. For overcoming the obstacle of melting point so as to reach this goal,  ceramic metal composite materials, the conventional composite materials are insufficient. Therefore, a composite material of a continuously controlled compostion, a new concept of ""functionally graded material"" was proposed by research groups mainly in National Aerospace Laboratory and Tohoku University. All possible design methods, synthetic methods, and evaluation methods which could materialize this concept were listed up. As a result of repeated examination and extensive discussion, PVD, CVD, powder injection method, particle thin-film laminating, plasma spraying method, self-propagating heating method were taken up as synthetic methods which have a high feasibility. Our company is promoting the particle thin-film laminating. In this method, a thin greensheet is made of the powder slurry of the goal composition and is accumulated with the composition gradually changed and thus fabricating FGM.  The greatest feature of this manufacturing method is that it can create a uniform and heat insulting screen of a large area. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.3 FGMnews No.3 3 1988-12-25 22-24 異種粒子同時溶射法の成膜制御 Film Formation by Independent and Simultaneous Spraying Method 塩見義宏新日本製鉄(株)　PMD Yoshihiro ShiomiPMD, Nippon Steel Corporation  For the development of fabricating technologies of FGM by thermal spraying, effective graded spraying and generic technologies of structural control for forming  must be established. The simultaneous spraying and the independent spraying by low pressure plasma have made graded lamination synthesis possible, and the former method has been developed by Metal Material and Technology Laboratory, and the latter by our institution since the 1988 fiscal year under the auspices of Special Coordination Funds of Science and Technology Agency.  In this paper, the aquired knowledge and the present examination contents are introduced for the above problem. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.3 FGMnews No.3 3 1988-12-25 30-33 光ファイバにおける傾斜組成 Gradient Composition of Optical Fibers 渡辺稔住友電気工業(株) Minoru WatanabeSumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.  The optical fiber consists of core with high refractive index and clad with low refractive index. Light propagates on the interface of clad and core repeating total reflection. This process is shown in Figure 1.  In the optical fiber, it is possible to raise a transmission capacity per unit time by narrowing the interval of signal pulse, and it is decided by pulse dispersion during propagation.  One of the causes of the pulse dispersion is differences in the incidence angle of light into the fiber.  This is called the mode fraction.  In case the incidence angle is vertical to the end face, optical path in propagation is short, whereas as the angle gets more horizontal to the end face, the optical path gets longer. Therefore, differences in propagation time occur on the light reception side, and pulse dispersion results.  In order to make the dispersion small, grated index type (GI type) fibers were developed.  The speed of light is low in the high refractive index part, and high at the low refractive index area. Therefore, the differences in propagation time due to the differing optical path length can be corrected by the differences in the refractive index in case the refractive index distribution in the fiber is designed to become larger in the central part, and smaller in the circumference, and thus pulse dispersion can be kept smaller.  In GI type with a square refractive index distribution as shown in Figure 2(b), a transmission capacity is greatly larger than the homogeneous distribution type(step-index, SI) shown in Figure 2(a).   Whereas the SI type has transmission band of 10~20MHzkm, the GI type can be designed to cover the band over 1GHzkm. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.4 FGMnews No.4  4 1989-03-31 3-6 多相混合系の熱伝導率推定モデル－FGM設計システムの構築に向けて－ Thermal Conductivity Estimation Model of Multi-phase Systems - Toward Construction of FGM Design System - 若島健司東京工業大学　精密工学研究所 K. WakashimaResearch Laboratory of Precision Machinery and Electronics,Tokyo Institute of Technology  The material design with regard to FGM has as its main goal ""determining an optimum graded composite distribution in view of thermal stress relaxation"". For thermal stress analysis, the physical properties of multiphase mixed system (inhomogeneous solid consisting of more than two kinds of materials such as ceramics and metals) are necessary as input data such as elastic coefficient, thermal expansion coefficients, thermal conductivity, specific heat and so forth. Though these physical properties in a composite system show a macroscopic average of the physical properties of a structured material (phase), unlike density, they generally do not follow a simple, arithmetic mean rule (linear mixing rule). This fact indicates that despite using a constant mixing ratio, the obtained physical properties drastically change according to each of the diversified microstructure conditions of a system.  Therefore, the data volume to be handled can be enormous, and an efficient construction of the database is quite difficult due to the constraint of time necessary for real observation and collecting the data.  And, the above-mentioned microstructure conditions can pose a big problem in systematically classifying and arranging the individual measured datum. Under such circumstances, we are carrying out a series of research with a view to estimating the physical properties from a theoretical standpoint. In this paper, an example of the estimation of thermal conductivity is introduced. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.4 FGMnews No.4  4 1989-03-31 7-9 薄膜積層法を用いた傾斜機能材料開発－現状と課題－ FGM Development by Thin-film Lamination Method Current Situations and Problems  竹村誠洋　吉武明英　早川均　田村学NKK　鉄鋼研究所 M. Takemura  Akihide YOSHITAKE  Hitoshi Hayakawa Manabu TAMURASteel Research Center,NKK Corporation  "The research on the generic technologies of functionally graded material development for thermal stress relaxation" by Special Coordination Funds for the promotion of Science and Technology Agency started in the 1987 fiscal year.  In this Natiopro with a goal of overcoming a severe condition of temperature difference of 1000K and surface temperature of 2000K with a material of 1-10mm in thickness, our company belongs to the structure control group, and is engaging in "manufacturing" and developing a thin film laminating method. This method is the application of ceramic sheet molding technique by doctor blade used for manufacturing ceramic thin plate of IC substrates and ceramic capacitors, the process which is suitable for enlargement and can respond also to 300mmx300mm which is the target of the second term of Natiopro enough, and it is applicable for easy mass-production as well.  In this paper, the outline of FGM development by this thin film laminating is introduced along with its problems. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.4 FGMnews No.4  4 1989-03-31 10-12 計測制御技術と傾斜機能材料 Measurement Control Technologies and FGM 河合高志　田中江里子　宮崎俊一横河電機（株）　研究開発3部 Takashi KAWAI Eriko Tanaka Shun-ichi MIYAZAKIResearch and Development Division, Yokogawa Electric Corporation  New materials are positively examined in order to develop high-performance measurement control equipment, but all specifications cannot be satisfied by only 1 kind of material.  Then, more than one material is used depending on the purpose, the problem, however, is jointing different materials.  Adhesive can be used in a not so severe use environment, and welding is possible for metal materials.  There are many cases in which they are sufficient even in the fixation by volt and nut, when only mechanical strength is necessary.  However, the conventional materials and junction techniques cannot perfectly satisfy a demand which requires a wide operating temperature range, resistance for applied stress, partial conductivity, partial insulation as well as air-tightness. An example of such measuring instrument is a flowmeter of the chemical plant.  The electromagnetic flowmeter is measuring instrument for flow rate by applying magnetic field to the direction vertical to the direction of the flow of electroconductive liquid, and measuring electromotive force by Flemming law (Figure 1). The pipe is lined with insulator and on the inwall of the pipe, a pair of facing electrodes for measuring the electromotive force has been installed.  On the both ends of this pipe, metal flanges to be installed to the pipe line are necessary.  Until now the inner surface of the metallic pipe was lined with plastic, and electrodes sealed with an O-ring have been installed, but the use environment was limited in respect of abrasion resistance and thermal resistance.  In order to solve this problem, metal flanges were jointed together with a sintered pipe made of cermet electrodes and ceramics. However, the problem was that excessive thermal stress concentrated in the juncture of different materials in case the rapid temperature change is applied. However, the problem was that excessive thermal stress concentrated in the juncture of different materials in case the rapid temperature change is applied. Thermal stress must be eased in order to develop higher-resistant electromagnetic flowmeter, and functionally graded material (FGM) seems to be a promising candidate. At present, examination is carried out on whether a structure of a pipe shape can be made by FGM. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.4 FGMnews No.4  4 1989-03-31 13-15 TiC-Ni系傾斜機能材料のミクロ写真 Microscopic Photographs of TiC-Ni System FGM 宮本欽生大阪大学　産業科学研究所 Yoshinari MiyamotoThe Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research,Osaka University  Trial manufacture of TiC-Ni system FGM is carried out by gas pressure combustion sintering process.  In this process, many kinds of high-melting point ceramics are sintered and synthesized  under gas pressure by exothermic reaction in chain reaction, so synthesis and densification of ceramics are conducted simultaneously. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.5 FGMnews No.5 5 1989-06-25 5-8 自己発熱反応法による傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of  FGM by SHS Method 佐多延博通商産業省工業技術院東北工業技術試験所 Nobuhiro SATAGovernment Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku  Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research Osaka University (reaction control technology) and Tohoku Institute of Technology (wide control technology) are working on the research on FGM by self-heating reactivity method ( the SHS method ) from the viewpoint of basis and application.  R & D for the fabrication method is advanced with a goal of enlargement up to 30cm on one side(goal of the 2nd stage of Special Coordination Funds for the promotion of Science and Technology).  In this paper, the important technical problems and the present state of material development for FGM fabrication are described. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.5 FGMnews No.5 5 1989-06-25 8-11 傾斜機能材料の破壊強度特性 Evaluation of Fracture Strength Properties of FGM 平野一美工業技術院機械技術研究所 Kazumi HIRANOMechanical Engineering Laboratory  In the midst of the R & D trend of advanced structural materials aiming at multifunctionalization and extreme environmental use of the material, functionally graded material (FGM) which is excellent in thermal protection and resistance is viewed as an attractive material in the aerospace field as shown in Figure 1. This paper introduces the general outline of research and development focusing on the fracture strength property evaluation of FGM. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.5 FGMnews No.5 5 1989-06-25 11-14 傾斜機能材料としてみた生物の石灰化組織 Calcified Organization of Organism as FGM 小野勝道東北大学　 非水溶液化学研究所 Katsumichi OnoBulletin of The Chemical Research Institute of Non-Aqueous Solutions,Tohoku University  The biological tissue is a very complicated composite material. The biological tissue has suitable functions and a structure which suits these functions, and this is a large difference from artificial material.  This is the case with calcified tissue (hard tissue) which consititues the skeleton of organism such as bone, tooth, and shell.The calcified tissue is a kind of organic-inorganic composite material formed of calcium ion, rich in the nature, through the cooperation of protein and organism. The protein plays a role of binder and gives sufficient strength to calcium salt which originally  does not have strength as a skeleton material. Whether a biological tissue is a graded material or not and a graded structure is indispensable for the biological tissue or not, I do not have a clear answer, but it is for sure that organism similar to a graded structure exists at the high order level. In this paper, the structure and properties of shell and cardo ligament of bivalves in which I am interested as a composite structure of unique organic-inorganic with anisotropy are explained by way of introducing an example of the ingenious structure of biological tissue. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.5 FGMnews No.5 5 1989-06-25 17-19 レーザ熱衝撃試験法に関するワーキンググループの活動状況 Activities of Working Group on Laser Thermal Shock Testing Method 高橋秀明　橋田俊之東北大学　工学部　破壊力学応用研究施設 Hideaki Takahashi, Toshiyuki HashidaFaculty of Engineering, Research Institute for Fracture Technology,Tohoku University  FGM which is expected to be applied to thermal protection walls of spaceplanes, etc. is exposed to very severe thermal shock since its back will be cooled down with liquid hydrogen whereas its surface will be rapidly heated up by aerodynamic heating, resulting in a temperature gradient of about 1000deg.C. For the purpose of developing efficient techniques for evaluating the thermal schock resistence properties of FGM, our working group carries out examination on the development of thermal shock fracture testing method adopting laser which has high energy density as a heat source. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.6 FGMnews No.6   6 1989-09-14 1-2 TiB2-Cu系傾斜機能材料のミクロ組織 Microstructure of TiB2-Cu System FGM 佐多延博東北工業技術試験所 Nobuhiro SATAGovernment Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku  In the process of FGM synthesis by SHS method, unlike ordinary sintering processes, complicated reactions progress in synthesis of material powder. For example, from the raw material powder of Cu, Ti and B, in addition to TiB2 and Cu, an intermetallic compound of Cu3Ti also can be formed as a reactant of Cu and Ti. Moreover, by giving additives, control of the size of crystal grain, control of heat properties of materials, control of optimum temperature, improvement of mechanical properties are possible. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.6 FGMnews No.6   6 1989-09-14 3-6 PVD-CVD融合法による傾斜機能材料の創製 Fabricating FGM by PVD-CVD 五十嵐廉　河合千尋　相原智康住友電気工業株式会社　伊丹研究所 Tadashi IGARASHI  Chihiro KAWAI  Tomoyasu AIHARAItami Research Laboratories,Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.  Coating substrate surfaces with metal and ceramics by vapor phase growth can retain useful characteristics of the substrates and add new functions to the surface layer. Therefore, it is widely applied to ranging from electronic components, machine parts and tools and thermal resistant structure member parts and so forth. Various vapor growth methods are shown in Figure 1.  These methods can be roughly categorized into PVD(Physical Vapor Deposition) and CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition) depending on the growth mechanism.  In general, PVD can lower the substrate temperature and can form thermodynamic nonequilibrium phases such as amorphous. As a method for producing FGM by the combination of the above-mentioned systems, the PVD/CVD fusion technique was named in ""the research on the generic technology of FGM development for thermal stress relaxation"" under the auspices of Special Coordination Funds for the promotion of Science and Technology. In this paper, the structure control technologies and problems are introduced focusing on the result obtained in the above studies. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.6 FGMnews No.6   6 1989-09-14 6-9 傾斜機能材料の高温度落差基礎評価試験 Basic Evaluation Tests on Functionally Graded Materials in High Temperature Difference Field 熊川彰長航空宇宙技術研究所角田支所 Akinaga KumakawaKakuda Research Center,National Aerospace Laboratory  The testing device for basic evaluation in high temperature difference field gives large temperature difference to functionally graded materials configured by the structure control department, and conducts basic evaluations on thermal barrier and heat stress relief performances and low-cycle thermal fatigue properties.  Also, by comparing sample pieces, this testing device attempts to create the optimum device and configuration method.  This device is reported on in FGM News No.2, so in this paper, the research progress will be elaborated on. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.6 FGMnews No.6   6 1989-09-14 10-13 口腔領域における生体材料の現状と展望 Present and Future of Biomaterials in the Oral Cavity Region 宮内修平大阪大学歯学部 Shuhei MiyauchiFaculty of Dentistry,Osaka University  With the improvement in living standards and advancement in medicine, the average life expectancy has increased, and an aging society has been the result.  In our country, this trend is especially evident, posing numerous problems.  There are serious issues both from the medical and governmental aspects that need to be addressed concerning the elderly that are bedridden or have dementia, etc. Dental diseases, especially loss of teeth and the inadequate treatment thereof can cause decrease in the chewing and digestive functions, resulting in loss of ability to eat or desire to eat.  This is tantamount to the loss of a fundamental human desire, which is a serious problem involving the purpose of life in the elderly. Traditionally, there are two types of dental diseases, the former being decay and the latter being periodontal (pyorrhea alveolaris).  If left untreated, they would result in the extraction of teeth, leaving the jaw toothless.  In either case, the decrease in function as a result of dental diseases is unavoidable.  The purpose in dental treatment is the repair of both shape and function, as well as aesthetic repair. There is an ancient Chinese saying involving the value of beautiful teeth.  Even from this, we can see how important teeth are not only from the functional aspect but also from the aesthetic aspectl.  In recent days, as the desire towards beauty has become complex and diversified, high-level technique and materials are increasingly in demand. Biomaterials are generally completely implanted in the organism, but this is somewhat different in the case of dentistry where a portion or the greater portion is in the mouth, a unique environment which calls for complicated demands in the material used. I was given opportunity to present the materials and methods used in the oral cavity region as part of  the application in organisms at the FGM workshop, therefore in this report I will present the summary thereof. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.6 FGMnews No.6   6 1989-09-14 32-35 傾斜機能材料の熱物性値測定のむずかしさ Difficulty in Measuring Thermal Property Values in Functionally Graded Materialserials 荒木信幸静岡大学　工学部 Nobuyuki ARAKIShizuoka University  Thermal property values consist of various property values ranging from thermodynamic characteristics such as density and enthalpy, transport characteristics such as thermal conductivy and viscosity coefficients, as well as radiation charactersitics.  Of these thermal property values, in order to evaluate the heat barrier performance of functionally graded materials, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, density (thermal expansion) and thermal diffusion are necessary.  In this report, we will focus on thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion, which are most difficult to measure. With regard to thermal conductivity, there is great disparity in data depending on the method of measuring and the persons conducting the measuring.  Results of figures with different number of digits are not uncommon.  We studied how this comes about, as well as the problems related to measuring functionally graded materials.  The calculation results of layered samples are summarized in this report as an approach to functionally graded materials. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.6 FGMnews No.6   6 1989-09-14 36-41 異種粒子独立溶射法による皮膜形成 Coating Formation Using the Heterogeneous Powder Independent Spraying Method 福島孟金属材料技術研究所 Takeshi FUKUSHIMANational Research Institute for Metals  "Our research institute has been in charge of  the ""heterogeneous powder independent spraying method"" which involves creating a graded laminating body by using 2 plasma spraying torches to independently feed and control metal and ceramic spraying materials.  This is part of the ""research of fundamental technology for the development of functionally graded materials for thermal stress relaxation,"" which has been sponsored by Special Coordination Funds for the Promotion of Science and Technology since 1987. This method requires that metal and ceramic powders are fed separately by their respective spraying torches.  Therefore, conditions to suit each spraying material can be selected and the relative positions of the 2 spraying torches can be adjusted, thereby enabling both spraying materials to be deposited on one area of the sprayed coating material.  A higher quality sprayed coating is the result. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.7 FGMnews No.7  7 1989-12-25 1-2 ZrO2/Ni-Cr系傾斜機能材料の組成変化 Composition change of ZrO2/Ni-Cr functionally graded materials 下田信之新日本製鐵（株） Nobuyuki ShimodaNippon Steel Corporation  In the synthesizing of FGM (functionally graded material), it is important to confirm whether it is adaptable to the desired composition change.  In this paper, we will introduce the analysis results of the computer aided electron probe X-Ray micro analyzer (hereafter referred to as CMA).  CMA is an analysis device which utilizes the fundamental principles of the X-Ray micro analyzer (EPMA), controls the measurement via the computer and carries out image analysis of two-dimensional multipoint data.  In this way, it is possible to obtain quantitative information of minor constituents in a fixed analyzed area of the sample. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.7 FGMnews No.7  7 1989-12-25 13-16 超音波を用いて熱応力を測る Measuring Thermal Stress Using Ultrasound 天田重庚　島田道男船舶技術研究所 Sigeyasu Amada  Michio ShimadaShip Research Institute  Primary ways to measure the thermal stress of objects are strain gauge, thermal photoelasticity method, SPATE method and laser spectrum method.  Of these, only the thermal photoelasticity method provides inside information of the object.  However the thermal photoelasticity method uses a model, there are limitations on added temperature and the application of the formation law is required, thereby posing considerable limitations on its application.  Therefore, we are configuring a system using ultrasound as a method that can be applied to such homogeneous objects as functionally graded materials. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.8 FGMnews No.8   8 1990-03-25 6-10 プラズマ溶射による傾斜組成皮膜の性質 Properties of Graded Coating Formed by Plasma Spraying 福島孟金属材料技術研究所　組織制御研究部 Takeshi FUKUSHIMAAdvanced Materials Processing Division,National Research Institute for Metals  In recent years, the application of a graded coating with consecutive grading of the coating composition from metal to ceramics is greatly anticipated as a method of relieving thermal stress.  The most relied-upon method is the plasma spraying method.  The author, in the previous paper, has already reported that it is possible to form an optional composite coating with varying deposition ratios as well as a graded coating by employing 2 plasma spraying torches in the atmosphere, and as an example, using a Ni- base alloy of grain size10-44micrometers and ZrO2 ceramics (ZrO2-Y2O8%) as spraying material and independently feeding and controlling them to form a coating.  However,  with a view to applying this coating on the actual machine which is used in a high temperature difference thermal environment, we need to clarify the characteristics of this coating in order to ensure its safety and reliability.Thus, we studied the composition, pore ratio and mechanical characteristics of the coatings. This will enable us to find out the thermal stress and thermal barrier between the material and the coating and within the coating, which are related to the causes of delamination due to thermal stress and cracks within the coating. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.8 FGMnews No.8   8 1990-03-25 10-15 生体用FGM Bio-use FGMs 立石哲也工業技術院　機械技術研究所 T. TateishiMechanical Engineering Laboratory  Ultra-high polymer polyethylene is chemically stable, does not change in quality within the complex environment of the living organism, and also has the functional advantage superior self-lubricating qualities.  Thus, it is an indispensable polymer for use in material for bone and joint substitutes.   However, because of its chemical stability, it encounters problems with regard to bio-adaptability.   In order to solve this, we implanted an cylidrical sample filled with bio-adaptable  hydroxiapatite and alumina ceramic powder into the bones of a rabbit and an adult dog.  We then conducted pathological sample, electron microscope and displacement tests and studied tissue reactions and bio-affinity.  Thereafter, we compared this to metal material with an alumina and hydoxiapatite coating. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.8 FGMnews No.8   8 1990-03-25 22-23 ガス圧燃焼焼結法による(MoSi2-SiC)/TiAl系傾斜機能材料の製造 Fabrication of (MoSi2-SiC)/TiAl Functionally Graded Material by Gas Pressure Combustion Sintering Method 松崎祐司川崎重工業株式会社 Yuji MatsuzakiKawasaki Heavy Ind. Ltd.  The gas pressure combustion sintering method is a combination of the SHS method, which is characterized by rapid element diffusion in high temperature of over 2000deg.C, and the isotropic pressurizing sintering process which uses the gas from the energy derived by molecular motion as the pressurizing medium.  Therefore, the energy efficiency is considerably high, and by applying an adequate capsule technique, the fabrication of a large sized and complex-shaped functionally graded material is greatly anticipated.  Our company, in a joint research with Osaka University, has developed a new glass capsule method.  Namely, it is an easy and convenient method of heating a two-division glass vacuum container filled with green, and when it nears the softening point of the glass, sealing the divided portion.  This method ensures capsuling regardless of the size or shape of the green.  Thus, it is thought that it can cope with a larger sized and more complex-shaped functionally graded material as well.      The functionally graded (MoSi2-SiC)TiAl material which is currently being developed has the strength to weight ratio (strength/specific weight) which surpasses an Ni-base superalloy.  We also focused on the properties of TiAl intermetallic chemical compound which has great potential as a high temperature and heat resistant structured material, as well as the MoSi2 intermetallic compound which excels in oxidation resistance in a high temperature oxidizing atmosphere.  Our objective is to combine these materials through graded composition control.  SiC dramatically improves the mechanical properties of MoSi2, and contributes to the heat rejection performance by means of decrease in the thermal conductivity of MoSi2. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.8 FGMnews No.8   8 1990-03-25 39-40 Ti→TiC系傾斜機能材料のミクロ組織 Microstructure of Ti→TiC FGMs 塩田一路金属材料技術研究所 Ichiro ShiotaNational Research Institute for Metals  Because FGM is a heterogeneous material with graded composition, it is in a thermodynamically nonequilibriam state.  At the National Institute of Metals, using Ti/TiC FGMs,  the study of the effects that FGM crystal structure (crystal size and orientation, etc.) have on the thermal stability of the composition is being conducted.  As a result, it became evident that FGMs with small crystal size and random crystal structure are the most thermally unstable.  With the synthesis of FGMs with such crystal structure, the PVD method which can more easily control minute structures is suitable. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.9 FGMnews No.9   9 1990-07-31 5-8 CVD法による傾斜機能材料の作製　C/SiC系材料合成法としての化学気相析出法 Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials Using the CVD Method - Chemical Vapor Deposition Method for Composing C/SiC Materials 早田喜穂日本石油株式会社 Yoshio SOHDANippon Oil Company  The CVD Method for composing functionally graded C/SiC materials has been reported on at the Third FGM Symposium.  Comparing the basic study reports of  the carbon CVI which was conducted prior to the aforementioned, we will further study the chemical vapor deposition method for composing C and/or SiC materials. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.9 FGMnews No.9   9 1990-07-31 9-12 超音波による熱応力測定 Thermal Stress Measurement Using Ultrasound 島田道男船舶技術研究所 Michio ShimadaShip Research Institute  In the development of functionally graded materials, it is thought that technology to measure  thermal stress relief is vital, and to that end the development of thermal stress evaluation technology is underway.  In this paper, we wlll elaborate on the outline of this development and related technology. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.9 FGMnews No.9   9 1990-07-31 12-14 ろう接におけるぬれ現象 Wetting Phenomenon in Soldering 雀部謙金属材料技術研究所 Ken SasabeNational Research Institute for Metals  "Soldering" is a method of pouring melted metal through the gap of the juncture and joining the material by cooling and coagulating it without melting the material to be joined.  This technique goes back to the time of Ancient Egypt, but with regard to the basic part of joining mechanism, namely the "wetting phenomena," there are still much to be uncovered. The famous Young-Dupre relationship is often quoted when explaining the wetting phenomenon.  This refers to the thermodynamic function in relation to the state change of the liquid wetting the solid surface that can be expressed by the following equation when liquid surface energy is (gamma)L, solid surface energy is (gamma)S, and the contact angle (theta) is between the solid/liquid interface energy (gamma)SL:             (gamma)S-  (gamma)SL+  (gamma)Lcos(theta)=0............(1)This relationship is convenient and easy to understand in understanding the concept of the wetting phenomenon, but is not effective when the actual wetting phenomenon is dealt with quantitatively.  This is due to the fact that factors other than (theta) in equation (1) , such as surface energy and interface energy are not completely understood.  Also, the region near the tip of the droplet is not balanced enough to simply apply  equation (1), etc.  Owing to the advancement in analytical technology in recent years, the minute surface structure relating to the above has been increasingly clarified.  Thus, it is becoming more and more possible to gain fundamental understanding of the wetting mechanism from a new perspective. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.9 FGMnews No.9   9 1990-07-31 15-18 高速回転加熱場へのFGM適用 FGM Application in a High-Speed Rotation Heating Field 吉田豊明航空宇宙技術研究所 吉田豊明National Aerospace Laboratory  In recent years, the aviation industry and jet engine manufacturers worldwide have experienced record sales.  So-called jumbo jets have been in service for more than 20 years, and are undergoing transition to newly developed models that have higher performance and are better suited for flight routes.  In the past 20 years, even the same series engines have doubled in thrust, and there has been an approxiately 1% improvement in fuel consumption a year.The authors have been involved in the research of high temperature turbine technology, which is the key technology in achieving high efficiency aero-engines.  FGM is very useful in achieving high temperature.  If we succeed in commercial application, it is anticipated that this will lead to substantial cost reduction,fuel and resource conservation and air environment preservation.Needless to say, the basic necessary condition that the rotor in the propulsion system of future spacecraft and transport aircraft must meet is to be able to withstand such environmental conditions as surface temperature of 2000K and a temperature drop of 1000K. To that end, the role that FGMs play is considerably important.In aero-engines and industrial gas turbines, the technique of coating of the bond layer and ceramic layer with the plasma spray (PS) method, in other words ceramic thermal barrier coating (referred to as TBC hereafter), is being applied as state-of-the-art technology in combustors and stationary parts in turbines.  However, the coating technology for the rotor blade or the front edge of the stationary blade (which has a large curvature) has not be established.  TBC has been coated on the stationary turbine blade of the FJR engine, and  conducted the low cycle thermal fatigue tests, it was concluded that the TBC coating is extremely useful in achieving engine durability and dependability, and it was decided that TBC+film cooling type be adopted. It was a one-dimensional model which shows what superior results can be achieved by further grading the TBC.  If there is a level difference in the material component, a great difference in stress arises, thereby potentially causing damage.With the aforementioned backgound in mind, we are carrying out basic research in order to apply FGM to a high-speed rotation heating environment.  We will introduce the summary of progress made so far and future prospects. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.10 FGMnews No.10   10 1990-09-20 5-7 ガス圧燃焼焼結法による(MoSi2-SiC)/TiAl系傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of functionally graded (MoSi2-SiC)/TiAl using the gas pressure combustion sintering method 藤岡順三川崎重工業株式会社　明石技術研究所 Junzo FujiokaAkashi Technical Institute,Kawasaki Heavy Industries, LTD.  The thermal stress relief type functionally graded material (FGM) is such material where consecutive composition change can be seen from the high temperature side with heat resistance and thermal insulation to the lower temperature side with strength and high heat transmission.  With collaboration with Osaka University, we have come up with various TiAl intermatallic compounds or the combinations of the composite materials thereof that are applicable to space planes and engines, etc. and are studying how to fabricate FGMs using TiAl as low temperature material with the gas pressure combustion sintering method.  In this paper, we will elaborate on the outline of the research coducted using Mo Si2-SiC as high temperature material. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.10 FGMnews No.10   10 1990-09-20 7-9 血清アルブミンの構造転移 Structural Transition of Serum Albumin 曽我美勝　恵良聖一藤田学園・保健衛生大学・衛生学部・生理学教室岐阜大学医学部・第2生理学教室 曽我美勝　恵良聖一FUJITA HEALTH UNIVERSITYGifu University  Serum (blood plasma) albumin (molecular weight 66x 10**3; spheroid with axial ratio 4) consitutes more than 50% of serum (blood plasma) protein.  It has many functions in the blood noted in Chart 1 such as maintenance of osmotic pressure, transporting of hormones and drugs, buffering, reduction and enzyme actions, as well as stimulation of the production of male steroid hormones.  In order to understand the various functions shown in Chart 1, the authors have used bull plasma albumin (BPA) and bull-mercapto albumin (BMA) and are conducting studies regarding the structural transition thereof. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.10 FGMnews No.10   10 1990-09-20 10-11 傾斜機能材の定常温度場での変形と熱応力 Bending and Thermal Stress of Functionally Graded Materials in a Steady Temperature Environment 石川隆司航空宇宙技術研究所 Takashi IshikawaNational Aerospace Laboratory  Little analysis of plate and shell, the base of the structural design of functionally graded materials, has been conducted.  Therefore, as a first step, analysis of the thermal bending and thermal stress of a plate with steady temperature grading in between two designated temperatures was carried out.  The summary of the results are stated hereunder. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.10 FGMnews No.10   10 1990-09-20 11-14 傾斜機能平板の定常熱応力 Steady Thermal Stress in Functionally Graded Flat Plates 野田直剛静岡大学　工学部 Naotake NODAFaculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University  There is great anticipation for the development of functionally graded materials with continuous composition change from metal for the purpose of relaxing thermal stress.  Taking the steady thermal stress of a functionally graded flat plate as an example, we will study the following:(1) Basic method for relieving thermal stress (a) Steady thermal stress in a 2-layer laminated plate  (b) Steady thermal stress in a 3-layer laminated plate(2) An ideal functionally graded flat plate Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.10 FGMnews No.10   10 1990-09-20 15-16 電解析出法による傾斜機能材料の製造 Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials Through The Electrolytic Deposition Method 山村力東北大学　工学部 Tsutomu YamamuraFaculty of Engineering,Tohoku University  With electrolytic deposition, an electrochemical reductive reaction is created at the interface of the metal electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in the precipitating of metal.  It has such drawbacks as slow reaction speed due to the fact that the process is carried out on a two-dimensional surface, and also the reactor has a low floor space utilization factor.  On the other hand, the composition can easily be changed in the depth direction.  Therefore, if  an electrolytic deposition of the intended material is possible, this method is ideal in the manufacturing of functionally graded material.   Conventional electrolytic deposition technology was applied and refined in such areas as electroplating, electrolytic purification and electrolytic extration for the purpose of surface reforming.  With electroplating, the target is a thin film coating of about 10micrometers, and with electrolytic purification and extraction, we run into such problems as the purity of the precipitate, deposition form, speed and quantity.  With the manufacturing of functionally graded material, the controlling of the composition of mm thickness is required, thereby creating the need to overcome issues that conventional electrolytic technology does not address.   Hereafter, we will state the relationship between the composition of the precipitate and the electrolytic conditions with regard to electrolytic deposition from an aqueous solution.  We will also consider the structure of the electrolytic deposition cell for the manufacturing of functionally graded material and the electrolytic conditions thereof. Japanese ＦＧＭニュースNo.10 FGMnews No.10   10 1990-09-20 16-17 スクラムジェットエンジン－超耐熱材料への期待－ Scramjet Engine- A Promising Future for Superheat Resistant Materials 鎮西信夫科学技術庁　航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所 Chinzei NobuoKakuda Research Center,National Aerospace Laboratory  As an engine suited for space planes, replacing the conventional rocket engine, the scramjet seems very promising as an ultrahigh speed air suction engine which utilizes oxygen from the air which is taken in from the atmosphere during flight.  Chart 1 is a conceptual scheme of the airframe integrated type scramjet which is presently undergoing tests in NASA.  The engine is installed on the underside of the plane and is divided into rectangular cross section modules.  Individual modules are made up of  an airhole, a fuel injecting strut, combustor and nozzle.Since scramjet is a new type of engine which include many newly-pioneered technologies, there are numerous technological issues yet to be addressed before it can be commercialized.  In this report, we will deal with various problems regarding the cooling structure and superheat resistant materials, as well as the tests underway at the National Aerospace Laboratory.   Japanese