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[Katsuhiko Ariga](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-2955), [Rawil Fakhrullin](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-7649)

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[Nanoarchitectonics in Materials Science, Second Edition](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/9fd65937-d2c6-4e41-9b94-0b50af9f7d72)

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Nanoarchitectonics in Materials Science, Second EditionReceived: 10 January 2026Accepted: 16 February 2026Published: 21 February 2026Copyright: © 2026 by the authors.Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This article is an open access articledistributed under the terms andconditions of the Creative CommonsAttribution (CC BY) license.EditorialNanoarchitectonics in Materials Science, Second EditionKatsuhiko Ariga 1,2,* and Rawil Fakhrullin 3,41 Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS),1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan2 Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561,Chiba, Japan3 Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, Kazan 42000,Republic of Tatarstan, Russia4 Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk 634050, Russia* Correspondence: ariga.katsuhiko@nims.go.jpThere are many social needs that nanoarchitectonics, as an emerging technology, canmeet, such as converting and storing energy [1–3], cleaning the environment, and sensingtoxic substances [4–6]. It can also be used in various biomedical applications [7–9]. Oneimportant way that science and technology can meet these demands is by developingnew materials that have special predetermined functions. Human progress has beendriven by the constant evolution of materials science. For example, there have beenadvances in inorganic chemistry [10–12], which is the study of metals, ceramics, andvarious inorganic materials. Research is also underway in organic chemistry [13–15];polymer chemistry [16–18], which concerns the development of organic and polymericmaterials; supramolecular chemistry [19–21], which concerns their assemblies; coordinationchemistry [22–24], which is associated with inorganic materials; and biochemistry [25–27],which bridges the biological world and materials science. These scientific advances havemade it possible to create a huge number of different materials, and these new materialshave made it possible to create devices and technologies that can meet a variety of needsand improve human lives.As we have developed this Special Issue, it has become clear that controlling materialsand how they are structured can enable them to work more efficiently and change theircharacteristics. In other words, we now understand that it is not enough to just producefunctional materials; we also need to control their intrinsic nanostructure [28,29]. To makematerials that are better than their regular counterparts, we need to improve them andcontrol how they are shaped and assembled. Thus, as well as the usual ways of makingproducts and creating materials, we need to use the latest technology to control structures atthe atomic/molecular and nanometer scales [30,31]. Specifically, there is growing demandfor materials that use nanotechnology.As is universally agreed, nanotechnology is very important in the development ofmaterials, including very small structures. However, nanotechnology is not a specializedacademic subject focused on making materials; its main focus is on understanding newnanoscale events and the physical principles behind them [32,33]. Making useful materialsfrom very small building blocks requires work in other areas, like supramolecular chemistry,materials processing, and biotechnology. Thus, functional materials at the nanometerscale should be created using a new approach that combines the different research areasmentioned above as well as nanotechnology. This idea is called “nanoarchitectonics” [34].We need to develop an approach that brings together “normal” science and technology withMaterials 2026, 19, 820 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040820https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog?doi=10.3390/ma19040820&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2026-02-21https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.mdpi.com/journal/materialshttps://www.mdpi.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-2955https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-7649https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040820Materials 2026, 19, 820 2 of 7the study of miniscule (in other words, “nano”) things. Nanoarchitectonics is responsiblefor achieving this.With nanotechnology, we can arrange atoms precisely or fix a single molecule. How-ever, even if we could make a device made from just one molecule, it would be uselesson its own. These elements need to be joined together to create a system that has newand exciting features. In reality, nanotechnology can already facilitate the production ofvery small structures, but it does not possess the ability to join them together so they workproperly. Although there have been attempts to create nanostructures using supramolecularchemistry and then organize them to create higher-order structures [35,36], this is still avery new field and, so far, has been fairly unsuccessful. However, this is exactly why itremains a field with great potential. Nanotechnology will probably only be useful to alimited extent until we have developed a technological framework for organizing andconstructing nanostructures through nanoarchitectonics.Making working systems using nanotechnology will probably require a method basedon conventional microfabrication technology. This means first developing a plan for aperfect system, and then building a structure according to it. Biological systems are asuperior kind of functional systems. They are designed to function while accepting theeffects of Brownian motion and thermal fluctuations. While the brain is often describedas a computer, in the first approximation, it uses only ionic currents, not electronic ones.Living entities have evolved considerably over time, but the way they work is not at all likemodern nanotechnology, which uses very small electronic circuits. Perhaps in the future,computers and other machines will be made in a similar way to living creatures. However,this might not go to plan and there may be some unexpected problems. However, theseproblems can also be exploited to create new and exciting things. This is not consideredpart of normal nanotechnology; instead, it must be developed as a new way of researchingwithin the field of nanoarchitectonics.One of the most important goals of nanoarchitectonics is to create highly functionalstructures, such as those found in living organisms, from basic units such as functionalmolecules [37]. Many biochemical systems are very efficient and specific because theyhave hierarchical and asymmetric structures. To achieve this, these structures enable relaysand combinations of processes [38–40]. These hierarchical structures usually cannot bemade using normal self-assembly in equilibrium; instead, they are made by taking a similarapproach to the way that energy is used in biological systems, where components areassembled in non-equilibrium. It is important to use non-equilibrium forces in the processof making nanoarchitectonics structures. For example, adding artificial structures to amixture in stages, using methods like the Langmuir–Blodgett method [41,42] or layer-by-layer adsorption [43,44], can enable the creation of structures with a layered and unevenpattern. Nanoarchitectonics, which combines these processes in a balanced way, couldbecome a universal method of assembling highly functional systems, like those found inliving organisms.According to these historical, scientific, and technological backgrounds, the SpecialIssue entitled “Nanoarchitectonics in Materials Science” collected several relevant researchpapers on functional materials inspired by the nanoarchitectonics concept. This SpecialIssue was mainly based on a collection of papers published in Materials from late 2022to early 2024. However, rapid progress has continued in materials sciences, as seen invarious research papers from 2024 and 2025. These research trends heavily depend onmaterial innovations with structural control at the nanostructure level and mesoscopicscale in many research fields. Continuous development in various key materials has beenmade in perovskite photovoltaics [45,46], organic semiconductors [47,48], mesoporousmaterials [49,50], metal–organic frameworks [51,52], and quantum materials [53,54]. Basichttps://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040820https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040820Materials 2026, 19, 820 3 of 7strategies including molecular synthesis [55,56], material production [57,58], polymer tech-nology [59,60], self-assembly and self-organization [61,62], and host–guest systems [63,64]remain important in the production of nanostructure-based functional materials that canbe used in many useful applications in the energy [65,66], environmental [67,68], andbiomedical fields [69,70]; catalysis [71,72]; and material separation [73,74]. In addition tothese well-recognized fields, new concepts in material controls such as single-moleculechemistry [75] and dynamic covalent chemistry [76] have been recognized, along with novelevaluation techniques including atomic-resolution electron microscopy [77] and quantumbeam analysis [78]. All of this progress promotes rapid improvements in nanostructure-based materials science, leading to fruitful developments in nanoarchitectonics. Basedon the rapid developments seen in the past few years, “Nanoarchitectonics in Materi-als Science, Second Edition” was launched, and the research papers collected in it aresummarized below.Three review papers highlight the importance of nanoarchitectonics approaches, frombasic to advanced applications. Nanoarchitectonics is defined as a fascinating frontier and amethod for many processes in materials science [79]. Yang and Skirtach reviewed the rolesof nanoarchitectonics approaches for sustainable food packaging as representative practicalusages [80]. As another consideration of practical applications, Han, Jia, and co-workers, intheir review article, discussed the applications of hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenera-tors in intelligent sports [81]. Contributions to particular materials and specific applicationsare also included in this Special Issue. Cadenas-Pliego, Pérez-Alvarez, and co-workersdiscuss the surface modification nanoarchitectonics of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles us-ing lactic acid and stearic acid for enhancing their antibacterial activity (Contribution 1).In the article by Yao and co-workers, they numerically evaluated nanoporous materialliquid systems for use in mitigating blast effects on fiber composite circular structures(Contribution 2). Firmino, Menezes, and co-workers report the fabrication of nickel fer-rite fibers using the solution blow spinning method, which was used for the adsorptiveremoval of anionic Congo red dye (Contribution 3). Ma et al. prepared S and N co-dopedlow-dimensional C/C nanocomposites with polymer and graphene oxide nanoribbonsusing one-pot carbonization through dimensional-interface and phase-interface tailoring ofnanocomposites (Contribution 4).However, this is only a fraction of what nanoarchitectonics can offer. Nanoarchitecton-ics is the principle of creating materials by assembling atoms and molecules, which couldbe a good method of making all materials. In the same way that the Theory of Everythingin physics is the ultimate explanation of how the universe works [82], nanoarchitectonicscould be referred to as the Method for Everything in materials science [83]. Nanoarchitec-tonics is being used more and more, regardless of the material, function, or application. Itis used in fields that focus on the basic building blocks of matter, such as how matter iscreated, how structures are controlled, the fundamental physical properties of matter, andacademic biochemistry. It is also used in applied fields, such as catalysis, sensors, devices,the environment, energy, and biomedicine.Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.List of Contributions1. Tellez-Barrios, G.; Cadenas-Pliego, G.; Toledo-Manuel, I.; Pérez-Alvarez, M.; Alvarado-Canche,C.N.; Mancillas-Salas, S.; Andrade-Guel, M.; Mata-Padilla, J.M.; Cabello-Alvarado, C.J. Surfacemodification of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles with organic acids and ultrasound to enhanceantibacterial activity. Materials 2025, 18, 2786.https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040820https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040820Materials 2026, 19, 820 4 of 72. Zhu, W.; Yao, W.; Liu, J.; Zheng, Y.; Li, W.; Wang, X. 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MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury topeople or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040820https://doi.org/10.1093/bulcsj/uoae007https://doi.org/10.1093/bulcsj/uoad004https://doi.org/10.1093/bulcsj/uoae082https://doi.org/10.1093/bulcsj/uoae046https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18225196https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41304039https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051167https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010033https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.1.28https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10618365https://doi.org/10.1093/bulcsj/uoad001https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040820 References