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National Institute for Materials Science

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[MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS (FGM IX 2006) (pp.513-753)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/1853435e-c39e-443b-9a68-d3186b2049ea)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 513-518 傾斜機能繊維強化コンクリートの破壊挙動および特性 Fracture Behavior and Properties of Functionally Graded Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Jeffery Roesler, Amanda Bordelon, Cristian Gaedicke, Kyoungsoo Park, Glaucio Paulino Jeffery Roesler, Amanda Bordelon, Cristian Gaedicke, Kyoungsoo Park, Glaucio Paulino  In concrete pavements, a single concrete mixture design is selected to resist mechanical loading without attempting to adversely affect the concrete pavement shrinkage, ride quality, or noise attenuation. An alternative approach is to design distinct layers within the concrete pavement surface which have specific functions thus achieving higher performance at a lower cost. The objective of this research was to address the structural benefits of functionally graded concrete materials (FGCM) for rigid pavements by testing and modeling the fracture behavior of different combinations of layered plain and synthetic fiber-reinforced concrete materials. Fracture parameters and the post-peak softening behavior were obtained for each FGCM beam configuration by three point bending beam test. The peak loads and initial fracture energy between the plain, fiber-reinforced, and FGCM signified similar crack initiation. The total fracture energy indicated improvements in fracture behavior of FGCM relative to full-depth plain concrete. The fracture behavior of FGCM dependent on the position of the fiber-reinforced layer relative to the starter notch. The fracture parameters of both fiber-reinforced and plain concrete were embedded into a finite element-based cohesive zone model. The model successfully captured the experimental behavior of the FGCMs and predicted the fracture behavior of proposed FGCM configurations and structures. This integrated approach (testing and modeling) demonstrates the viability of FGCM for designing layered concrete pavements system. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 519-524 新しい傾斜機能繊維強化セメント複合材の製造および機械的試験 Manufacturing and Mechanical Testing of a New Functionally Graded Fiber Reinforced Cement Composite Bin Shen, Mija Hubler, Glaucio H.Paulino, Leslie J.Struble Bin Shen, Mija Hubler, Glaucio H.Paulino, Leslie J.Struble  A functionally graded (FG) material system is employed to make fiber use more efficient in a fiber reinforced cement composite (FRCC). This preliminary study demonstrates beam elements that were functionally graded fiber-reinforced cement composite (FGFRCC) with four layers, each with a different fiber volume ratio. Fiber volume ratio was graded in accordance with its potential contribution to the mechanical load-bearing capacity so as to reduce the overall fiber volume ratio while preserving the flexural strength and ductility of the beam. Extrusion was used to produce single homogeneous layers of constant fiber volume ratio. The FRCC layers with different fiber volume ratios were stacked according to a desired configuration and then pressed to make an integrated FGFRCC. Flexural tests were carried out to characterize the mechanical behavior, and the results were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the designed fiber distribution. Compared with homogeneous FRCC with the same overall fiber volume fraction, the FGFRCC exhibited about 50% higher strength and comparable ductility. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 525-531 繊維セメントコンポーネントの開発におけるFGM概念 The FGM Concept in the Development of Fiber Cement Components C.M.R.Dias, H.Savastano Jr, V.M.John C.M.R.Dias, H.Savastano Jr, V.M.John  The FGM concept appears promising in improving the mechanical performance and reducing production costs of fiber cement building components. However, it has not yet been broadly applied to fiber cement technology. In this study we analyze the functionally graded fiber cement concept and its potential for industrial application in Hatschek machines. The conventional Hatschek process is summarized as well as the proposed modifications to allow FGM fiber cement production. The feasibility of producing functionally graded fiber cement by grading PVA fiber content was experimentally evaluated. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis were used to evaluate fiber distribution profiles. Four-point bending tests were applied to evaluate the mechanical performance of both conventional and functionally graded composites. The results shows that grading PVA fiber content is an effective way to produce functionally graded fiber cement, allowing the reduction of the total fiber volume without significant reduction on composite MOR. TG tests were found adequate to assess fiber content at different positions in functionally graded fiber cements. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 532-537 共押出し法によるセメント材料の傾斜機能細胞構造の作製 Fabrication of Functionally Graded-cellular Structures of Cement-based Materials by Co-extrusion Y.Chen, L.J.Struble, G.H.Paulino Y.Chen, L.J.Struble, G.H.Paulino  Co-extrusion involves extrusion of multiple layers at the same time. Functionally graded materials comprising various layers with different properties can be produced through co-extrusion. Rheological control is vital for successful co-extrusion of layered cement-based materials. The paste flow in the barrel and the die land in a ram extruder should be plug-like, while the paste should be sheared and uniformly elongated in the die entry region. In this work, the rheology of the layered pastes was adjusted by changing the water content in each layer. An economical method using thin-wall tubes was effective to prepare layered feedrod of cementitious paste. The functionally graded cellular structures of cement-based materials were successfully fabricated by co-extrusion at a low extrudate velocity. Inspections showed that the roundness perpendicular to the extrusion direction, and the straightness parallel to the extrusion direction between layers were well preserved after extrusion. The transition between layers was gradual, which is critical for functionally graded materials. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 538-543 粒径が0-3PZT/セメント複合材の圧電特性に与える影響いついて Effects of Particle Size on the Piezoelectric Properties of 0-3 PZT/Cement Composites Zongjin Lia, Hongyu Gonga, b Zongjin Lia, Hongyu Gonga, b  0-3 PZT/cement composites are kinds of new piezoelectric materials which are expected to find application in civil engineering for their high piezoelectric properties and good compatibility with concrete structures. In this study, the effect of particle size on the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of cement based 0-3 piezoelectric composites was investigated. The piezoelectric composites were prepared by mixing and pressing the white cement and PZT powder with different average particle size ranging from 3 micrometer to 482 micrometer. It was found that the piezoelectric strain factor(d33), dielectric constant(epsilon r), and electromechanical coupling coefficient(Kt) increased with the increase of the PZT particle size. However, the composites with larger PZT particles had higher dielectric loss (tan delta) than the composites with smaller particles. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 544-549 粒径アセンブリの画像ベースの離散要素モデル Imagine Based Discrete Element Modeling of Granular Assemlies E.Tutumluer, H.Huang, Y.M.A.Hashash, J.Ghaboussi E.Tutumluer, H.Huang, Y.M.A.Hashash, J.Ghaboussi  An imaging based Discrete Element Modeling (DEM) methodology is introduced to investigate effects of multiscale aggregate morphological properties on performances of granular assemblies, such as unbound aggregate layers used in railroad ballast and highway and airport pavement base courses. Coarse aggregates with four different angularity classes and three different surface texture roughness properties were quantified using the recently developed University of Illinois Aggregate Image Analyzer and then studied in a series of numerical simulation direct shear box tests using a DEM program. Effects of aggregate angularity and surface texture were presented as multiscale morphological properties on the strength of the granular assembly. Applications of the research methodology could potentially impact selection of construction aggregate properties and be used in the functional grading and manufacturing of crushed stone. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 550-555 固体における変形，劣化および溶質拡散について On Deformation, Degradation and Solute Diffusion in Solids F.P.Duda, A.C.Soua, L.J.Guimaraes, J.M.Barbosa F.P.Duda, A.C.Soua, L.J.Guimaraes, J.M.Barbosa  This paper deals with the formulation and numerical implementation of a fully coupled continuum model for deformation, solute diffusion and degradation in solids. The formulation is carried out within the framework of the mulitifield continuum mechanics whereas the numerical implementation is based on the finite element method, an Euler implicit scheme and a staggered strategy. In order to illustrate the potentiality of the proposed model, applications in the context of hydrogen transport through tubular membranes of Palladium coated Niobium are presented. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 556-561 傾斜機能超硬合金の作製および疲労特性 Preparation and Fatigue Properties of Functionally Graded Cemented Carbides Yong Liu, Fengxiao Liu, Peter K. Liaw, Yuehui He Yong Liu, Fengxiao Liu, Peter K. Liaw, Yuehui He  Cemented carbides with a functionally graded structure have significantly improved mechanical properties and lifetimes in cutting, drilling and molding. In this work, WC-6wt.%Co cemented carbides with three-layer graded structure (surface layer rich in WC, mid layer rich in Co and the inner part of the average composition) were prepared by carburizing pre-sintered eta-phase-containing cemented carbides. The three-point bending fatigue tests based on the total-life approach were conducted on both WC-6wt%Co functionally graded cemented carbides (FGCC) and conventional WC-6wt%Co cemented carbides. The functionally graded cemented carbides shows a slightly higher fatigue limit (~ 100MPa) than the conventional ones under the present testing conditions. However, the fatigue crack nucleation behavior of FGCC is different from that of the conventional ones. The crack nucleates preferentially along the Co-gradient and perpendicular to the tension surface in FGCC, while parallel to the tension surface in conventional cemented carbides. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 562-567 均質材料および傾斜機能材料における動的亀裂成長の粘着モデル Cohesive Modeling of Dynamic Crack Growth in Homogeneous and Functionally Graded Materials Zhengyu Zhang, Glaucio H. Paulino, Waldemar Celes Zhengyu Zhang, Glaucio H. Paulino, Waldemar Celes  This paper presents a Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) approach for investigating dynamic crack propagation in homogeneous and Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). The failure criterion is incorporated in the CZM using both a finite cohesive strength and work to fracture in the material description. A novel CZM for FGMs is explored and incorporated into a finite element framework. The material gradation is approximated at the element level using a graded element formulation. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the CZM approach, in which the influence of the material gradation on the crack growth pattern is studied. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 568-573 遠心燃焼合成によるNi-TiC FGMとNi-Al金属間化合物の接合 Joining of Ni-TiC FGM and Ni-Al Intermetallics by Centrifugal Combustion Synthesis Tatsuya Ohmi, Kiminori Mizuma, Kiyotaka Matsuura, Manabu Iguchi Tatsuya Ohmi, Kiminori Mizuma, Kiyotaka Matsuura, Manabu Iguchi  A centrifugal combustion synthesis (CCS) process has been investigated to join a Ni-Al intermetallic compound and a Ni-TiC cermets. The cermets, a tubular graphite mold, and a green compact of reactants consisting of Al, Ni and NiO were set in a centrifugal caster. When the combustion synthesis reaction was induced in the centrifugal force field, a synthesized molten Ni-Al alloy flowed into the graphite mold and joined to the cermets. The soundness of the joint interface depended on the volume percentage of TiC phase in the cermets. A lot of defects were formed near the interface between the Ni-TiC cermets and the cast Ni-Al alloy when the volume percentage of TiC was 50% or higher. For this kind of cermets system, using a functionally graded cermet such as Ni-10vol.%TiC/Ni-25vol.%TiC/Ni-50vol.%TiC overcame this difficulty. The four-point bending strength of the joined specimen consisting of the three-layered FGM cermets and cast Ni-29mol%Al alloy was 1010MPa which is close to the result for a Ni-29mol%Al alloy specimen. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 574-578 遠心分離法で作製されたAl-Al3NiおよびAl-Al2Cu傾斜機能材料の腐食挙動 Corrosion Behavior of Al-Al3Ni and Al-Al2Cu Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated by a Centrifugal Method Kazuhiko Noda, Keita Miyahara, Yoshimi Watanabe Kazuhiko Noda, Keita Miyahara, Yoshimi Watanabe  Intermetallic compounds, such as Al3Ni and Al2Cu, are effective for enhancing the mechanical properties of an alloy. Al-Al3Ni and Al-Al2Cu functionally graded materials (FGMs) might be attractive materials for advanced materials. Al-Al3Ni and Al-Al2Cu FGMs were fabricated by a centrifugal method; the centrifugal method is an extremely effective method for fabricating FGMs. Al-Al3Ni and Al-Al2Cu FGMs that had a graded distribution of intermetallic compounds could be produced by this in-situ centrifugal method. Particle size, particle shape and the distribution of intermetallic compounds were controlled by varying the content of the alloy element (Ni, Cu) in the master alloy, the cooling rate in casting and the gravity number. The casting mechanism is explained in terms of the microstructures of the Al-Al3Ni and Al-Al2Cu FGMs fabricated by this method. The corrosion behavior of the FGMs was investigated by electrochemical analysis. Polarization curves of the FGMs in a borate solution were measured by a potentiodynamic method. The presence of Al2Cu exerted a larger effect on the corrosion behavior of the FGMs than Al3Ni. Analysis of the polarization curve parameters was effective for evaluating the corrosion resistance of the FGMs. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 579-585 遠心力・非遠心力環境で懸濁される円板粒子の実験および理論研究 Experimental and Theoretical Study on Circular Disk Particles Suspended in Centrifugal and Non-Centrifugal Force Environments Shuichi Torii, Yoshimi Watanabe, Satoyuki Tanaka, Toshiaki Yano, Naoko Iino Shuichi Torii, Yoshimi Watanabe, Satoyuki Tanaka, Toshiaki Yano, Naoko Iino  Theoretical and experimental studies are performed on suspension particle motion in Centrifugal and Non-Centrifugal Force Environment, i.e., in both an axially rotating drum and a stable liquid tank. The particle velocity of circular disks is measured by PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry) method and is predicted by BBO (Basset-Boussinesq-Ossen) equation. It is found that (1) as time progresses, one side of the disk in the axially rotating drum is attracted toward the drum wall and its velocity is affected by the rotating speed, (2) when the particle moves in the Stokes’ regime, its velocity is linearly increased with the distance from the center of the drum, (3) in constant, the autorotation of the disk occurs in the non-centrifugal force field, and (4) the corresponding drag coefficient in the low Reynolds number region is in good agreement with the theoretical value of the sphere. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 586-591 微細セラミック金属粉体の高密度均質圧縮；高速遠心圧縮法 Dense and Homogeneous Compaction of Fine Ceramic and Metallic Powders: High-Speed Centrifugal Compaction Process Hiroyuki Y. Suzuki Hiroyuki Y. Suzuki  High-Speed Centrifugal Compaction Process (HCP) is a variation of colloidal compacting method, in which the powders sediment under huge centrifugal force. Compacting mechanism of HCP differs from conventional colloidal process such as slip casting. The unique compacting mechanism of HCP leads to a number of characteristics such as a higher compacting speed, wide applicability for net shape formation, flawless microstructure of the green compacts, etc. However, HCP also has several deteriorative characteristics that must be overcome to fully realize this process’ full potential. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 592-597 遠心鋳込み成形で作製された傾斜アルミナージルコニア複合材の機械的特性 Mechanical Properties of a Graded Alumina-Zirconia Composite Prepared by Centrifugal Slip Casting Yasuyuki Hara, Tetsuhiko Onda, Motozo Hayakawa Yasuyuki Hara, Tetsuhiko Onda, Motozo Hayakawa  Compositionally graded composite of alumina-20vol%zirconia was fabricated by using centrifugal casting incorporated with relatively thin slip. An EPMA analysis exhibited a nearly linear variation of the alumina/zirconia ratio along the centrifugal direction; zirconia tended to accumulate in the bottom section, while alumina in the top section. Such a graded structure exhibited a considerably higher flexural strength when the alumina rich surface was subjected to a tensile stress than compositionally uniform composite of the same average composition. Fracture toughness measurement across the specimen thickness by indentation method revealed that the crack lengths along the vertical and horizontal directions were different. The anisotropy of the fracture toughness was accounted for by the variation of the residual stress across the specimen thickness. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 598-603 アルミニウム合金の遠心鋳造構造および冶金特性 Centrifugal Casting Features / Metallurgical Characterization of Aluminum Alloys G.Chirita, I.Stefanescu, D.Soares, D.Cruz, F.S.Silva G.Chirita, I.Stefanescu, D.Soares, D.Cruz, F.S.Silva  This paper deals with the study of centrifugal effects on aluminium castings under high G values. Most of the studies on this domain (FGMs obtained by centrifugal casting) deal with functionally graded composites reinforced with a solid phase such as silicon particles or others. However, in this study it will be shown that unreinforced aluminium alloys may be significantly influenced by the centrifugal effect and that functionally graded castings are also obtained. It has been observed that the centrifugal effect may increase in some alloys, depending on the relative position in the castings, the rupture strength by approx. 50%, and rupture strain by about 300%, as compared to the gravity casting technique. The young's modulus may also increase by about 20%. It has also been reported that in vertical centrifugal castings there are mainly three aspects that affect the components thus obtained, namely: fluid dynamics; vibration (inherent to the system); and centrifugal force. These features have a different effect on the castings depending on the aluminium alloy. In this paper, an analysis of the most important effects of the centrifugal casting process on metallurgical features is conducted. A solidification characterization at several points along the mould will be made in order to have an accurate idea of both the fluid dynamics inside the mould during the casting and the solidification behavior in different parts of the component. These two analyses will be related to the metallurgical properties (phase distribution; SDAS; eutectic silicon content and shape, pores density and shape) along the component and mainly along the direction of the centrifugal pressure. A comparison between castings obtained by both centrifugal casting technique and gravity casting technique is made for reference (gravity casting). English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 604-609 放電プラズマ焼結(SPS）による石炭フライアッシュおよびNiCr基合金粉末を用いた傾斜機能材料（FGM）作製 Preparation of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Using Coal Fly Ash and NiCr-Based Alloy Powder by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Gen-yo Kaneko, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Kazuhiro Hasezaki, Yuji Ito, Hideaki Kakuda Gen-yo Kaneko, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Kazuhiro Hasezaki, Yuji Ito, Hideaki Kakuda  Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) using coal fly ash and NiCr alloy powder. The coal fly ash was produced by the Misumi Coal Thermal Power Station (Chugoku Electric Power Co., Inc.), with 80wt% nickel and 20wt% chromium (Fukuda Metal Foil & Powder Co., Ltd.) used as source materials. The sintering temperature in the graphite die was 1000deg.C. X-ray diffraction patterns of the sintered coal fly ash materials indicated that mullite (3Al2O3*2SiO2) and silica (SiO2) phase were predominant. Direct joining of coal fly ash and NiCr causes fracture at the interface. This is due to the mismatch in the thermal expansion coefficients (CTE). A crack in the FGM was observed between the two layers with a CTE difference of over 4.86x10**-6K**-1, while a crack in the FGM was difficult to detect when the CTE difference was less than 2.77*10**-6K**-1. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 610-615 傾斜機能コンポーネントの幾何学的寸法および材料組成の多目的最適化 Multi-objective Optimization of Geometric Dimensions and Material Composition of Functionally Graded Components Senthil S. Vel, Andrew J. Goupee Senthil S. Vel, Andrew J. Goupee  In this paper, we study the two-dimensional volume fraction optimization of a metal/metal functionally graded material active cooling component. The plane stress transient thermoelastic behavior of the component is analyzed using the element-free Galerkin method. A multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization procedure is used to determine the optimal volume fraction distribution and shape parameters that will minimize multiple objectives subject to nonlinear constraints. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 616-621 固体電解質型燃料電池の傾斜機能陰極の作製および特性評価 Fabrication and Characterization of Functionally Graded Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells J.Simonet, G.Kapelski, D.Bouvard J.Simonet, G.Kapelski, D.Bouvard  Solid oxide fuel cells are multi-layered designed. The most prevalent structure is an anode supported cell with a thick porous layer of nickel oxide NiO and yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composite acting as an anode, a thin dense layer of YSZ as an electrolyte, a composite thin porous layer of lanthanum strontium manganate LSM and YSZ and a current collector layer of porous LSM. Regular operating temperature is 1000deg.C. The industrial development requires designing cathodes with acceptable electrochemical and mechanical properties at a lower temperature, typically between 700 and 800deg,C. A solution consists in designing composite bulk cathodes with more numerous electro-chemical reaction sites. This requirement could be met by grading the composition of the cathode on increasing the YSZ volume fraction near the electrolyte and the LSM volume fraction near the current collector layer so that the repartition of reaction sites and the interfacial adhesion between the cathode and electrolyte layers are optimal. The fabrication of graded composite cathode has been investigated using a sedimentation process that consists of preparing a suspension containing the powder mixture and allowing the particles to fall by gravity upon a substrate. Different composite cathodes with continuous composition gradient have been obtained by sedimentation of LSM and YSZ powder mixture upon a dense YSZ substrate and subsequent firing. Their compositions and microstructures have been analysed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 622-627 増分溶融・凝固法（冶金特性評価） Incremental Melting and Solidification Process-Metallurgical Characterization P.Pinto, L.Mazare, D.Soares, F.S.Silva P.Pinto, L.Mazare, D.Soares, F.S.Silva  This paper is concerned with aluminium-based functionally graded components produced by the Incremental Melting and Solidification Process (IMSP). It deals both with components without chemical composition variation along the component and components with targeted variable chemical composition along one axis of the component. The relation between process variables and metallurgic features of the obtained specimens is highlighted. Based on previous analyses, some considerations of potential applications and design composition distribution are included. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 628-633 電解重合によるポリチオフェンの熱電特性への合成条件の影響 Effect of synthetic conditions on the thermoelectric properties of polythiophene by electrolytic polymerization Yoshikazu Shinohara, Kentaro Hiraishi, Yukihiro Isoda, Yoshio Imai, Hidetoshi Oikawa Yoshikazu Shinohara, Kentaro Hiraishi, Yukihiro Isoda, Yoshio Imai, Hidetoshi Oikawa  Polythiophene films were synthesized by electrolytic polymerization using nitrobenzene as a solvent and tetra-n-butylammonium as an electrolyte. The electrolytic concentration and thiophene concentration were synthetic parameters. We have evaluated the thermoelectric properties of Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and Hall mobility of the films in the in-plane direction. The films showed a tendency that Seebeck coefficient decreased with an increasing electrical conductivity. High electrical conductivity was achieved by both high carrier concentration and high Hall mobility, which are due to high compactness of polymer structure. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 634-639 BaTiO3添加物の追加量と粒径によるNi基内部電極の収縮挙動および分散 Shirinkage Behavior and Diffusion in Ni-based Internal Electrodes with Additional Amount and Particle Size of BaTiO3 Additive Ji-Hun Kang, Dongwon Joo, Yeon-Gil Jung, Ungyu Paik Ji-Hun Kang, Dongwon Joo, Yeon-Gil Jung, Ungyu Paik  The effect of additional amount and particle size of BaTiO3 additive on shrinkage behavior and inter-diffusion in Ni-based internal electrodes has been investigated, in order to reduce the large shrinkage mismatch between the internal electrode and the dielectric layer and to control the thermal and/or residual stresses in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). Ni powder of 100-500 nm and two kinds of BaTiO3 powder of 100 and 200 nm were used as matrix and additive, respectively. The Ni and BaTiO3 powders were mixed with volume ratios of 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, respectively, and then cold-isostatic pressed. The shrinkage of starting materials and each composite was measured in a range of 700-1300deg.C with 150deg.C interval in H2/Ar atmosphere, using ASTM standard method. Diffusion phenomena at interface of Ni/BaTiO3 composites with 85:15 and 90:10 volume ratios were investigated using SEM, EDX, and TEM. The particle size affects the shrinkage behavior in relatively low temperatures below 1000deg.C, showing a turning point at that temperature. The final shrinkage of composites is matched with that of bulk BaTiO3 of smaller particle size, independent of additional amount of BaTiO3 additive. A reaction layer of about 1000 nm wide is observed at the interface between the Ni and BaTiO3 powders in the composite of 85:15 volume ratio. The quantitative amount of elemental Ni diffused into the BaTiO3 is about 9.7 mass% in the composite of 90:10 volume ratio, without another phase seen in the Ni. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 640-645 電着クロム層を持つ鉄のレーザー合金化中の熱移動および物質移動の多相モデル Multiphase Model of Heat and Mass Transport during Laser Alloying of Iron with Electrodeposited Chromium Layer T.Didenko, J.Kusinski, G.Kusinski T.Didenko, J.Kusinski, G.Kusinski  The aim of this research was to study the laser alloying process of iron with chromium. In the paper, a multiphase model of mass and heat transfer for the laser alloying is presented. Laser melting of the chromium layer and the substrate was performed using a continuous laser source operated with a TEM10 mode, with constant beam diameter(phi), scanning Velocity(V) and varied output beam power. The partial differential equations of the conservation of mass, momentum and energy in the melted pool for multiphase system were solved. The distribution of chromium in iron after laser alloying was obtained by including the Volume of Fluid algorithm in the model. The results of the computations were compared with the experimental evaluation of the microstructure and the chromium concentration, which were based on scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) of the laser alloyed layers. The comparison of computational calculations and experimental results is presented and a good accuracy of the proposed model is shown. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 646-651 多孔質媒体の過渡熱伝導 Transient Heat Conduction in a Porous Medium Elizaveta Gordeliy, Steven L.Crouch, Sofia G.Mogilevskaya Elizaveta Gordeliy, Steven L.Crouch, Sofia G.Mogilevskaya  This paper is concerned with modeling time-dependent effects due to the diffusion processes in a medium containing multiple circular (in two dimensions) or spherical (in three dimensions) cavities (pores). The cavities may have different sizes provided that they do not overlap. The application of interest is for transient heat conduction in a porous material, and the aim is to devise a method that is capable of accurately computing the temperature and heat flux at any point and any time, without the need to consider a series of discrete time steps, as in conventional numerical solution procedures involving finite elements and finite differences. The approach is based on the use of the analytical solution to a corresponding problem of a single cavity in an infinite domain and superposition. Application of the analytical Laplace transform and its inversion results in a semi-analytical solution for the case of multiple cavities in the form of a truncated Fourier series (in two dimensions) or a series of surface spherical asymptotic formula that describes the behavior of the solution for this case is obtained by using the analytical solution in the Laplace transform domain. The use of the asymptotic formula increases the effectiveness of the method and further reduces the cost of the computations. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 652-657 粒状材料のDrop Squeezingに関する境界積分アルゴリズム Boundary-Integral Algorithm for Drop Squeezing through a Granular Material Alexander Z. Zinchenko, Robert H. Davis Alexander Z. Zinchenko, Robert H. Davis  A multipole-accelerated algorithm is developed to simulate squeezing of an emulsion of many deformable drops through a granular material; the drops non-deformed diameter is much bigger than the interparticle constriction diameters. The algorithm features Hebeker representation for solid particle contributions to boundary integrals combined with novel desingularization techniques, “passive” mesh stabilization and a triply-periodic Green function. Multipole acceleration facilitates calculations with very high resolution essential for squeezing phenomena and allows us to achieve up to 2-order-of magnitude advantage over the standard boundary integral method. Squeezing of a drop through a cluster of four close spheres in free space is demonstrated. Also considered is squeezing of an emulsion through a periodic lattice of solid particles to determine the pressure gradient-flow rate relationship and critical conditions for squeezing to occur. Our first simulations for motion of many deformable drops through a random granular material in a periodic box are also presented. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 658-663 FGMへの有限境界要素法の均衡ベース実行に関する線形代数の概要 Linear Algebra Aspects in the Equilibrium-Based Implementation of Finite/Boundary Element Methods for FGMs Ney Augusto Dumont Ney Augusto Dumont  The paper briefly outlines the conventional and three variational implementations of the boundary element method, pointing out the conceptual imbrications of their constituent matrices. The nature of fundamental solutions is investigated in terms of the resulting matrix spectral properties, as applied to multiply-connected domains, reentering corners and FGMs. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 664-669 粘弾性多孔質材料の計算モデリング Computational Modeling of Viscoelastic Porous Materials Yun Huang, Sofia G.Mogilevskaya, Steven L.Crouch Yun Huang, Sofia G.Mogilevskaya, Steven L.Crouch  This paper is concerned with the development of a computational basis for modeling time-dependent effects in a finite or an infinite viscoelastic medium containing multiple circular cavities. A two-dimensional model for a suitably oriented plane section through a porous polymeric material is adopted. The solution of the problem is based on the use of the correspondence principle. The governing equation for this problem in the Laplace domain is a complex hyper singular boundary integral equation written in terms of the unknown transformed displacements at the boundaries of the holes. The method allows to accurately calculating the viscoelastic fields anywhere within the material. The effective viscoelastic properties of an equivalent homogeneous material can then be found directly from the corresponding constitutive equations for the average field values. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 670-675 傾斜的に機能した境界を持つFGM板の熱弾性問題 Thermoelastic Problem in the Functionally Graded Plate with the Slanting Boundary to the Functionally Gtadation M.Ohmichi, N.Noda M.Ohmichi, N.Noda  Plane thermal stresses in the functionally graded materials (FGMs) whose boundaries are slanting to its functionally gradation are discussed. The heat conductivity, Young’s modulus and the coefficient of the linear thermal expansion are expressed by exponential function of the position. The analytical solution for the functionally graded plate (FGP) with the slanting boundary to its functional gradation is obtained by use of the stress function method, when the temperature of the upper surface is given by an arbitrary function. The general solution of the governing equation of the stresses function is derived by the variable separation. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 676-681 熱応力下でのFGMコーティングの予期亀裂の三次元解析 Three Dimensional Analysis of Periodic Cracking in FGM Coatings under Thermal Stresses Serkan Dag, Bora Yildirim, Fazil Erdogan Serkan Dag, Bora Yildirim, Fazil Erdogan  A three dimensional finite element method is used to examine periodic surface cracking problem in a functionally graded coating subjected to transient thermal loads. The ceramic/metal FGM coating is assumed to contain periodic semi-elliptical cracks and to be perfectly bonded to a homogeneous substrate. The composite structure is subjected to transient residual/thermal stresses. Temperature and displacement fields are computed using a three dimensional finite element approach. Finite element models are created by considering a unit cell in the periodic structure. Mode I stress intensity factors are evaluated by means of the displacement correlation technique (DCT). Presented results illustrate the influence of crack periodicity on the transient behavior of the stress intensity factors. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 682-687 傾斜機能中空球シリンダおよび中空球の非定常熱応力の一次元解 One-Dimensional Solutions for Transient Thermal Stresses in Functionally Graded Hollow Cylinders and Hollow Spheres. Yoshihiro Ootao, Yoshinobu Tanigawa Yoshihiro Ootao, Yoshinobu Tanigawa  This paper is concerned with the theoretical treatment of transient thermoelastic problems involving functionally graded hollow cylinders and hollow spheres due to uniform heat supply. The thermal and thermoelastic coefficients of the hollow cylinders and hollow spheres are expressed as power functions of the radial coordinate. The one-dimensional solutions for the temperature changes in a transient state and the thermoelastic response are obtained herein. Some numerical results are shown in figures. Furthermore, the influence of the material nonhomogeneity on the temperature change, displacements and stresses is investigated. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 688-693 傾斜機能厚肉チューブの熱誘発応力 Thermally Induced Stresses in Functionally Graded Thick Tubes senthil S. Vel, Rajeev Baskiyar senthil S. Vel, Rajeev Baskiyar  An analytical solution is developed for isotropic functionally graded tubes that are subjected to steady thermomechanical loads. The heat conduction and thermoelasticity equations are solved analytically using the power series method to obtain the temperature, displacements and thermal stresses. In addition to the thermal and mechanical boundary conditions at the inner and outer surfaces of the tube, the net axial force acting on the tube is set equal to zero. The solution technique is applicable to functionally graded tubes with arbitrary variation of material properties in the radial direction. Results are presented for a two-constituent isotropic metal/ceramic functionally graded tube that is subjected to a very high temperature on its inner surface. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 694-699 熱的および機械的負荷の周期変動に起因した不均質材の長方形板に関する熱による振動 Thermally Induced Vibration of Inhomogeneous Material Rectangular Plate Due to Cyclic Variation of Thermal and Mechanical Loads Ryuusuke Kawamura, Yoshinobu Tanigawa, Naoki Matsumoto Ryuusuke Kawamura, Yoshinobu Tanigawa, Naoki Matsumoto  The purpose of this study is to clarify thermally induced vibration of a thin-walled rectangular plate with inhomogeneous material properties in a thickness direction due to cyclic variation of thermal and mechanical loads. An effect of inhomogeneity of material properties on thermoelastic responses due to thermal and mechanical loadings is examined. When frequencies in loadings are close to natural frequency of the plate, viblations due to both loadings offset each other. It is found that an effect of variation of natural frequency due to inhomogeneities in Young’s modulus or mass density on dynamic response is more significant than that of variation of thermal resultant moment due to inhomogeneity in coefficient of linear thermal expansion. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 700-705 残留熱応力に起因する傾斜機能膜ー基材システムの弾性不安定性 Elastic Instability of Functionally Graded Film-Substrate System due to Residual Thermal Stresses T.Morimoto, Y.Tanigawa, R.Kawamura T.Morimoto, Y.Tanigawa, R.Kawamura  We study the elastic instability of functionally graded film-substrate system due to residual thermal stresses. It is assumed that the elastic stiffness constants depend on the coordinate variable in the thickness direction of the film. First we describe the Foppl-von Karman (FvK) equations by taking variations of the elastic strain energy. Next we develop the linear stability analysis of the film under equi-biaxial compression and derive the critical loads and wavelengths. Finally, we perform a weakly nonlinear analysis of the film at the onset of the buckling instability. With the multiple scales method, the amplitude equations for the unstable three-modes that provide insight into the mode type and its amplitude are derived and then the qualitative effect of material inhomogeneity on the buckling patterns are evaluated theoretically. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 706-711 応力還元および熱ー機械的座屈のための傾斜機能複合板の体積分率の最適化 Volume Fraction Optimization of Functionally Graded Composite Plates for Stress Reduction and Thermo-Mechanical Buckling Kyung-Su Na, Ji-Hwan Kim Kyung-Su Na, Ji-Hwan Kim  The volume fraction optimization of Functionally Graded Material(FGM) composite plate is investigated for stress reduction and thermo-mechanical buckling. Material properties are assumed to be temperature dependent and varied continuously in the thickness direction. The 3-D finite element is adopted using an 18-node solid element to analyze the plate model more accurately for the variation of material properties and temperature field in the thickness direction. Tensile and compressive stress ratios of the structure under mechanical load are evaluated for stress analysis. Temperature at each node is obtained by solving the steady-state heat transfer problem in the thermo-mechanical buckling analysis, and Newton-Raphson method is used for nonlinear analysis. Tensile stress ratios, compressive stress ratios and critical temperatures are analyzed for various thickness ratios and volume fraction distributions in the numerical study. Finally, the optimal design of FGM composite plate is investigated by considering the stress and the critical temperature. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 712-717 セラミック板の残留応力モデリング Modeling Residual Stresses in Ceramic Plates V.Cantavella, A.Moreno, A.Mezquita, Y.Reig V.Cantavella, A.Moreno, A.Mezquita, Y.Reig  The generation of residual stresses during cooling of layered ceramic plates has been modeled. Each plate comprises a body and two thin layers (engobe and glaze). The model takes into account two types of stresses: thermal stresses, resulting from temperature gradients inside the plate during cooling, and the stresses produced by the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the layers. The body has been simulated using a linear viscoelastic constitutive equation. The engobe and the glaze layer have been considered as elastic solids below a certain temperature (setting temperature: Ta). Above Ta these two layers have no mechanical influence on the body. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 718-723 薄型梁試験片を用いたアスファルト混合材のクリープ挙動の調査 Investigation of Asphalt Mixture Creep Behavior Using Thin Beam Specimens Adam Zofka, Mihai Marasteanu, Mugur Turos Adam Zofka, Mihai Marasteanu, Mugur Turos  The asphalt pavement layer consists of two or more lifts of compacted asphalt mixture; the top of the layer is also exposed to aging, a factor that significantly affects the mixture properties. The current testing specifications use rather thick specimens that cannot be used to investigate the gradual change in properties with pavement depth. This paper investigates the feasibility of using the 3-point bending test with thin asphalt mixture beams (127*12.7*6.35mm) to determine the low-temperature creep compliance of the mixtures. Several theoretical and semi-empirical models, from the theory of composites, are reviewed and evaluated using numerical and experimental data. Preliminary results show that this method can be used for low-temperature mixture characterization but several crucial factors need further inspection and interpretation. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 724-729 改良型モース・ファンクショナル・ポテンシャルによる仮想内部結合モデルを使ったコンクリート破壊予測 Concrete Fracture Prediction Using Virtual Internal Bond Model with Modified Morse Functional Potential Kyoungsoo Park, Glaucio H. Paulino, Jeffery R.Roesler Kyoungsoo Park, Glaucio H. Paulino, Jeffery R.Roesler  Concrete fracture behavior is predicted by one of multi-scaling methods, called the virtual internal bond (VIB) model. The VIB model describes the microscopic interactions between the cement pastes and aggregates using the concept of homogenization. The microscopic behavior is connected to macroscopic behavior by the Cauchy-Born rule, which results in the strain energy function. From the macroscopic strain energy function, the VIB model represents both elastic and fracture behavior within the framework of continuum mechanics. In this study, a modified Morse functional potential is introduced for material particles interactions so that the potential is independent of the length scale lattice parameter. The other parameters in the potential function are determined on the basis of macroscopic fracture parameters, i.e.the fracture energy and the cohesive strength. Moreover, the fracture energy is evaluated in conjunction with the J-integral. Finally, the VIB model with the modified Morse potential is verified by the double cantilever beam test and validated by three-point bending tests. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 730-735 アスファルトコンクリート破壊挙動への融着帯モデル形状パラメータの影響 Influence of the Cohesive Zone Model Shape Parameter on Asphalt Concrete Fracture Behavior Seong Hyeok Song, Glaucio H.Paulino, William G. Buttelar Seong Hyeok Song, Glaucio H.Paulino, William G. Buttelar  A cohesive zone model (CZM) has been effective in exploring fracture behavior in various materials. In general, the cohesive parameters associated with material strength and cohesive fracture energy are considered more important than a CZM softening shape. However, the influence of the CZM softening shape becomes significant as the relative size of the fracture process zone compared to the structure size increases, which is relevant for asphalt concrete and other quasi-brittle materials. In this study, the power-law CZM is employed to investigate the influence of the CZM softening shape on asphalt concrete fracture. Three dimensional disk-shaped compact tension (DC(T)) test simulation is performed considering bulk (background) material viscoelasticity. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 736-741 アスファルトコンクリート舗装のモデリングのための傾斜粘弾性方法 Graded Viscoelastic Approach for Modeling Asphalt Concrete Pavements Eshan V.Dave, William G.Buttlar, Glaucio H.Paulino, Harry H.Hilton Eshan V.Dave, William G.Buttlar, Glaucio H.Paulino, Harry H.Hilton  Asphalt concrete pavements exhibit severely graded properties through their thickness due to oxidative aging effects, which are most pronounced at the surface of the pavement and decrease rapidly with depth from the surface. Most of the literature to date has focused on use of layered-elastic models for the consideration of age stiffening. In the current work, a graded viscoelastic model has been implemented within a numerical framework for the simulation of asphalt pavement responses under thermal and mechanical loading. The graded viscoelastic work is extension of the previous work by Paulino and Jin, Mukherjee and Paulino, and Buttlar et al. A functionally graded generalized Maxwell model has been used in the development of a constitutive model for asphalt concrete considering aging and temperature gradients. The aging gradient data from laboratory test results reported by Apeagyei is used for obtaining material properties for the graded viscoelastic model. Finite element implementation of the constitutive model incorporates the generalized iso-parametric formulation (GIF) proposed by Kim and Paulino, which leads to the graded viscoelastic elements used in this work. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 742-747 PEM-燃料電池および電気透析のためのマルチスケール構造型傾斜機能ガス拡散電極 Multiscale Structured and Functionally Graded Gas Diffusion Electrodes for PEM-Fuel Cells and Electrodialysis H.Wolf, M.Franz, C.Bienhuls, M.Willert-Porada H.Wolf, M.Franz, C.Bienhuls, M.Willert-Porada  In the present work, different methods of preparation of functionally graded gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) for fuel cell and electrodialysis application were investigated. High electrochemical performance with a low platinum catalyst content of only 0.1mg/cm**2 was achieved. The new GDEs are superior to commercial ones with five times higher platinum content, due to their optimized pore structure and improved distribution of catalyst and ion conductive polymer. English MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) MULTISCALE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS(FGM IX 2006) 30 2006-10-18 748-753 SOFC-電極のマルチスケール構造セラミックの材料開発および加工 Material Development and Procesing of Multiscale Structured Ceramics for SOFC-Electrodes M.Neukam, M.Pannerselvam, M.Willert-Porada M.Neukam, M.Pannerselvam, M.Willert-Porada  NiO-ZrO2-cermets are used as anode material in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. A substructured cermet consisting aligned lamella of NiO and 8Y-ZrO2 is obtained by melt processing of a eutectic powder mixture. Direct co-firing of such cermet powders with the ceramic electrolyte layer requires sintering temperatures above 1600deg.C and leads to redistribution of NiO. Sintering with AlN as reactive component for in-situ formation of cubic ZrxOyNz, promotes joining of the sub-structured anode material with the solid electrolyte via the ionic conductive 8Y-ZrO2-grains at 1400-1550 deg.C. By decomposition of the Zr-Oxynitride upon cooling, new porosity and the desired connectivity between the anode and the solid electrolyte is formed. A graded composite is obtained at an interface, which consists of e.g., ZrO2, Zr7O9.5N3, beta-ZrAlON, NiAl2O4 and Ni, depending upon the sintering temperature. English