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[3rd International Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient Materials　FGM'94　PROCEEDINGS (pp.247-494)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/0a95b5d6-ec5e-4731-bab8-d503bc1b0b38)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 247-252 微少機構アプローチのC/MFGMのマクロ弾塑性応答性への影響　パート2：非定常状態問題 INFLUENCE OF MICROMECHANICAL APPROACHES ON MACRO ELASTIC-PLASTIC RESPONSE OF C/M FGMS PART II: TRANSIENT PROBLEM P.-C.Zhai, Q.-J.Zhang and R.-Z.YuanWuhan University of technology, Wuhan, P.R. China P.-C.Zhai, Q.-J.Zhang and R.-Z.YuanWuhan University of technology, Wuhan, P.R. China  This study continues the study in Part I [1] by further discussing the influence of different micromechanical approaches on the macro elastic-plastic response of ceramic/metal FGMs. Compared with the first part, this part places emphasis on the transient problem which corresponds to suddenly heated FGMs. Three well-known theoretical approaches characterized by rules of mixtures, mean-field micromechanics, and self-consistent micromechanics are first used to predict the thermomechanical properties of a ZrO2/Ni FGM, including the thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, and elasto-plastic stress-strain relationship. The difference between the results from the three approaches are discussed. The predicted properties are then employed to calculate the macro transient temperature and stress response; the influence of the three different approaches is further discussed. Two points result from the discussion: (1) the mean-field type micromechanics and the self-consistent type micromechanics give nearly the same temperature response, but the temperature given by the rule of mixtures is quite different; (2) after the temperature is determined and if the plastic deformation is not too large, the stress response is less sensitive to the different approaches. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 253-258 CrNi/ZrO2傾斜材料中の残留応力、数値モデリング、X線測定 RESIDUAL STRESS IN CrNi/ZrO2 GRADED MATERIALS, NUMERICAL MODELLING AND X-RAY MEASUREMENTS N.Cherradi 1, P.Moeckli 2 and K.Dollmeier 1Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 1 MX-D/LMM, 2 MX-D/LC, Lausanne, Switzerland N.Cherradi 1, P.Moeckli 2 and K.Dollmeier 1Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 1 MX-D/LMM, 2 MX-D/LC, Lausanne, Switzerland  The difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the metal and ceramic phases leads to substantial differential thermal residual stresses on cooling down from the sintering temperature. In this study, we analyzed the residual stress distributions introduced during the fabrication period by the finite element method. The calculations were based on a cylindrical sample geometry with stepwise compositional variation at the interlayers and compared with different composition profiles. The effects of the gradation size and composition profile of the graded materials were investigated by the thermo-elastic-plastic analysis using the ABAQUS 5.3 code. For a linear profile the calculated stress values were compared with those measured by X-ray diffraction on a graded specimen prepared by a powder metallurgy process from ZrO2 and NiCr. The evolution of the stress along the gradation direction obtained by the 2 methods agrees fairly well. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 259-265 機能傾斜間期(静止期)：メソ(中)-連続スペクトルと有効特性 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED INTERPHASES: MESO-CONTINUUM CONCEPT AND EFFECTIVE PROPERTIES M.Ostoja-Starzewski 1, I.Jasiuk 1, W.Wang 1 and J.Schulte 21 Department of Materials Science and Mechanics 2 National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing, U.S.A. M.Ostoja-Starzewski 1, I.Jasiuk 1, W.Wang 1 and J.Schulte 21 Department of Materials Science and Mechanics 2 National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing, U.S.A.  Of concern is prediction of effective elasticity and conductivity of functionally graded material microstructures. As an example w52e consider a unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite with an interphase between the fiber and matrix taken as a zone of two randomly interpenetrating phases of these two materials, see figure below. In particular, we take this interphase as a functionally graded material, whereby both phases have locally isotropic properties (conductivity and, equivalently, out-of-plane elasticity). The objective of this paper is to calculate the effective macroscopic properties (transverse conductivity or, equivalently, axial shear modulus) of such a composite material. This problem requires the treatment of several length scales: the fine interphase microstructure, its mesocontinuum representation, the fiber size, and the macro-scale level (of many fibers) at which the effective properties are defined. The theory is based on a hierarchy of random field models and takes advantage of the meso-scale continuum approximations. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 267-272 FGMコーティングの周期亀裂 PERIODIC CRACKING OF FGM COATINGS F. Erdogan and M. OzturkLehigh University, Bethlehem, USA F. Erdogan and M. OzturkLehigh University, Bethlehem, USA  A simple model for the three-dimensional periodic surface cracking of homogeneous or functionally gradient coatings and half spaces is presented. The model is based on the energy balance concept and gives an approximate relation between the magnitude of the external load and the characteristic cell size. In order to investigate the validity of the assumptions that form the basis of the model, a two-dimensional elasticity problem for a FGM coating bonded to a homogeneous half space is then considered. The coating contains periodic cracks perpendicular to the surface and the medium is subjected to antiplane shear loading through fixed grips. Comparison of the total strain energy released as a result of periodic surface cracking calculated from the approximate and the elasticity solutions indicates that the approximate model is valid only for small values of the cell size. Sample results giving the mode III stress intensity factors and the shear cleavage stress on the surface of the coating are also presented. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 273-278 セラミック/金属傾斜機能材料*の最適組成傾斜のためのデザインの一般法則 A GENERAL RULE OF DESIGN FOR THE OPTIMUM COMPOSITIONAL GRADATION OF CERAMIC/METAL FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIALS* L.-M.Zhang, R.Tu and R.-Z.YuanWuhan University of Technology Wuhan , P.R.China L.-M.Zhang, R.Tu and R.-Z.YuanWuhan University of Technology Wuhan , P.R.China  The present paper aims to propose a general rule of design for the optimum compositional gradation of ceramic/metal functionally gradient materials (C/M FGMs). The rule is based on a careful examination on the thermal stress in two different C/M FGMs. Compared with the existing design rules which have been derived from a conception of minimum FGM thermal stress, the present principle is derived from a synthetic consideration of four effects: the thermal stress relaxation, the maximum stress location, the stress state at the pure ceramic side, and the second optimization of the heat-resistance working stress. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 279-284 セラミック/金属組成-傾斜ラミネート(積層)中の後-緻密化冷却-誘発変形と残留応力の解析 ANALYSIS OF POST-CONSOLIDATION COOLING-INDUCED DISTORTION AND RESIDUAL STRESS IN CERAMIC/METAL COMPOSITION-GRADED LAMINATES 石塚丈洋 、若島健司東京工業大学　精密工学研究所　横浜市 T.Ishizuka and K.WakashimaPrecision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan  The residual stress and macroscopic distortion that may develop upon post-consolidation cooling in ceramic/metal "Functional Gradient Materials (FGMs)" have been studied using a micromechanics-based method of numerical elastoplastic analysis. After a brief description of the method, some numerical results are presented for laminated ZrO2-Ni FGM plates to be fabricated via a conventional powder-metallurgy and hot-press consolidation route. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 287-292 傾斜機能材料の特性評価のための微少機構モデル MICROMECHANICAL MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONAL GRADIENT MATERIALS M.M. Gasik and K.R.LiliusHelsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland M.M. Gasik and K.R.LiliusHelsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland  Functional gradient materials (FGM) or materials with controlled anisotropy of concentration and properties, have been described by a micromechanical model. This model with the combination of micromechanics equations was used to calculate basic mechanical (elastic and shear modules, Poisson's ratio) and thermal (linear coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat) properties tensors' principal components. These properties have been calculated for FGM of several binary systems and comprised with other models and approaches for these materials as for composites. The advantage of the present model is shown, and its opportunities for advanced calculations of properties of FGM components is reviewed. Influences of grid density and type of concentration distribution function have been discussed in comparison with other models of composites. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 293-299 共鳴法による傾斜機能Al-Al3Ni材料のヤング係数定量 YOUNG'S MODULUS DETERMINATION OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT Al-Al3Ni MATERIAL BY A RESONANCE METHOD 福井秦好 1, K.Takashima 2, 山中昇 3 and C.B.Ponton 41 鹿児島大学2 熊本大学3 都城工業高等専門学校4 The University of Birmingham, UK Y.Fukui 1, K.Takashima 2, N.Yamanaka 3 and C.B.Ponton 41 Kagoshima University2 Kumamoto University3 Miyakonojo National College of Technology, Japan4 The University of Birmingham, UK  The effect of a composition gradient on the Young's modulus of an AI-Al3Ni functionally gradient material (FGM) has been determined by the measurement of flexural resonant frequencies using a forced-resonance technique on four rectangular bar specimens of differing thickness and hence composition. The Young's modulus of the Al3Ni was determined from a correlation plot of assumed Al3Ni Young's modulus values against the calculated resonant frequency values corresponding to the associated FGM Young's modulus values. By plotting the experimental FGM specimen resonant frequencies on this plot, the average Al3Ni Young's modulus was found to be 187 GPa if the equation after Wakashima is used. The Young's modulus of the FGM was found to vary between 80.2 and 101.9 GPa across the 6 mm tube-wall thickness from the inner to outer surface reflecting the 15.2 and 43.2 vol% of Al3Ni, respectively. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 301-306 セラミック/金属傾斜機能材料への延性金属相強化機構の応用 APPLICATION OF A DUCTILE METALLIC PHASE TOUGHENING MECHANISM TO CERAMIC/METALS FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 平野一美機械技術研究所 K.HiranoAgency of Industrial Science and Technology, MITI., Japan  It is still essential for high strength engineering ceramics to improve fracture toughness for a wide use in primary structural applications. The purpose of this study is to establish the toughening design concepts for ceramics. It is first introduced the ductile metallic phase toughening mechanism for ceramics proposed previously. Then, it is shown that fracture toughness for ceramics are successfully improved as theoretically estimated from this concept. Finally, it is also applied to ceramic/metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) and confirmed the possibility of improvement of fracture toughness without the reduction of strength. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 307-313 CU-NI　FGMの引張作用への、残留応力の影響 INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES ON THE TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF A CU-NI FGM D.Delfosse 1, N.Cherradi 2 and B.llschner 21 The University of British Columbia, DMME, Vancouver, Canada 2 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland D.Delfosse 1, N.Cherradi 2 and B.llschner 21 The University of British Columbia, DMME, Vancouver, Canada 2 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland  Tensile testing of graded Cu-Ni specimens revealed that the tensile behaviour of a FGM part cannot be simply composed of the tensile behaviour by its components, especially when residual stresses are present. Their influence on the tensile behaviour is twofold: they can shift the stress state of a layer into tension or compression, and they can lead to strain hardening when the elastic limit is exceeded during cooling from the processing temperature. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 315-320 Cu-Ni傾斜合金を伴う室温曲げテストにおける、疲労-亀裂伝播の実験的調査 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FATIGUE-CRACK PROPAGATION IN ROOM TEMPERATURE BENDING TESTS WITH Cu-Ni GRADED ALLOYS M. Blumm, K. Dollmeier and B. IlschnerSwiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science Laboratory of Mechanical Metallurgy, Lausanne, Switzerland M. Blumm, K. Dollmeier and B. IlschnerSwiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science Laboratory of Mechanical Metallurgy, Lausanne, Switzerland  The stress amplitude necessary to maintain a constant rate of fatigue crack propagation (da/dN) in bending tests in the solid solution range of sintered binary Cu-Ni alloys with a composition gradient has been measured. The gradient has been oriented parallel as well as perpendicular to the fatigue component of the macroscopic stress field. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 321-326 含浸プロセスおよび局部繊維変異に依存した連続炭素繊維強化アルミニウムの特性 PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED ALUMINIUM DEPENDING ON THE INFILTRATION PROCESS AND LOCAL FIBRE VARIATIONS H.P.Degischer 1, P.Schulz 1, W.Lacom 1 and J.Langgartner 21 Austrian Research center Ltd, Seibersdorf 2 Hertwich Engineering Ltd, Braunau, Austria H.P.Degischer 1, P.Schulz 1, W.Lacom 1 and J.Langgartner 21 Austrian Research center Ltd, Seibersdorf 2 Hertwich Engineering Ltd, Braunau, Austria  Commercially pure aluminium is reinforced by 60 to 70 vol.% of continuous carbon fibres by liquid metal gas pressure infiltration of densely wound preforms. The formation of carbides at the fibre matrix interface does not affect the Young's modulus of the composite in its longitudinal direction, but degrades the fibre efficiency with respect to tensile strength, whereas compressive strength is improved. The degree of carbide formation is controlled by the selection of fibres and by the processing time. The load transfer between fibres and matrix is proven by the composite's adaptation of the thermal expansion of the fibres. Young's moduli between 150 and 350 GPa and strength at rupture values between 500 and 1600 MPa are obtained in the longitudinal direction of unidirectionally reinforced aluminium, the properties of which can be graded by combining different fibres in a preform. An example of a carbon fibre reinforced prototype of a high speed wheel is given. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 327-332 炭化ケイ素/アルミニウム-2124合金傾斜機能材料の破壊作用 FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF SILICON CARBIDE / ALUMINIUM-2124 ALLOY FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS C-Y Lin, H. B. McShane and R. D. RawlingsDepartment of Materials, Imperial College,, London, United Kingdom C-Y Lin, H. B. McShane and R. D. RawlingsDepartment of Materials, Imperial College,, London, United Kingdom  A functionally gradient material consisting of aluminium-2124 alloy and silicon carbide has been successfully fabricated by a powder metallurgy process. The process consisted of laying down successive layers of powder containing different amounts of SiC. These "loose powder stacks" were then cold and subsequently hot pressed. Our major interest has been in the mechanical properties of SiC / Al-2124 FGMs, in particular the fracture behaviour. The effects of the compositional gradient on fracture toughness have been investigated. The results show that this gradient structure exhibits a superior fracture performance to the conventional homogeneous Al alloy matrix composites. This type of structure can efficiently increase the toughness and impede crack propagation. In addition, a high surface hardness, achieved by incorporating a high SiC content surface layer, can improve the wear resistance. The simple fabrication process and the encouraging mechanical properties could lead to the development of a range of functionally gradient materials for a variety of applications. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 333-338 タンタルプレート中の組織勾配(傾斜)の特性評価 CHARACTERIZATION OF A TEXTURE GRADIENT IN TANTALUM PLATE S.I.Wright and G.T.Gray IIILos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, U.S.A. S.I.Wright and G.T.Gray IIILos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, U.S.A.  The influences of a texture gradient on the mechanical response of a tantalum plate are examined. In particular, the effects of variations in texture from the surface of the plate to the centerline on the yield behavior and final shape of compression samples are investigated.       Individual lattice orientations were measured on samples both before and after deformation using automatic analysis of electron back scatter diffraction patterns in the scanning electron microscope. These data were used as input to a polycrystal plasticity model based on the Taylor assumption of uniform strain. Results are compared from experimental and simulated compression tests. The influence of the texture gradient was found to be the dominating factor controlling the non-uniform plastic response of the material. This work also demonstrates the capability of currently available tools for characterizing inhomogeneous microstructures and modeling the effects of variations in texture and microstructure on mechanical behavior. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 339 Cu-Ni-Sn合金システム中の微細構造、形成可能性、傾斜標本の非破壊試験 MICROSTRUCTURE, FORMABILITY AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF GRADED SPECIMENS IN THE Cu-Ni-Sn ALLOY SYSTEM. K.Dollmeier, B.llschner, N.Cherradi and H.-U.KunziSwiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland K.Dollmeier, B.llschner, N.Cherradi and H.-U.KunziSwiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland  Planar specimens with symmetric and asymmetric through-thickness composition gradients are prepared by P/M techniques from powders which are a by-product of the Osprey process. Heat treatments are applied in order to obtain regional spinodal decomposition in the specimen, and to investigate recrystallization within the composition gradient. Results concerning the effect of inhomogeneous plastic flow in uniaxial compression as well as in bending will be presented and compared to Finite-Element calculations. The effect of the composition gradient on ultrasonic deflection is analyzed with respect to the application in the non-destructive quality control of FGM materials under industrial production conditions. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 343-348 Cu/NiおよびAg/Ni超-ラミネートの製造と機械的特性 FABRICATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu/Ni AND Ag/Ni SUPER-LAMINATES S.Kikuchi 1, H.Kuwahara 2 and S.Urai 31 京都大学2 応用科学研究所3 京都大学　医学部 S.Kikuchi 1, H.Kuwahara 2 and S.Urai 31 Department of Materials Science and engineering2Research Institute for Applied Physics3 Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan  A technique for fabricating super-laminates with mesoscopic multilayered structures has been developed using diffusion bonding and cold rolling. Cu/Ni and Ag/Ni super-laminates having a layer thickness ranging from 3 nm to 560 nm show excellent tensile strength which is much higher than the values given by the rule of mixtures for the two constitutional metals.      This processing technique has been applied to the fabrication of functional gradient material (FGM) of Cu/Ni having multilayered structures. The FGM of Cu/Ni had good tensile strength and ductility. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 349-355 電気めっきと繰り返しローリングによって調整した、Cu/Co超-ラミネートの特性と構造 PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF Cu/Co SUPER-LAMINATES PREPARED BY ELECTROPLATING AND REPEATED ROLLING H. Kuwahara 1, S. Kikuchi 2 and S. Urai 31 応用科学研究所2 京都大学　Department of Metal Science and Technology3 京都大学　医学部　京都市左京区 H. Kuwahara 1, S. Kikuchi 2 and S. Urai 31 Research Institute for Applied Sciences2 Department of Metal Science and Technology, Kyoto University 3 School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.  In order to study the possibility of creating a functional gradient material by a combined process of electroplating and cold-rolling, a super-laminated material consisting of cobalt and copper was fabricated. Cobalt film with a thickness of less than 10micrometers was formed on both surfaces of a copper foil with a thickness of about 10micrometers by an electroplating process. This Co/Cu sheet and Cu foil (15 mm square) were stacked alternately to 1.6 M pieces, and subsequently heated to 1073K in vacuum and joined by a compression stress of 2 MPa for 1.8-3.6 ks at 1073K. The pre-formed sample with a thickness of about 2-4 mm was reduced to about 0.1 mm or even 10 micrometers in thickness by a multi-pass rolling technique without annealing. Consequently, the original thickness of both the cobalt and the copper film was reduced to sub-nanometer size. The formed material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and pole figure method. It is concluded that the new combined process of electroplating and repeated rolling can be used to fabricate the super-laminated material. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 357-363 ナノスケール多層薄膜の電気蒸着 ELECTRODEPOSITION OF NANOSCALED MULTILAYER THIN FILMS Ch. Bonh冲e, Ch. Verdon and D. LandoltLaboratory of Metallurgical Chemistry Materials department, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Switzerland Ch. Bonh冲e, Ch. Verdon and D. LandoltLaboratory of Metallurgical Chemistry Materials department, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Switzerland  Compositionally modulated Ni/Cu alloys were fabricated using electrodeposition from a single electrolyte. Two different characteristic microstructures were observed with deposits of a constant sublayer size, 10 nm for the Cu sublayer and 20 nm for the Ni-rich sublayer, plated at different copper current densities. The samples were examined by SEM and TEM techniques. At a low applied current density (0.4 mA/cm2) for the copper layer, large grains were found and the structure was well oriented along [110]. A small grained deposit with no preferred orientation was observed when the applied current density for the copper layer was larger (0.8 mA/cm2). A leveling effect on the imperfections of the substrate was found. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 365-370 粒子体積傾斜Ni-Al2O3およびCu-Al2O3複合材料析出物：製造と性能 PARTICLE VOLUME GRADED Ni-Al2O3 AND Cu-Al2O3 COMPOSITE DEPOSITS: PRODUCTION AND PERFORMANCES X. M. Ding, N. Merk and B. IlschnerLaboratory of Mechanical Metallurgy, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland X. M. Ding, N. Merk and B. IlschnerLaboratory of Mechanical Metallurgy, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland  Metal-ceramic particle composite deposits are often used as wear resistant coatings. Usually, good wear resistance of the coating requires particle volume fractions of up to 30-40%. However, this performance is often accompanied with a decrease in adherence between deposits and substrates which would greatly influence the practical function of the coatings. In this work, we show the possibility of improving the adherence behaviour of composite deposits by producing particle volume graded (PVG) composite deposits. In particular, the production and some mechanical performances of Cu-Al2O3 and Ni-Al2O3 PVG deposits are discussed in terms of particle volume fraction. Results of microhardness test, wear resistance and adherence behaviour of the PVG deposits are presented in relation with microstructural features. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 371-376 GaAs/ALxGa1xAs 半導体レーザー構造の化学組成中の勾配の、透過型電子顕微鏡法による特性評価 CHARACTERIZATION BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF GRADIENTS IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GaAs/ALxGa1xAs SEMICONDUCTOR LASER STRUCTURES J.M.Bonard, P.A.Buffat and J.D.Gani俊eInstitute of Micro-and Optoeleotronic Center Interdepartmental of Electronic Microscopy Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Switzerland J.M.Bonard, P.A.Buffat and J.D.Gani俊eInstitute of Micro-and Optoeleotronic Center Interdepartmental of Electronic Microscopy Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Switzerland  The increase of the complexity in semiconductor laser structures raises more and more the need for local characterization techniques. For example, structures with graded-index wave guides are now widespread, but the control of the shape of the gradient is still empirical. In this study, we use Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for the local determination of the chemical composition of GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs semiconductor laser structures, by quantifying the variation of the thickness fringe profiles with the aluminium content on wedge shaped samples. The precision obtained is about +-0.03 for the aluminium content x, and the results show the potential of the method for the assessment of semiconductor structures. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 377-382 傾斜硬コーティングのための、電気めっきした金属基材複合材料の詳細な微少構造研究 DETAILED MICROSTRUCTURAL STUDY OF ELECTROPLATED METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES FOR GRADIENT HARD COATINGS. N.Merk, X.M.Ding and B.IlschnerMechanical Metallurgy Laboratory, Materials Science Department, Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland. N.Merk, X.M.Ding and B.IlschnerMechanical Metallurgy Laboratory, Materials Science Department, Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.  Deposition current density influences the volume fraction of second phase powder particles when codeposited with a pure metal matrix. This effect can be used for producing gradient electrocomposites for hard coatings with a better stress distribution on each side. The first step towards obtaining gradient hard coatings with selected properties is a detailed microstructural study of specimens produced at discrete values of deposition current density. For this purpose, series of ceramic powder particles (SiC, WC, TiO2 and Al2O3) were codeposited with Cu or Ni pure metal at different deposition current densities. Image analysis, scanning, transmission and high resolution electron microscopy were used for microstructural observation and analysis. Powder volume fractions and size distributions, the influence of powder average size on matrix grain size and the thermal stability of composites are discussed. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 385-390 高熱流束条件下での、活性冷却した傾斜機能材料のテスティング(試験) TESTING OF ACTIVELY COOLED FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIALS UNDER HIGH HEAT FLUX CONDITIONS 熊川彰長 1、佐々木正樹 1、高橋守 1、青山和信 2、百歩珠子 3、浜谷秀樹 4、松崎祐司 5、赤間信也 6、野中寿夫 71 航空宇宙技術研究所2 三菱重工業株式会社3 日本鋼管株式会社4 新日本製鐵株式会社5 川崎重工業株式会社6 防衛庁技術研究本部7 日立建機株式会社 A.Kumakawa 1, M.Sasaki 1, M.Takahashi 1, K.Aoyama 2, T.Hyakubu 3, H.Hamatani 4, Y.Matsuzaki 5, S.Akama 6 and T.Nonaka 71 National Aerospace Laboratory2 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.3 NKK Corporation4 Nippon Steel Corporation5 Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 6 Technical Research and Development Institute7 Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Japan  Six Functionally Gradient Materials (FGMs), a low-pressure-plasma-sprayed ZrO2-NiCr FGM, thin-sheets-laminated ZrO2-Ni FGM, two slurry-stacked and sintered ZrO2-SUS304 (stainless steel) FGM, a gas-pressure-combustion-sintered ZrO2_TiAl FGM and a ZrO2 composite-plated FGM, with cooled panels were fabricated. The FGM panels were steadily subjected to large temperature differences by heating the top surface with a beam of light from a 30 kW Xe arc lamp and cooling the bottom surface with liquid nitrogen in order to examine the structural integrity and durability of them. Two of them, which had unoptimized linear distribution functions, were found to suffer from spalling during the second phase of heating. It was thought that this defect was caused by the non-elastic behavior of the ceramic-rich layer under high temperature conditions. Other specimens survived more than fifty thermal exposures. No large vertical cracks were detected, but the top-surface-temperatures of some specimens increased during thermal exposures. Based on both the present results and the previous results of disk-shaped specimens, it was concluded that micro-cracks caused the deterioration of the effective thermal conductivity of the FGMs during the tests and decreased the surface acoustic wave velocity. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 391-396 繰り返し熱衝撃によって引き起こされた傾斜機能材料の破損評価 DAMAGE EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIALS CAUSED BY CYCLIC THERMAL SHOCK 熊川彰長 1、高橋守 1、佐々木正樹 1、外川守人 2、北口三郎 3、西森博幸 41 航空宇宙技術研究所2 三菱重工業株式会社3 新日本製鐵株式会社4 日立建機株式会社 A.Kumakawa 1, M.Takahashi 1, M.Sasaki 1, M.Togawa 2, S.Kitaguchi 3 and H.Nishimori 41 National Aerospace Laboratory2 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.3 Nippon Steel Corporation, and 4 Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd., Japan  Disk-shaped Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) specimens prepared by the composite-plating and LPPS methods combined with plating were heated with the beam of a 30 kW Xe-arc-lamp and simultaneously cooled with liquid nitrogen in a vacuum environment. It was observed that the effective thermal conductivity of the FGM specimens prepared by the composite-plating method decreased with an increase in the number of thermal cycles. However, the FGM specimen prepared by the combined method was sound after 65 thermal cycles.       Based on these results and previous ones, it is suggested that the thermal damage of FGMs can be expressed by means of the change of effective thermal conductivity and that there are three degradation modes of the effective thermal conductivity of FGMs; (1) Fast degradation mode, (2) Medium degradation mode with three damage stages and (3) Slow degradation mode. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 397-404 バーナー過熱テストによって研究した、傾斜機能材料の熱衝撃破壊機構 THERMAL SHOCK FRACTURE MECHANISM OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIALS AS STUDIED BY BURNER HEATING TEST 川崎亮、渡辺龍三東北大学　工学部　材料加工学科　仙台市 A.Kawasaki and R.WatanabeDepartment of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan  Thermomechanical properties of metal/ceramic functionally gradient materials were evaluated by burner heating test using H2/O2 combustion flame, which simulated a real environment of the heated inner wall of rocket combustor. Disk-shaped graded samples were used for the test, in which the ceramic surface of the sample was heated with burner flame and the back surface was cooled with flowing water. The critical temperature of the first crack formation which was always observed on the ceramic surface during cooling were determined in the test. The stress distributions in the sample during heating and cooling cycles calculated by finite element method, shows the generation of a large compressive and tensile stresses during heating and cooling, respectively, which was attributed to the non-elastic deformation of the heated sample surface due to an excess compressive stress. The fracture mechanism in terms of crack formation and spalling in the FGMs was discussed on the basis of the stress distributions in addition with fracture mechanics approach. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 405-411 傾斜および二重(複式)ZrO2-遮熱コーティングの熱サイクリングと酸化作用の比較 A COMPARISON OF THERMAL CYCLING AND OXIDATION BEHAVIOUR OF GRADED AND DUPLEX ZrO2-THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS M. Alaya 1, G. Grathwohl 2 and J. Musil 31 university of Karlsruhe2 University of Bremen, Germany 3 Skoda research center, Pilzen, The Czech Republic M. Alaya 1, G. Grathwohl 2 and J. Musil 31 university of Karlsruhe2 University of Bremen, Germany 3 Skoda research center, Pilzen, The Czech Republic  In this work plasma-sprayed duplex and graded ZrO2  TBCs on an Inconel 617 substrate with a NiCrAlY bond coat were investigated. In the first part of the presentation the manufacturing of graded TBCs is discussed. In the second part the thermal cycling and the oxidation behaviour of both types of systems are compared and discussed on the basis of results of thermal cycling and thermal ageing tests. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 413-417 非-平衡空気プラズマ中の傾斜複合材料の高温調査 HIGH TEMPERATURE INVESTIGATIONS OF COMPOSITE GRADIENT MATERIALS IN NON-EQUILIBRIUM AIR PLASMA F.I.Zakharov and G.A.FrolovInstitute for Problems of Material Science of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine F.I.Zakharov and G.A.FrolovInstitute for Problems of Material Science of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine  A method of non-equilibrium air plasma flux to investigate the heat protection of gradient carbon materials is proposed. The parameters permitting the calculation of non-stationary ablation without using the thermal conductivity coefficient are established. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 419-424 ガスタービンブレードのためのZrO2基材FGMコーティングの加速テスト方法 AN ACCELERATED TESTING METHOD OF ZrO2-BASED FGM COATING FOR GAS TURBINE BLADES C. Y. Jian 1、橋田俊之 1、高橋秀明 1、下田信之 2、斎藤雅弘 31 東北大学2 新日本製鐵株式会社3 宮城県工業技術センター C.Y. Jian 1, T.Hashida 1, H.Takahashi 1, N.Shimoda 2 and M.Saito 31 Tohoku University, Sendai2 Nippon Steel Corporation, Chiba3 Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Technology, Miyagi, Japan  This paper presents results of thermal shock and fatigue tests conducted on ZrO2 thermal barrier coating systems under simulated temperature environments of gas turbine blade. Cylindrical specimens of conventional two layer coating and Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) coating were tested. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring was conducted to detect the fracture process of the coating systems. To determine an appropriate thermal load for an accelerated testing method, different four heating/cooling thermal cycles were used for the thermal shock and fatigue tests. Results of temperature and AE measurements were used to determine the delamination growth during fatigue tests, and the growth rate was used to evaluate effects of heating rate and cooling rate on the fracture of coating. Finally, a suitable thermal cycle for the accelerated testing was determined. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 425-432 プラズマ溶射コーティングの周期(繰り返し)熱衝撃破壊作用への、コーティング配置の影響 INFLUENCE OF COATING CONFIGURATION ON CYCLIC THERMAL SHOCK FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF PLASMA SPRAYED COATINGS 福本昌宏 1、T. Yamasaki 2、岡根功 11 豊橋技術科学大学2 日本車輌製造株式会社 M.Fukumoto 1, T.Yamasaki 2 and I.0kane 11 Toyohashi University of Technology 2 Nippon Sharyo Seizo Co., Ltd, Japan  Evaluation of the thermal shock fracture behaviors of plasma sprayed ceramic coatings is one of the essential problems to be solved, in order to obtain necessary reliability of such coatings as a superior heat protection. Though many types of rectangular specimens have been used for thermal shock evaluation [1-3], the properties have not always been evaluated correctly because the fracture behavior of these rectangular specimens is strongly affected by the preferential oxidation induced cracks at the corner of the specimen. More precise evaluation can be anticipated by a disk shaped specimen, as the preferential fracture due to the specimen's morphology must be inhibited in this specimen.    In the present study, disk shaped both duplex and functionally graded ZrO2/NiCrAIY coating specimens were prepared by the plasma spraying, and the cyclic thermal shock fracture behaviors of the disk shaped specimens as well as the effect of the coating configuration on the fracture behavior were evaluated. Unsteady thermal stress analyses by FEM on cooling processes of thermal shock cycles were also conducted. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 433-439 高温等方圧プレスによるSiC-AlN/Mo　FGMの遮熱型の製造と、その熱力学的性能 FABRICATION OF THERMAL BARRIER TYPE OF SiC-AlN/Mo FGM BY HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING AND THEIR THERMOMECHANICAL PERFORMANCE 川崎亮、J. F. Li、渡辺龍三、松原猛東北大学　工学部　材料加工科　仙台市 A.Kawasaki, J.F.Li, R.Watanabe and T.MatsubaraDepartment of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sandai, Japan  Disk-shaped functionally gradient materials of SiC-AlN/Mo were prepared by hot isostatic pressing. The compositional dependencies of the thermal and mechanical properties in the SiC-AlN ceramic alloy system and AlN/Mo composite were determined in the wide range of composition, emphasizing their sufficient thermal barrier properties: particularly in the SiC-AlN system, the drastic decrease in thermal conductivity due to the solid solution formation and the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature high enough to avoid non-linear deformation. Defect-free SiC-AlN/Mo FGMs were fabricated, according to the predesigned compositional profile, where AlN as an intermediate layer was selected for an anti-reaction layer, because AlN did not react with Mo at the sintering temperature. Thermomechanical response of the FGMs was evaluated by the burner heating method, in which the ceramic surface was heated with burner flame and the bottom surface cooled either with water or Ar-gas flow. The sufficient thermal resistance value has been demonstrated by the control of the thickness and compositional profile of the graded layer. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 441-446 化学傾斜EB-PVD(電子線-物理蒸着法)MCrAlY結合被膜の製造と作用 PROCESSING AND BEHAVIOR OF CHEMICALLY GRADED EB-PVD MCrAlY BOND COATS U.Schulz, K.Fritscher, M.Peters, W.A.KaysserDLR German Aerospace Research Establishment, Institute of Materials Research Cologne, Germany U.Schulz, K.Fritscher, M.Peters, W.A.KaysserDLR German Aerospace Research Establishment, Institute of Materials Research Cologne, Germany  Chemically graded NiCoCrAlY bond coats on top of superalloy substrates were produced by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). The grading was achieved by variation of processing parameters. The effect of additional thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) was investigated.    It was demonstrated in cyclic burner rig tests, by thermogravimetry, and by microscopy that the grading offers significant improvements in terms of protective oxide growth and interdiffusion behavior. Whereas standard bond coats exhibit a weight loss after 54 hrs cyclic burner rig testing at 1150deg.C the graded NiCoCrAlY are still stable.    The advantages of a double source EB-PVD evaporator for better control of grading are discussed. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 447-452 非定常的温度応答性と、FGMにおける熱拡散率の評価 TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE RESPONSE AND EVALUATION OF THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY IN FGM 荒木信幸、牧野敦静岡大学機械工学科 N.Araki and A.MakinoDepartment of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shizuoka University, Japan  In order to qualify a Functionally Gradient Materials as advanced materials, the thermophysical properties as well as the mechanical properties should be evaluated properly. And also, the transient temperature response of FGM is very important in actual use.       This paper is a short survey related to the temperature response of FGM when the surface is subjected to stepwise or pulse wise heating and the evaluation method of thermal diffusivity distribution in FGM. Since the thermal diffusivity obtained directly by the transient heating method such as the laser flash method is apparent and different from the value obtained by the steady state method, the investigation on the transient temperature response in FGM is indispensable not only to establish the measuring principle of the thermophysical properties but also to evaluate the heat-shielding characteristics of FGM. In this aim, an exact analytical solution for the temperature response in FGM when the profile of the heat penetration coefficient (lambda)is expressed as ((lambda)/(lambda)R) exp (2(alpha)z) , when is the normalized thermal diffusion time defined as(xi)=(equation) a the thermal diffusivity, L the thickness of the FGM, z the distance from the rear surface, (alpha) distribution parameter, and the subscript R designates the rear surface. This exact solution is then thermal diffusivity distribution in FGM by obtaining (alpha) English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 453-458 サーモグラフィーによる、セラミック/金属組成傾斜多層中の厚さ通過熱伝導率の直接測定 IN SITU MEASUREMENT OF THROUGH-THE-THICKNESS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES IN CERAMIC/METAL COMPOSITION-GRADED MULTILAYERS BY MEANS OF THERMOGRAPHY T. Ishizuka 、S. Okada、若島健司東京工業大学　横浜市 T.Ishizuka, S.Okada and K.WakashimaTokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan  A method has been devised for in situ determination of the thermal conductivities of individual layers in ceramic/metal composition-graded multilayer constructions, namely "functional gradient materials (FGMs)." The principle of the method is very simple; what is to be measured is merely the temperature distribution through the thickness within each layer under steady-state quasi unidirectional conditions of heat flow. An infrared thermal video system makes this measurement possible. The sample used is disc-shaped, sandwiched with a reference material, and radially half-cut to make a slit through which the distribution of "on-axis" temperatures can be measured. From some trial examinations using a well-characterized machinable ceramic, MACOR, and mono-and bi-layer plasma-spray coatings each onto a stainless steel substrate, NiCr/SUS304 and ZrO2/NiCr/SUS304, it was found that the effect of radial heat loss is practically insignificant when the thickness-to-diameter ratio of the sample is sufficiently small (< 0.25). The method was then applied to a ZrO2-Ni FGM sample fabricated via a powder-metallurgy and hot-press consolidation route. The results obtained are discussed in light of theoretical estimates based on a generalized Eshelby approach that can reproduce the well-known classical prediction due to Maxwell. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 459 低圧プラズマ溶射によって作製した傾斜機能材料のバーナー加熱テスト BURNER HEATING TEST OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIALS MADE BY LOW PRESSURE PLASMA SPRAYING. 下田信之 1、北口三郎 1、Y. Muraida 1、川崎亮 2、渡辺龍三 21 新日本製鐵株式会社　　千葉県富津市　2 東北大学　仙台市 N.Shimoda 1, S.Kitaguchi 1, Y.Muraida 1, A.Kawasaki 2 and R.Watanabe 21 Nippon Steel Corporation, Futtsu, Chiba2 Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.  Low pressure plasma sprayed (LPPS) functionally gradient materials (FGMs) and conventional two-layer coating samples (non-FGMs) with specific materials combination of zirconia and Ni-base superalloy were evaluated by a burner heating test, in which the specimen surface was heated with combustion flame of hydrogen/oxygen gas mixture and the bottom surface was cooled with water flow. An acoustic emission sensor was mounted on the cooling chamber to detect damages during the burner heating test. It has been shown that FGMs exhibit a capability of arresting vertical cracks, which contribute to form delamination, due to the existence of ductile metal phase in zirconia matrix. At the surface temperature of 1600K and the temperature difference of 1000K, no delamination occurred in FGM coating, while non-FGM coating was completely delaminated and sapling was observed in several specimens, indicating the marked advantage for the FGM coating. The mechanism of damage formation during the burner heating test in FGMs and non-FGMs as well as the creep effect on the enhancement of damage creation will be demonstrated. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 460 粉末積層法による金属-セラミック傾斜機能材料の特性評価 CHARACTERIZATION OF THICK POWDER LAMINATED METAL-CERAMIC FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIALS S.W.Huelsman and W. G.J.BunkMaterials Research Institute, German Aerospace Research Establishment, Koln, Germany. S.W.Huelsman and W. G.J.BunkMaterials Research Institute, German Aerospace Research Establishment, Koln, Germany.  Metal-ceramic functionally gradient materials processed by reactive powder metallurgy are characterized regarding microstructure and thermo-mechanical properties. Properties of individual layers used for design process are measured and compared to overall thermal stress relief properties. The latter is assessed by means of two different but commonly used high heat flux thermal testing methods. Thermomechanical properties and failure modes will be compared to microstructural findings typical for these metal-ceramic composite-type microstructures. The potential of these FGM's as material for hot structures utilized in the field of aerospace transportation and energy generation is discussed. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 465-471 セラミック-金属結合中の傾斜中間層が応力分布および破損確率に及ぼす効果 EFFECT OF GRADED INTERLAYER IN A CERAMIC-METAL JOINT ON STRESS DISTRIBUTION AND FAILURE PROBABILITY D. Munz and Y.Y. YangKarlsruhe University, Germany D. Munz and Y.Y. YangKarlsruhe University, Germany  Graded interlayers in a joint of two dissimilar materials can reduce the stresses near the free edge of the interface. The effect of the transition function in the graded interlayer on the stress distribution and on the failure probability in the ceramic is presented. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 473-477 大気中の拡散結合のためのAl-Sn合金のインサート金属 INSERT METAL OF Al-Sn ALLOY FOR DIFFUSION BONDING IN THE ATMOSPHERE 伊藤勲、乙黒靖男、M. Matubara、H. Yamada群馬大学　工学部　機械システム工学科　群馬県 I.Itoh, Y.Otoguro, M.Matubara and H.YamadaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan  Diffusion bonding of ceramics and metals is generally difficult due to the thermal stresses near the bonding interface. A FGM or a soft metal as an insert material is used to relax the stress. Al is considered to be one of the soft metals. But it is well known that the existence of alumina film on its surface has a negative effect on bondability. We propose one method for breaking this film, that is, addition of a small amount of tin to aluminum alloy. This method has attained good bondability even in the atmosphere for many couples of an Al-Sn alloy and ceramics and those of the Al-Sn alloy and metals. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 479-485 異なった耐熱鋼間の傾斜組成結合の微細構造および機械的特性 MICROSTRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRADED COMPOSITION JOINTS BETWEEN DIFFERENT HEAT RESISTANT STEELS R.Prader 1, B.Buchmayr 1, H.Cerjak 1, J.Peterseim 2 and A.Fleming 31 TU-Graz, Abt. Werkstoffkunde u. Schweiァtechnik, 2 Krupp Entwicklungszentrum, 3 Babcock Ltd, Austria R.Prader 1, B.Buchmayr 1, H.Cerjak 1, J.Peterseim 2 and A.Fleming 31 TU-Graz, Abt. Werkstoffkunde u. Schweiァtechnik, 2 Krupp Entwicklungszentrum, 3 Babcock Ltd, Austria  In a wide variety of applications sections of a thermal power plant are required to operate within widely varying temperature regimes. Large economies can be realised by the use of welds between dissimilar metals in the pipe work connecting such sections. It is the objective of this programme to show that problems arising from the different chemical composition on both sides can be minimised by the adoption of graded joints manufactured in such a way that the composition varies along their length. The production of such joints in the form of short lengths of graded compositions is done by Hot Isostatic Pressing. Thereby the parent powders are blended in a certain ratio along the transition zone. This paper focuses on a graded joint between the ferritic type material 10 CrMo 9 10 and the austenitic type AlSI 316. Due to local thermodynamic interactions between different powder particles the mechanical properties of the graded zone depend not linear on the mixing ratio of the parent powders. A diffusion model developed to describe the microstructural changes and mechanical properties was verified by microstructural and mechanical investigations. English 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 3rd Internattional Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient MaterialsFGM'94PROCEEDINGS 8 1994-12-31 487-494 ミクロ傾斜構造を伴うタービン組成物質を製造するための、ニッケル基材超合金の拡散結合 DIFFUSION BONDING OF NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOYS TO MANUFACTURE TURBINE COMPONENTS WITH A GRADED MICROSTRUCTURE Y.Bienvenu 1, M.L.Dupont 2 F.Decla 1, F. Schwartz 2, J.C.Garcia 31 School of Mines of Paris, Material Center 2 Snecma, Gennevilliers3 Turbom残a, Tarnos, France Y.Bienvenu 1, M.L.Dupont 2 F.Decla 1, F. Schwartz 2, J.C.Garcia 31 School of Mines of Paris, Material Center 2 Snecma, Gennevilliers3 Turbom残a, Tarnos, France  The hot components in aero-gas turbine engines operate at increasing temperature and stress levels.  Two applications were considered of the joining of a disc material (powder metallurgy) to a blade material (directionally solidified or single crystal) and the joining of two disc materials, one for the hub with a high strength and excellent low cycle fatigue properties at moderate temperatures and one for the rim with a good creep resistance. The technologies investigated for the joining are coextrusion to produce the dual microstructure disk preform and Hipping (hot isostatic pressing) or hot uniaxial pressing to manufacture the bladed disk (blisk). The gradation in microstructure (grain size and gamma prime precipitation) takes place over distances that are diffusion controlled and which can also be manipulated by the insertion of nickel base foils between the fine grain and the coarse grain components. The extent of the transition layer can thus be adjusted to some extent. P.M. Astroloy is the fine-grain material, the coarse grain materials are Waspaloy, Mar M 247, DS 247 and IN 100 . Results concern: - the metallurgy of the joining processes; microstructural characterization of the joint; the elimination of porosities by hot pressing and the formation of submicronic carbides or oxides at the joint, gamma prime precipitation and diffusional phenomena in the vicinity of the interface. Modeling is attempted in terms of diffusion and of gamma-gamma prime phase relationship. - the mechanical properties of hybrid specimen tested in "uniaxial" tension, creep and fatigue. They are compared to specifications for both materials and to the mechanical properties of samples removed from locations for the interface. The parameters discussed for their influence on microstructural and mechanical characterization results are: the width of the transition layer (up to 100 micrometers), the inclination of the joint surface with respect to the loading axis, in addition to the process parameters (time, temperature, stress, surface preparation). English