# Fileset [4th-fgm-1991.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/7676ea94-6708-4aa2-9c1b-ecd8642b72fb/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [The 4th FGM Symposium (FGM'91) ](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/d916e6e4-1a21-4459-89d1-b2b8d040e25c) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 1-9 傾斜構造体の三次元熱応力モデルに関する研究 Effect of Compositional Profile on the Thermal Stress in FGM ○原田　誠、鵜飼重治、鹿倉栄、野村茂雄、*有松能力、*平原一雄動力炉・核燃料開発事業団大洗工学センター、*原子力システム株式会社 Makoto Harada, Shigeharu Ukai , Sakae Shikakura , Shigeo Nomura, *Chikara Arimatsu , *Kazuo Hirahara Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation *Nuclear Energy System Inc. Heat and stress analyses are carried out by means of FEM to obtain the optimized compositional profile of FGM. Under the condition of high temperature difference, thermal stress generated in the FGM decreases with the increase of ceramic composition. In case of the rigid cooling surface, the stress component in the thickness direction becomes critical at the fixed surface. On the other hand, under high heat flux condition, the increase of metallic composition in FGM introduces the decrease of thermal stress. The verification of the results of FEM analysis will be conducted by the simulation experiments. For the development of suitable design system of FGM, it is necessary to prepare the material data base and the detail boundary condition for analysis. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 11-17 セラミックス一金属系FGM平板の弾塑性熱応力解折の微視力学的アプローチ Micromechanical Approach to the Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Thermal Stresses in a Ceramic-Metal FGM Plate ○若島健司、塚本英明東京工業大学　精密工学研究所 Kenji Wakashina and Hideaki Tsukamoto Precision and Intelligence Laboratory Tokyo Institute of Technology A "piecewise linear" elastic-plastic formulation is given for numerical analysis of transient thermal stresses in a ceramic-metal Functional Gradient Material (FGM) plate with in-plane isotropy. It is assumed that the plate is thin enough for the plane stress condition to apply and the temperature varies only through the thickness of the plate. Using an established "mean-field" theory of the micromechanics of multiphase systems, a closed-form expression for the effective elastoplastic compliance in balanced biaxial tension is derived with particular reference to the microstructure made up of randomly dispersed spherical particles. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 19-30 傾斜機能材料の熱弾塑性応力解析と最適設計 Elastic-Plastic Thermal Stress Analysis for Optimum Design of FGM 荒居善雄,小林英男、田村充章埼玉大学工学部機械工学科,東京工業大学工学部機械物理工学科 Yoshio Arai, Hideo Kobayashi, Mitsuaki Tamura, Saitama University Faculty of Engng., Dept. Mechanical Engng.Tokyo Institute of Tech., Faculty of Engng., Dept. Mechanical Engng. Sci. Equivalent inclusion method was applied to FGM to evaluate the elastic constants and thermal expansion coefficients. Thermal and stress analysis of FGM were performed by 2-D FEM. Sintered residual stress, thermal stress at thermal loading and total residual stress after cooling were studied. The example for the optimum design for FGM was presented. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 31-35 溶射法傾斜皮膜における熱衝撃劣化の超音波検査 Ultrasonic Testing of Thermal Shock Damage on Plasma Sprayed FGM Coating 島田道男、吉井徳治秋山繁船舶技術研究所材料加工部非破壊評価研究室強度評価研究室 Michio Shimada,Tokuharu Yoshii/Shigeru Akiyama Nondestructive evaluation /Strength Evaluation Section Materials and Processing Division Ship Research Institute, Ministry of Transport This paper discribes the results on immersion c-scope ultrasonic testing of thermal shock damaged FGM coatings. Roughness of sprayed coating surface makes it difficult to detect surface crack produced by CO2 laser irradiation. We investigate several measuring technique and make clear that transmission echo of coating layer obtained by back surface echo measurement contains mach information on thermal shock damage. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 37-43 LFB超音波顕微鏡を用いた傾斜機能材料のヤング率、ポアッソン比の測定 Measurement of Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio for Functionally Gradient Materials by Using Line-focus-beam Acoustic Microscope ○三原毅、渡辺龍三、川崎亮佐藤豊彦東北大・工学部東北大学工学部（院）佐藤豊彦(現日立電線（株）) Tsuyoshi Mihara, Ryuzo Watanabe, Akira Kawasaki and Toyohiko Sato Dept. of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University Purpose of this paper is to develop the non-destructive elastic constant measurement procedure of Functionally Gradient Materials by using line-focus-beam acoustic microscope. Effective velocity measurement area of acoustic microscope is narrow enough for the uniform materials, however insufficient for the FGM which has nonuniform narrow layers. Then , in order to narrow down the measurement area, new analytical procedures are added in V (z) curve analysis method for velocity measurement . Accuracy of the elastic constant obtained by the velocity measurements based on elastic theory are investigated comparing to the that of 25 non FGM specimen . As the result, narrow area analysis procedures are so effective for elastic constant estimation of FGM, and accuracy of estimated elastic constant considered highly enough for industrial application. Elastic constant dependence on production condition of FGM is also investigated. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 45-52 超音波による傾斜機能材料の非破壊評価(1) Nondestructive Evaluation of Functionally Gradient Materials Using Ultrasound (1) ○藤島一雄、山本弘、早川泰夫、野中寿夫日立建機（株）技術研究所 Kazuo Fujishima, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Yasuo Hayakawa, Toshio Nonaka Technical Research Lab, Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd Ultrasonic measurements at high frequency are expected as nondestructive inspection methods for ceramics, composites and functionally gradient materials. Measurements are divided to two main methods in industry. One is suitable for detecting fine flaws in the opaque materials, and another is avairable for characterization of materials. In this report, these two methods are used to evaluate ceramics received heat-shock by laser irradiation on the surface. The shapes of cracks opening on the surface are measured by ultrasonic testing with impulse wave. It is observed that the cracks, which appear on the surface, propagate slantingly inside and then stop their growth. Material characterizations are measured by ultrasonic microscope with tone burst wave. It is found that the surface wave velocity at damaged area is lower than that of at less-damaged areas, and that the Young's modulus at damaged area is lower than that of at less-damaged areas. Ultrasonic microscope have possibility to evaluate the damage on the surface. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 53-60 超音波による傾斜機能材料の非破壊評価(2) Nondestructive Evaluation of Functionally Gradient Materials Using Ultrasound (2) ○西森博幸、早川泰夫、野中寿夫日立建機(株)技術研究所 Hiroyuki Nishimori, Yasuo Hayakawa, and Toshio NonakaTechnical Research Lab., Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd This paper presents some results of ultrasonic inspection for Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM) which consist of multi-layer with varying mixture rate of ZrO2 (with 8% Y2O3) and Ni-based alloy (NiCrAlY). FGM are received heat-shocked by laser irradiation on the surface. The flaw detection and material characterizations are measured by Ultrasonic Testing with impulse wave and Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM) with tone burst wave. In a polished surface sample, it is found that the surface wave velocity differs at mixture rate, and that at damaged areas is higher than that at less-damaged areas. Micro cracks which are not found by the optical microscope are observed. In a sample with rough surface, some inside cracks are detected. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 61-66 USAにおける材料の高温合成及び加工処理 HIGH TEMPERATURE SYNTEHESIS AND PROCESSING OF MATERIALS IN THE USA J. B. HOLT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY J. B. HOLT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY Corresponding research programs in the US. are few in number and relatively small. Nevertheless, interest in FGM research is growing in governmental agencies and with individual scientists as the exciting results of recent research is presented in workshops and symposia. My intent in this report is to identify several areas of material processing in the U.S in which FGM research may contribute in a major way. The list of topics is not inclusive and is entirely arbitrary. In essence, it reflects my own prejudices on the subject. Nevertheless, the topics do represent some of the newer areas of ceramic processing in our country. Three of the topics deal with the microstructure of ceramic components while the fourth is concerned with methods of processing. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 67-72 SiC-AlN/Mo系超耐熱傾斜機能材料の作製 Fabrication of sintered SiC-AlN/Mo Functionally Gradient Materials 田中賢衛、○川崎亮、渡辺龍三東北大学大学院、東北大学工学部D Masahiro Tanaka, Akira Kawasaki, Ryuzo Watanabe Department of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering,　Tohoku Univ. The Powder metallurgical fabrication of the functionally gradient material for thermal barrier use of a specific material combination of SiC/AlN/Mo is described. Risults of thermomechanical tests for non-FGM have shown that the samples HIP'ed at 2123K for 2h from mixture of SiC and AlN powders have a sufficient thermal barrier property with high fracture strength even at elevated temperature than monolithic SiC and AlN. The designing of the compositional distribution was made on the basis of the calculation of the overall heat transfer in a temperature difference of 1000K.According to the optimum compositional distribution, the sintered compact of the functionally gradient material of SiC/AlN/Mo was successfully fabricated. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 73-75 スラリー積層法による傾斜機能材料の作製 Fabrication of Sintered Functionally Gradient Material by Dipping Process 山岡弘人、結城正弘、田原賢一、入沢敏夫、渡辺龍三IHI技研 ,東北大学工学部 Hiroto Yamaoka, Masahiro Yuki, Kenichi Tahara, Toshio Irisawa; Ryuzo WatanabeResearch Institute, Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. Faculty of Engirneering, Tohoku University 　 In the synthesis of sintered FGM, the most important problem is how to stack the mixed powders as low materials according to the designed composition profile. This study aims to develop the dipping process which makes it easy to stack the powders on substrates of complicated shapes. In this process, the powders are deposited on the substrate which is dipped into the ethanol slurry containing the mixed powders with desired composition. Successively, this substrate is dipped again into the slurry containing another mixed powders. These dipping processes are repeated to realize the depositions with the desired gradient composition. Deposited product is dryed, CIP ed, encapsulated and HIP ed. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 77-88 薄膜積層法による傾斜機能材料の大型化 Development of Large-sized FGM by Thin Sheet Lamination Method ○百歩珠子、田村学藤原力、永田佐登司、清藤晋一郎新野正之塩田一路NKK鉄鋼研究所　第二材料研究部　極限材料研究室三菱重工業株式会社　名古屋航空宇宙システム製作所　研究部加工研究課航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所　ロケット高空性能研究室金属材料研究所　機能特性研究部　第5研究室 Tamako HYAKUBU , Manabu TAMURA; Chikara FUJIWARA , Satoshi NAGATA, Shinichiro KIYOTOH; Masayuki NIINO; Ichiro SHIOTASteel Research Center NKK Corporation , Nagoya Aerospace System Works Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LTD.Kakuda Research Center National Aerospace Laboratory , STA Physical Properties Research Division National Research Institute for Metals , STA Small-sized FGM (30mm phi) of zirconia and nickel has been developed by the thin sheet lamination method. To evaluate the thermo-mechanical properties of FGM, it is indispensable to develop the FGM actively-cooled panel. So a large -sized FGM (60 x 60mm) was manufactured for trial. The problem for enlargement is warp-control. The warping which occurs in as-sintered FGM was measured and reform -press was used to flatten the FGM. And the reform-press was certified as effective. Thus, it is possible to braze the FGM and the panel. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 89-96 湿式濾過を用いた2成分粒子の連続傾斜充填 Packing of alumina-nickel mixture with continuous composition profile ○李　元徳　岩田政司　中村正秋　外山茂樹名古屋大学工学部分子化学工学科 Won-Deok Yi, Masashi Iwata, Masaaki Nakamura, Shigeki Toyama Department of Chemical Engineering Nagoya University The packing technique which can smoothly vary the composition of formed material is essential to develop a so-called functionally gradient material. In this paper, the packing method based on filtration operation is investigated. Continuous change of the composition of filtered slurry by mixing two slurries gives the filter cake with composition profile. The profile corresponds to the mixing process and can be easily determined from the mass balance for the filtration process. Experiments for alumina-nickel composites support the availability of the present technique. F test was used to check the mixing degree of the two components. Using Buslik's complete mixing theory, it was safely concluded that the complete mixing was attained at any layer of the composite. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 97-101 振動による二成分粉体の傾斜充填 Gradational packing of binary powders by vibrating method ○野方倫彰、李　元徳　森英利、外山茂樹名古屋大学工学部分子化学工学科第6講座 Tomoaki Nogata, Won-doek Yi, Hidetoshi Mori, Shigeki Toyama 6th Lab. Dept. of Chem. Eng., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya 464-01 For the preparation of metal-ceramic graded composite, a packing method was experimentally studied on the basis of the conventional vibrating technique, in which method metallic powders were screened and supplied to a ceramic packing. The cut section of subjected packings was observed with SEM and the ratios of metal to ceramic were graphically determined at various positions. The experiment using nickel powder and alumina packings proved that graded concentration layers were sufficiently formed and their gradients were dependent on the vibration characteristics, particularly on vibration frequency. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 103-109 Al-AlN混合超微粉を用いるAl-AlN系傾斜機能材料とその応用 Al-AlN FGM Made with an Ultrafine Particle of Al-AlN Mixture, and Its Usage ○新谷光二宇田雅広北海道大学工学部附属金属化学研究施設高温化学部門日新製鋼株式会社Labo. of High Temperature Metal Chemistry, Koji Atarashiya and Masahiro UdaMetals Research inst. Faculty ,of Eng. Hokkaido Univ. Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. The ultrafine particle of Al-AlN mixture was prepared by means of the arc-plasma processing that a vapourized and fumed substance in nitrogen-hydrogen-argon atmosphere was collected into a bag filter. The ultrafine particle was partially Al metal and partially AlN. Al metal in the ultrafine particle reacts with nitrogen into AlN at 923 K. A commercial powder of Al metal, however, does not react with gaseous nitrogen, but it is easily sintered to a compact block at 923 K. The mixture of the ultrafine particle and the commercial Al powder, whose contents were gradually changed, was pressed in a cylindrical steel die under pressure of 20 MPa. The green compact which was prepared in this manner was heated at 923 K in nitrogen flow. The FGM block of the system Al-AlN prepared by this method was characterized some properties and was considered some applications for joinings. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 111-117 傾斜機能発泡ガラス複合材料の開発に関する研究 Development of Functionally Gradient Materials of Foam Glass Composite ○加藤真一郎、佐藤一志、高橋秀明東北大学工学部附属破壊力学応用研究施設 Shinichiro Kato, Kazushi Sato, Hideaki TakahashiResearch Institute for Fracture Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University This paper presents some results of transient thermal stress analyses of functionally gradient foam glass subjected to rapid heating. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of changing the density's distribution profiles in FGMs on the steady thermal stresses. Finite element analyses are conducted on FGMs which possess different gradient of density in the foam glass. A two-dimentional, axisymmetric model is used for the numerical computations, where the surface is subjected to a heat flux and the back temperature is kept at 20deg.C. Additionally, the foam glass sample and the layered foam glass by Wollastonite were evaluated the thermal shock test/AE technique. The experimental results indicates an improvement of the thermal shock resistance by Wollastonite. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 119-123 気相浸透法によるSiC/C系傾斜機能材料 SiC/C Functionally Gradient Materials Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition/Infiltration 早田喜穂、○久手幸徳、上村誠一日本石油(株)中央技術研究所 Yoshio Sohda, Yukinori Kude and Seiichi UemuraCentral Technical Research Laboratory Nippon Oil Company, LTD SiC/C Functionally Gradient Materials(FGM) were prepared by Chemical Vapor deposition/Infiltration(CVD/CVI). SiCl4, CH4 and H2 were used as source gases. The microstructures of non-FGM and FGM were studied in detail. The non-FGM with carbon content 100 mol% showed various thermal properties with the preferred orientation of carbon. The pore size distribution of non-FGM with various SiC/C ratios were characterized by the mercury porosimeter. SEM and EPMA analysis were also carried out to reveal the microstructures. Carbon/Carbon composites coated with SiC/C-graded coating were tested in the rocket combustor environment and the high temperature different field. FGM coated Carbon/Carbon composites showed good results in comparison with conventional coated Carbon/Carbon composites. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 125-130 CVI法による金属・セラミックスの傾斜充填 Infiltration of Chloride Reduced Metalic Particles within a Ceramic Packing as a Method to Form Inclined Concentration Layers ○谷口有人、石川英一、李元徳、森英利、中村正秋、外山茂樹名古屋大学工学部分子化学工学科第6講座 Arihito TANIGUCHI, Eiichi ISHIKAWA, Hidetoshi MORI, Won-doek YI, Masaaki NAKAMURA and Shigeki TOYAMA6th Lab., Dept. of Chem. Eng., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya 464-01 Formation of inclined concentration layers was studied with an intention to provide a fundamental idea for manufacturing functionally gradient materials. Metalic chlorides were reduced by hydrogen in a silica tube and the produced metalic particles were subsequently infiltrated within an ceramic packing placed in the same tube. The cut section of subjected packing was observed with SEM and the ratios of metal to ceramics were graphically determined at various positions. The experiment using nickel chloride and alumina packings proved that inclined concentration layers were sufficiently formed and their gradients were easily controlled by changing the flow rate of purge gas and conditions of the packing. The infiltration process was also successively simulated with a theory of mechanical separation which allowed design of the optimal processing. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 131-136 CVD法によるTiC-SiC系傾斜機能材料の作製 Fabrication of Functionally Gradient material of TiC-SiC system by CVD ○河合千尋,　山本剛久,　山川晃住友電気工業株式会社伊丹研究所無機材料研究部 Chihiro Kawai, Takehisa Yamamoto and Akira Yamakawa Inorganic Materials R&D Department, Itami Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Composite materials of the TiC-SiC system were fabricated using the CVD process and their thermal and mechanical properties were measured. The relationship between the properties and microstructures of the composites and the possibility of developing into Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM) were then investigated. The CVD conditions used were, TiCl4-SiCl4-CH4-H2 system, deposition temperature of 1350deg.C and total gas pressure of 60 Torr. The TiC-SiC composites were fully dense with columnar structure perpendicular to the substrate plane, and their thermal expansion coefficients and Young's Modulus respectively changed from 4. 5 x 10**(- 6)K-1, 220GPa for SiC to 7.4 x 10**(-6)K-1, 467GPa for TiC, depending on the composition. Based on thermal stress analysis calculated from the data obtained by subsequent experiments, compositionally gradient TiC-SiC layer was formed as an intermediate layer in oxidation resistant SiC coating on carbon-fiber reinforced TiC composites with a thermal expansion coefficient larger than that of SiC. Consequently, a coated layer with non-peeling was obtained. It was demonstrated that the residual stress in the surface layer of SiC was reduced by introduing the compositionally gradient layer of TiC-SiC system as an intermediate layer. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 137-141 溶射溶浸法によるSUS316L/Cu傾斜組成材料の開発 Development of SUS316L/Cu gradient material by sintering and infiltration technique ○高橋雅士、伊藤義康、宮崎松生、柏谷英夫、足立茂株式会社東芝　重電技術研究所、動力炉開発部 Masashi Takahashi, Yoshiyasu Itoh, Matsuo Miyazaki, Hideo Kashiwaya and Shigeru AdachiToshiba Corporation High strength at elevated temperature, sodium (Na) corrosion resistance and radiation toughness are necessary for fast breeder reactor (FBR) components. The application of functionally gradient materials for them is one of the superior method to stand against the several conditions described above. In particular, it is thought that a SUS316L/Cu gradient material is effective to reduce the thermal stress which generates for the temperature gradient. The spraying and infiltration technique, which is developed to fabricate the SUS316L/Cu gradient material, is shown in this paper. The technique consists of two steps. The first step is to fabricate sprayed SUS316L layers with gradient and the second step is to infiltrate a molten Cu in the gradient pores. In this study, it is confirmed that SUS316L/Cu gradient material can be fabricated by the spraying and infiltration technique, and reactions between SUS316L and Cu can't be observed in HIP condition of 1100deg.C, 196MPa, 30 minutes. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 143-147 減圧プラズマ溶射法を用いたAl－ムライト－SiC繊維系傾斜機能材料 Al-Mullite-SiC Fiber FGM by Low Pressure Plasma Spray 榊原俊夫　谷川栄治　○嶋貫雅一富士重工（株） Toshio Sakakibara, Eiji Tanikawa, Masakazu ShimanukiFuji Heavy Industries LTD. The development of basic technique for Functionally Gradient Materials(FGM) reinforced by SiC fiber using Low Pressure Plasma Spray was carried out. Al-Mullite mixed powders were sprayed on the winding interval-controlled-SiC fibers. The preforms were fabricated by the repeat of spraying layer by layer, while the mixing ratio of the powders and winding intervals were changed gradually in the thickness direction. After spraying, the preforms were hot-pressed in order to compact the matrix, especially in the Al rich layers. The trial products made by this process were examined by the 4 point flexure test. Consequently, it was found that fiber reinforced gradient materials had 4 times higher strength than non-reinforced gradient materials. In this report, structural, thermal and mechanical properties of Al-Mullite combination materials were described, in addition to the results of the fiber reinforced gradient materials. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 149-152 減圧プラズマ溶射法による傾斜機能材料作製技術 Developing fabrication process for FGM by using a Low Pressure Plasma Spraying ○北口三郎、浜谷秀樹、下田信之、一山靖友、斎藤亨新日本製鉄株式会社　鉄鋼研究所接合研究部 Saburo Kitaguchi, Hideki Hamatani, Nobuyuki Shimoda, Yasutomo Ichiyama and Tohru SaitoJoining Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation This study was aimed at developing a fabrication process for FGM by using a Low Pressure Plasma Spraying (LPPS). Experiment of YSZ-NiCr FGM spraying showed that the vacuum condition and the initial powder size was important parameter for depositing dense coatings. Under optimum conditions, the density of coating exceeded 95% theoretical. Maximum temperature and temperature distribution in substrate during pre-heating and spraying, had a large effect on reducing a decomposition of substrate. And thermal fatigue properties and thermal stress relaxation were carried out to investigate by cyclic high temperature difference filed test. The results of this test cleared the optimum design about profile and density for those properties. Successive sprayed position of FGM had proved that LPPS must be a strong candidate to open new aspects of production process for large size FGM. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 153-155 SHS法による傾斜機能材料の製造と遮熱特性 Production of a Functionally Gradient Material by SHS Process and the Heat Shield Property ○佐多延博　真田徳雄東北工業技術試験所　機械金属部　地熱材料開発課 Nobuhiro Sata and Norio SanadaGeothermal Material Development Div., Metal & Machinery Dept.Government Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku Total production, process of Functionally Gradient Material by SHS process (SHS-FGM) have been described. TiB2-Cu*FGM have a highly heat conductivity. To gain heat shield effect in the TiB2-Cu*FGM, ZrO2 was added as a raw material because of the lower heat conductivity of 1/30 than TiB2. TiB2-Cu*FGM and TiB2-Cu-ZrO2*FGM have been tested to measure the temperature drop from the surface and the back side of the FGM. Although the result is clear that there is more heat shield effect than TiB2-Cu*FGM, we have to develop more effective by considering the compositional profile and the thickness of FGM layer, etc. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 157-160 炭化クロム/ニッケル傾斜機能材料のガス圧燃焼焼結 Gas-Pressure Combustion Sintering of the Chromium Carbide/Nickel FGM 馬賢鋒谷畑公昭、○宮本欽生長春応用化学研究所、中国大阪大学産業科学研究所 Xianfeng Ma, Kimiaki Tanihata, Yoshinari MiyamotoChangchun 　Institute of Applied Chemistry, ChinaThe Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research. Osaka University Dense Functionally Gradient Materials in the system of Cr3C2, having high heat, corrosion and wear resistances, and Ni were fabricated by the gas-pressure combustion sintering. Prior to fabricate the FGMs, the homogeneous composites of Cr3C2-Ni were prepared for different Ni compositions ( 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mol%) from the powdered compacts of Cr3C2 and Ni, and their mechanical and thermal properties such as flexural strength, Young's modulus, thermal expansion and thermal conductivity were measured as well as microstructure observation. The flexural strength showed a maximum of 1150 MPa at 50 mol% Ni content. Following these data and design of graded compositions, the FGM samples with 30 mm diameter and 6 mm thickness were fabricated and evaluated in respect to the material design and structure. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 161-167 骨と人工骨・関節との接合部に傾斜機能を持たせるためのポーラス金属に水酸アパタイトのコーティング効果 Effect of Hydroxyapatite Coating on Porous Metal in Order to Have Functional Gradient Effects an the Interface Between Bone and Artificial Bone and Joint ○大西啓靖1)　野田有宏2)　石丸裕2)　山本光政3)　辻栄治4)1)国立大阪南病院整形外科クリニック・生体材料研究室2)住友化学工業（株）3)住友重機械工業（株）4)大阪府立産業総合技術研究所 Hirorobu OONISHI 1) Arihiro NODA 2) Hiroshi ISHIMARU 2) Mitsumasa YAMAMOTO 3) Eiji TSUJI 4)1) Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Artificial Joint Section and Biomaterial Research Laboratory 2)Sumitomo Chemical Co. 3) Sumitomo Heavy Industries Co.4) Osaka Prefectural Industrial Engineering Institute Artificial tibiae with two stems coated with two layers of titanium alloy beads(Ti-6Al-4V, bead diameter of 350-400 micro meter) were further coated with hydroxyapatite(HAp). The six beagles were divided, four in the HAp-coated group and two in the HAp-uncoated group. The materials used for 6-month and 3-month evaluations were implanted in right and left tibia respectively. Since the amount of bone ingrowth into porous spaces was larger in a stem having a porous coating when implanted in the cortical bone than in the cancellous bone, the fixability of the stem was more stable and firmer in the cortical bone, and the incidence of stem loosening was also lower in the cortical bone, when the porous coating was further coated with HAp, new bone tissue had earlier access and contact to the surface of beads in the superficial layer of the stem in contrast with the porous coating without HAp coating. Furthermore, the new bone tissue entered into porous spaces earlier and in larger amounts, could reach the deepest region, and bound to the beads. Thus the stem was able to bind directly to the bone within and early post-operative period. Since the state of bone ingrowth did not differ between 3 and 6 months after implantation, bone ingrowth would be attained within 3 months after implantation. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 169-171 リン酸エステル化度を傾斜させた木材の防・耐火性能付与 Fire Endurance of Wood and Wood Composites with Gradient Phosphorylation of Phosphoric Acid ○石原茂久月東秀夫、住田厚弘京都大学木質科学研究所　木質材料機能部門　複合材料研究分野アイカ工業株式会社　研究開発本部　研究開発第三部 Shigehisa Ishihara; Hideo Getto, Atsuhiro Sumida Laboratory of wood Composite, Division of Wood Material Science, Wood Research Institute, Kyoto UniversityResearch and Development Division, Aica Kogyo Co. , Ltd. Gradient phosphorylation of wood with a mixture of phosphoric acid and amide by hot-pressing was done. The gradient phosphorylation of wood surface is very effective process as a fire retardant treatment. Phosphorous content of the wood decreased gradually from the surface to the core. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 173-179 均一および傾斜温度場におけるFGMの熱的安定性について Thermal Stability of FGM in Uniform and Gradient Temperature Fields ○篠原嘉一、今井義雄、池野進、塩田一路金属材料技術研究所機能特性研究部第五研究室 Yoshikazu Shinohara, Yoshio Imai, Susumu Ikeno, Ichiro Shiota5th Lab. Physical Properties Research Division, National Research Institute for Metals, STA Fundamental researches were carried out to improve thermal stability of functionally gradient materials(FGMs). Specimens were FGMs and NFGMs(non-FGMs) of Ni-Cr-Al-Y/PSZ system fabricated by plasma spraying, Ni/PSZ by powder configuration process, C/SiC and TiC/SiC by CVD and Cu/TiB2, by self propagating high temperature synthesis(SHS). Morphological and constitutional changes in uniform and gradient temperature fields were investigated. FGM structure is homogenized or separated to two phases at an elevated temperature. The following advice to fabricate FGMs with higher thermal stability were obtained.1)It is very important to find the stabilizing system of FGM structure for its practical application. 2)Porosity of FGM should be decreased to restrain the volume change by sintering.3)It is important to control the porosity and thickness of ceramics part to restrain crack initiation. 4)When material combination of FGM with the substrate is selected, it is neccessary to mention the diffusion between the FGM and the substrate at an elevated temperature. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 181-184 炭酸ガスレーザーを用いたCVD SiC/C 傾斜機能材料の熱衝撃性評価 Evaluation of Thermal Shock Resistance of SiC/C Functionally Gradient Material ○佐々木眞、平井敏雄東北大学金属材料研究所 Makoto Sasaki, Toshio Hirai Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University A "Functionally Gradient Material, FGM", which has compositional gradient from one side to the other in the material, has been fabricated using CVD processing. Thermal shock resistance of the SiC/C FGM was evaluated by CO2 laser. These results lead to the conclusion that the SiC/C FGM has high thermal shock resistance. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 185-191 高温度落差場における傾斜機能材料の熱疲労に関する研究 A Study on Thermal Fatigue of Functionally Gradient Materials under High Temperature Differences 佐々木正樹、熊川彰長、高橋守、新野正之、佐藤政裕○青山和信、永田佐登司、清藤普一朗宮本欽生　佐多延博斉藤亨有川秀行久手幸徳航空宇宙技術研究所三菱重工業大阪大学東北工業技術試験所　新日本製鐵（株）（株）日立製作所日本石油（株） Masaki Sasaki , Akinaga Kumakawa, Mamoru Takahashi , Masayuki Niino, Masahiro Sato; Kazunobu Aoyama, Satoshi Nagata, Shinichiro Kiyoto ; Yoshinari Miyamoto ; Nobuhiro Sata ; Tohru Saito ; Hideyuki Arikawa ; Yukinori KudeNational Aerospace Lab. Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Ltd.Osaka UniversityGovernment Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku Nippon Steel Corp.Hitachi, Ltd .Nippon Oil Co.,Ltd. The thermal fatigue properties of some kinds of Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM) specimens, TiB2/Cu, PSZ (Partial Stabilized ZrO2) /Cu, PSZ/Ni-Cr, SiC/ C/C and TiC/Ni-FGM, were characterized by means of the effective thermal conductivity, Keff, under high heat flux conditions in the temperature different field. It was observed that the thermal fatigue properties of TiB2/Cu and PSZ/Cu were superior because the deterioration of normalized Keff were small by 30 or more thermal cycles. In SiC/ C/C, the value of Keff of FGM less decreased than that of Non-FGM (NFGM) as the number of thermal cycle increased. It was inffered that FGM prevented the peeling of surface SiC coating layer. In TiC/Ni -FGM, four FGM specimens which had different compositional distribution were tested. It was experimentaly confirmed that there was an optimum compositional distribution against thermal fatigue. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 193-198 大型FGM実環境評価試験 High-Temperature Supersonic Gas Flow Heating Test of Cooled FGM Panel ○若松義男,齋藤俊仁、櫻中登、植田修一、熊谷達夫、日下和夫、高橋政浩,木皿且人,須藤孝幸,新野正之山本昌孝永田佐登司航技研角田支所宇宙開発事業団三菱重工業（株） Yoshio Wakamatsu, Toshihito Saito, Noboru Sakuranaka, Shuichi Ueda, Tatsuo Kamagai, Kazuo Kusaka, Masahiro Takahashi, Katsuto Kisara, Takayuki Sudo, Masayuki Niino Masataka YamamotoSatoshi NagataNAL-KRCNASDAMHI An experimental test program is in progress to evaluate the structural safety degrees for the Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM) under the condition of high-temperature and supersonic air-flow. These condition is almost the same with that of the nose-cone and intake section of scramjet engine for the space-plane. Preliminally test was conducted to obtain additional data for examining possible merits of the experimental test. In this test of NTO/N2H4 propellant system, it was found that the heat-flux for the nickel test sample was of the order of 3MW/m2 at a section inclined by 30 degrees to the chamber axis. We are underway to operate the hot gas generation system using the gas condition of H2/O2/N2, in order to evaluate the FGM in November 1991. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 199-208 傾斜機能材料の基本設計と多目的最適化 On the Fundamental Design for FGM and the Multi -Objective Optimization ○平野徹、山田智彦、寺木潤一ダイキン工業(株)CAEセンター Tohru HIRAN0, Tomohiko YAMADA, Junichi TERAKICAE CenterDaikin Industries, Ltd. In this paper, the fundamental design procedure for FGM is presented. At first, distribution functions are introduced, and estimation methods for the effective material properties of the intermediate compositions are explained. Then, thermal stress calculation methods for different processes and geometrical configurations are described. Finally, the multi-objective optimization problem is defined for the design process of FGM and solved by several methods including application of Fuzzy Set Theory. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 209-214 FGM非定常熱応力解析のための二次元有限要素法プログラムの開発 Development of Two Dimensional FEM Program for an Analysis of Transient Thermal Stress in FGM ○寺木潤一、平野徹ダイキン工業株式会社CAEセンター Junichi Teraki, Tohru HiranoCAE Center, Daikin Industries, Ltd. In this paper, we present a result of an analysis of thermal stress in circular plates of Functionally Gradient Material(FGM). We develop two dimensional FEM program to analyse the transient heat conduction and the thermal stress in FGM. By means of this program, we simulate the thermal stress of Zirconia(PSZ) / Steal(SUS) FGM in high temperature gradient environment, reveal the transient effect and local heating effect. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 215-222 傾斜機能材料平板の定常熱応力(拘束条件の影響) Steady Thermal Stresses in a Plate of Functionally Gradient Material (Influence of Mechanical Boundary Conditions) ○小畑良洋野田直剛、辻知章名古屋工業技術試験所・金属部静岡大学・工学部 Yoshihiro OBATA; Naotake NODA and Tomoaki TSUJI,Government Industrial Research Institute, Nagoya,AISTShizuoka University. A functionally gradient material which decreases thermal stresses has been developed for structural components and/or mechanical elements in fields such as nuclear, aircraft and space engineering. Steady state thermal stresses in a plate made of the functionally gradient material are discussed. The main theme of this subject is how to distribute the component of the material in the functionally gradient material to decrease thermal stress for different mechanical boundary conditions. In estimation of stress ratio which means the safety factor, the compressive strength of the material was considered too. We discussed the general method to decrease thermal stress in laminated plates made of two and three layers. The plate of an optimal functionally gradient material was determined to increase the safety factor. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 223-234 TiAl系傾斜機能材料の基盤技術に関する研究 Fundamental studies on TiAl-base Functionally Gradient Mateerials ○松崎祐司、川村昌志、藤岡順三、南方俊一、西川弘秦、吉川孝男宮本欽生川崎重工業株式会社　明石技術研究所大阪大学産業科学研究所 Yuji Matsuzaki, Masashi Kawamura, Junzo Fujioka Shun-ichi Minakata, Hiroyasu Nishikawa, and Takao Yoshikawa ; Yoshinari MiyamotoAkashi Technical Institute, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. Industrial and Scientific Institute of Research, Osaka University TiAl intermetallic compounds, owing to their low density and their outstanding high-temperature strength, are expected to be applicable to hypersonic transport (HST) aircraft. The aim of this study is to develop TiAl-based Functionally Gradient Materials(FGMs) with superior heat insulation and thermal stress relieving functions, in order to apply them to those components of an HST aircraft that would be subject to extremely large heat loads. First, the properties required of heat-insulating FGMs were collated, and then, possible material systems that might satisfy the requirements were studied. As a result, it is concluded that the most promising material system would be a multiphase FGM of Al2O3-SiC-TiC-TiAl which has lower density, excellent thermal insulation property, thermodynamical stability, and oxidation resistance. Further more, the heat transfer properties and thermal stress properties of the multiphase FGMs were examined analytically, and a possible compositional distribution of the FGM was proposed. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 235-243 薄膜積層法によるFGM冷却パネルの加工技術 Fabrication Process of Actively-Cooled-Panel with FGM Fabricated by Thin Sheet Lamination Method ○藤原力、永田佐登司,清藤晋一郎熊川彰長,新野正之田村学,百歩珠子三菱重工業（株）名古屋航空宇宙システム製作所研究部航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所日本鋼管（株）鉄鋼研究所第二材料研究部 Chikara Fujiwara, Satoshi Nagata, Shinichiro Kiyotoh; Akinaga Kumakawa, Masayuki Niino; Manabu Tamura,Tamako HyakubuNagoya Aerospace System Works, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Ltd.Kakuda Research Center. National Aerospace LaboratorySteel Research Center. NKK Corporation Fundamental Study on brazing of FGM fabricated by thin sheet lamination method to metal plate was carried out to develop the fabrication process of actively-cooled-panel with FGM. The FGM is designed to reduce thermal stress in service where the top surface is heated heavily and the bottom surface is cooled with coolant resulting in large temperature difference between both surfaces. The FGM is constituted of zirconia and nickel, and the composition is varied gradiently from the top surface to the bottom surface. Thus, a layer in the FGM is different in coefficient of thermal expansion from any other layer. Consequently, the FGM changes inherently in shape as its temperature varies unifomly such as in the case of brazing. Therefore, investigation was begun with the evaluation of the flatness difference of the FGM plate between at room temperature and at brazing temperature. Then, brazing parameters were optimized to establish the fabrication process of actively-cooled-panel with FGM. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 245-251 FGM-冷却パネルの接合について Study on bonding of Functionally Gradient Material to Actively-cooled-Panel ○山岡行雄、二宮一芳、小坂勝明、石本誠二新野正之、熊川彰長日産自動車(株)宇宙航空事業部航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所 Yukio Yamaoka, Kazuyoshi Ninomiya, Katsuaki Kosaka, Seiji Ishimoto; Masayuki Niino, Akinaga kumakawaAerospace Division, Nissan Motor Co.,Ltd.Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory. In the real condition tests Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) must be actively cooled to generate high temperature gradient in its depth direction. To assure cooling property between the test, bonding of FGM and actively-cooled-panel is very important. So thermal/structural analyses and fundamental experiment for C-SiC FGM on C/C composite brazed with actively-cooled-panel were performed. Two and/or three dimensional transient thermal/structural analyses were performed on the conditions of brazing and high-enthalpy gas exposure test. And optimization of brazing parameter were also investigated for the fabrication of actively-cooled-panel with FGM. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 253-259 FGMプロジェクト第II期計画の全体像 Development Plan of FGM Project 2nd Phase ○新野正之航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所ロケット　高空性能研究室 Masayuki NiinoRocket Altitude Performance Section National Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda Research Center With a view to establishing the technology fundamental to creating FGMs for easing thermal stress in an environment with a maximum surface temperature of 2000K and a gap in temperature of 1000K, the project has succeeded in creating small sample pieces, 1~10mm thick and 30mm in diameter. This was a major success during its first phase, FY1987~1989. The second phase, FY1990~1991, has seen as its primary goal the production of 300mm square shells. The latest achievements are given below. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 261-264 竹の傾斜構造性について Gradient Structure of Bamboo 天田重庚、宗像保、桐貝篤群馬大学工学部機械システム工学科 Sigeyasu Amada, Tamotu Munekata, Atusi KirigaiGUNMA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 　The purpose of this study is to clarify gradient structure of bamboo by microscopic and macroscopic observation . The shape of bamboo like node distance, diameter and so on is investigated by macroscopic observation. The bulk density and distribution of matrix structure and fiber, which compose the tissue of bamboo are investigated by microscopic observation. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 265-271 減圧プラズマ溶射法で作製した傾斜機能材料の構造と破壊機構の解明 Studies on microstructures and fracture mechanism of FGM prepared by Low Pressure Plasma Spraying ○浜谷秀樹、下田信之、一山靖友　北口三郎、斉藤亨新日本製鉄株式会社　鉄鋼研究所　接合研究部 Hideki Hamatani, Nobuyuki Shimoda,Yasutomo Ichiyama, Saburo Kitaguchi and Tohru Saito Joining Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation Studies on microstructures and fracture mechanism of FGM, consisted of YSZ and NiCr, prepared by LPPS were carried out. MSP test was performed to measure the fracture stress. Cyclic high temperature difference field test was used to investigate thermal fatigue properties. The microstructure of NiCr showed a columnar structure and its growth was perpendicular to the interface. On the other hand, in case NiCr was surrounded by YSZ, its microstructure was found to show an equiaxed structure. Initial particle size had an large effect on density, grain size and fracture stress. The size for obtaining maximum fracture stress was not coincident with that for the maximum density of coatings. Through the results of high temperature difference field test, an optimum design to reduce thermal stress has been proposed. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 273-275 減圧プラズマ溶射法で作成した傾斜機能材料の熱的特性 Thermal Evaluation Test of Functionally Gradient Materials Made by Low Pressure Plasma Spray ○下田信之、濱谷秀樹、北口三郎渡辺龍三、川崎亮、日比野敦新日本製鐵株式會社　鉄鋼研究所　接合研究部東北大学　工学部　材料加工学科 Nobuyuki Shimoda, Hideki Hamatani, Saburou Kitaguchi; Ryuzo Watanabe, Akira Kawasaki, Atsushi HibinoJoining, Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel CorporationDepartment of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku university For the better understanding of the fracture process of Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM) in the temperature difference field, burner heating test, using hydrogen and oxygen, was carried out. Plasma-sprayed FGM, consisting of zirconia and nickel alloy were prepared in this testing. Vertical crack were observed in a ceramics (top) layer, and terminated mainly at metal layers in a metal/ceramics mixing area. This is thought to suggest the advantage of FGM for its vertical crack arrestability. Horizontal cracks, on the other hand, were found in a ceramics (top) layer and propergated between vertical cracks. In addition, some horizontal cracks which did not follow the vertical cracks have also been found through the observation. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 277-279 ツイントーチ方式により形成したプラズマ溶射皮膜の特性向上 Property improvement of gradient coatings formed by plasma twin torch spraying process 北原繁、福島孟、黒田聖治金属材料技術研究所　組織制御研究部　第四研究室 Shigeru Kitahara, Takeshi Fukushima and Seiji Kuroda 4th Lab. Advanced Materials Processing Div., National Research Institute for Metals STA For the purpose of property improvement of gradient coatings formed by plasma twin torch spraying process, heat treatment was tried to the deposited coatings. Coatings were formed by deposition of Ni-Cr-Al-Y alloy (Ni base alloy) and Y2O3(8%) stabilized ZrO2 ceramics (YSZ) using plasma twin torch spraying process, and heat treatment was carried out at conditions of 1473K, 144h under a pressure of 1.33x10**(-2) Pa. In the results of this experiment, it was recognized that heat treatment for Ni base alloy and YSZ coatings was effective to improve the denseness, uniformity and cohesive strength of the coatings. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 281-289 軽量耐熱材料としての金属間化合物基複合溶射皮膜の作製 Fabrication of Plasma Sprayed Intermetallic Matrix Composite Coatings as a Light Weight Heat Resistant Material 福本昌宏豊橋技術科学大学　生産システム工学系 Masahiro FukumotoDept. of Production Systems Eng., Toyohashi Univ. of Technology Both Ti-Al and Mo-Si powders, which were highly mixed and bonded of each raw metal materials by the mechanical alloying, were introduced to rf plasma spraying. DC plasma spraying was also conducted under the equivalent experimental conditions to compare with the rf plasma spraying results. To fabricate the intermetallic matrix composite coatings, Ti-Al/Si3N4 MA pre-composite powders were made and plasma sprayed. Whereas the complete Ti3Al intermetallic coatings could not be obtained by dc plasma spraying, Ti3Al intermetallic coating was fabricated by rf plasma spraying without after heat treatments. Intermetallic matrix composite coatings were also made in the similar spray processes of Ti-Al/Si3N4 system. The phase obtained by spraying of Mo-Si MA powder was fairly complicated. More detailed observation was required in this system. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 291-294 焼結傾斜機能材料における機械的性質の組成依存性 Microstructural Dependence of Mechanical Properties for Sintered Functionally Gradient Material 山川俊輔川崎亮、渡辺龍三東北大学大学院東北大学工学部 Shunsuke Yamakawa, Akira Kawasaki , Ryuzou WatanabeFaculty of Engineering, Tohoku University This paper reports an evaluation of the mechanical properties of metal/ceramic composite in relation to microstructural features. A zirconia /stainless steel mixed composite having definite metal/ceramic ratios were fabricated by powder metallurgical method. A variation of flexural strength has been found to depend on the composition and microstructure. The AE analysis for the fracture behaviors during crack propagation during loading in the indentation fracture test along with microstructural investigation, was made. It has been found that fracture behaviors are strongly dependent on the continuity and morphology of the metallic phase; that means that the skeletal to dispersive structural transition and the cluster formation dominate the fracture behaviors. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 295-297 傾斜機能材料を用いる金属・合金とマグネシアの接合 Joinings of Metal or Alloy to Magnesia Using Functionally Gradient Materials ○新谷光二北海道大学工学部附属金属化学研究施設高温化学部門 Koji AtarashiyaLabo. of High Temperature Metal Chemistry, Metals Research Inst. Faculty of Eng. Hokkaido Univ. In order to obtain the joints of nickel and magnesia, a functionally gradient material of Ni-NiO was used for joining fillers. The joints of permalloy and magnesia were also done with the same fillers. The joints of cobalt and magnesia were accomplished using a functionally gradient material of Co-CoO. Furthermore, in order to obtain the joints of nickel and magnesia, I tried to use a functionally gradient material of Ni-MgO. Such a joint has no flat joining interface which are weak point against fractures. Thus, bending strength of the joints increased than that of the direct joints of metal or alloy and magnesia. It seems that the FGM block filler to joinings is useful to reduce residual thermal stress. The FGM block was made by the process of powder metallurgy. The several layers consisting of metallic powder and the mixed powder of metal and metal oxide, whoes composition gradually changed, were compacted in a steel die under pressure. The compacts were sintered at 1573 K for several hours in air. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 299-303 傾斜機能材料への冷却機能付加技術の検討 Study on the cooling structure to FGM ○赤間信也、大浜信一石川島播磨重工業(株)航空宇宙事業本部 Shinya Akama, Shin-ichi OhamaIshikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd In the thermal fatigue evaluation test for FGM at high temperature difference, the ceramics rich side of FGM is heated and the opposite side is cooled by coolant through the grooves in the cooling structure that is bonded to the metal rich side of FGM. In case of bonding the cooling structure to the FGM, it is necessary to avoid the deformation of the FGM by heating process, so the Electro Forming Process is a suitable method, because it is free from heating process. The Ni-Electro Forming Process of the small panel for the thermal fatigue test of FGM was investigated. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 305-310 非定常加熱時のFGMの温度応答と熱物性値評価 Temperature Response and Evaluation of Thermophysical Properties of Functionally Gradient Materials in Transient Measuring Methods 荒木信幸、牧野敦、○石黒達男静岡大学工学部 Nobuyuki ARAKI, Atsushi MAKINO and Tatsuo ISHIGURODepartment of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Shizuoka University 5-1 Johoku 3-Chome, Hamamatsu 432, JAPAN Wide attention has been given to multi-layered materials as electronic materials and materials resistant to wear, corrosion, and heat; they are expected to improve the specific nature of the convential materials with homogeneity in composition, structure and texture. Among these advanced materials, functionally gradient materials (FGM), which are composed of different components such as ceramics and metals with continuous profiles in composition, have attracted special interest as advanced heat-shielding structural materials in future space applications. The objectives and contributions of the present study are the following. First, an analytical solution of the temperature rise in the multi-layered material, which is subjected to the transient heating, is developed. This solution is easily extended to the temperature rise for FGM if the thickness of each layer is put to be infinitesimal. Second, estimation of a profile function of the thermal diffusivity has been made when inside and rear-surface temperature rises are known. Fair agreement is demonstrated between given and estimated profiles of mixture ratio and thermophysical properties. Finally, estimation of the profile function is considered when only the rear-surface temperature rise is known. An equivalent profile function of the thermophysical properties, which gives the same temperature rise, is obtained although it is quite different from the given profile. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 311-314 バーナー加熱試験法による傾斜機能材料の耐熱・遮熱性評価 Evaluation of Thermal Barrier Property of Functionally Gradient Material by Burner Heating Test. 日比野敦、川崎　亮、渡辺龍三東北大学工学部・材料加工学科 Atsushi Hibino, Akira Kawasaki, Ryuzo WatanabeDepartment of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University The burner heating test for thermomechanical evaluation of functionally gradient material in a laboratory scale has been described. A temperature difference was given by heating the ceramic side with a burner frame and cooling the metal side with water flow. The damage at the specimen surface was monitored with microscope. A vertical crack formation at the ceramic surface was observed during cooling cycle. The test temperature for the first crack formation was defined as a thermal barrier performance value for the test sample. It has been found that the crack formation temperature is almost constant for the various samples and heating conditions, which indicates a material dependency of the thermal barrier property. The crack formation mechanism was discussed on the basis of a thermal stress analysis using finite element method. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 315-319 8YSZ/NiCrAlY傾斜機能材のアーク加熱風洞評価試験 Evaluation of 8YSZ/NiCrAlY FGM in Arc-Heated Flows 渡辺泰夫、松崎貴至、青木由雄山本昌孝航空宇宙技術研究所宇宙開発事業団 Yasuo WATANABE, Takashi MATSUZAK, Yoshio AOKI; Masataka YAMAMOTONational Aerospace Laboratory, STANational Space Development Agency The evaluation study of 8YSZ/NiCrAlY FGM materials was carried out in arc-heated high enthalpy flows. Heating rate of 0.25 MW/m2 was applied to 30 phi test-pieces which were placed flat to flow direction. Surface and section of exposed test pieces were observed and analyzed by EPMA. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 321-323 高速回転加熱場模擬環境における傾斜機能材料の基礎評価 A Fundamental Evaluation of FGM for High Temperature Rotating Members 瀧將展、藤沢良昭、祖父江靖、吉田豊明航空宇宙技術研究所　熱流体力学部＆原動機部 Masanobu TAKI, Yoshiaki FUJISAWA, Yasushi SOFUE, Toyoaki YOSHIDA Thermofluid Dynamics Division, Aeroengine Division National Aerospace Laboratory, STA The fundamental evaluation method of the functionally gradient material (FGM) applied to the combined condition of thermal and mechanical load has been developed, which condition is commonly observed in rotating members e.g. gas turbine rotors. The pipe-shaped FGM test pieces were heated from their outer side by an image furnace and simultaneously cooled from their inner side. Under this condition, they were subjected to one-dimensional mechanical loads by a tension test apparatus. Their thermal barrier effect and mechanical damage have been investigated to evaluate the practical property of FGMs. With the combination of 8Y-PSZ and NiCoCrAlY as the two component materials of the FGM, at some hundred kW/m2 level heat flux, it has been shown that the FGMs have an equally good bonding property compared with the conventional thermal barrier coating (2 layered TBC) having the same material combination. A fundamental evaluation method under the combined condition has been established. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 325-334 無傾斜材遮熱層を有する高圧ロケット燃焼器模型の耐久性評価試験 Evaluation of Cylindrical High Pressure Thrust Chambers with Thermal Barrier Coatings 熊川彰長、坂本博、佐藤和雄、小野文衛、八柳信之滝川浩航技研角田支所新日鐵(株) Akinaga Kumakawa, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Kazuo Sato, Fumiei Ono, Nobuyuki Yatsuyanagi and Hiroshi, Takigawa Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory, STA Plant & Machinary Div. Nippon Steel Corporation Three cylinderical rocket thrust chambers with conventional ceramics coated layers as thermal barriers were tested using liquid oxygen and gaseous methane propellants at chamber pressures of 3.5 to 5.0 MPa and heat fluxes of 3.5 to 6MW/m2. Two of them were damaged at only one thermal cycle probably due to severe thermal stress. The another one was remained apparently adhered throughout 14 firing tests. In the post-test observation, two spalling modes were inspected. It was thought that nonuniformity of plasma-spray coated layers and severe thermal stress due to the mismatch of top and bond layers caused the spallings. Japanese 第４回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９１＞講演集 The 4th FGM Symposium 17 1991-10-08 335-337 傾斜機能材料データベースについて Functionally Gradient Materials Database 須藤孝幸、木皿且人、毛呂明夫、新野正之航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所 Takayuki Sudo, Katsuto Kisara, Akio Moro, Masayuki NiinoKakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory, STA Functionally gradient materials are promised for space plane. This report mention on the operation and structure of functionally gradient materials database. Japanese