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[[Vol. 24]Autonomous Decision-Making by Single Photons_ WPI-MANA.pdf](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/6febd812-1be5-4c58-8064-75fb9f765539/download)

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International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)

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[[Research Highlights Vol.24] Autonomous Decision-Making by Single Photons](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/f787e5fd-e1e5-48fd-aff2-22542db408da)

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2022/04/04 10:15 Autonomous Decision-Making by Single Photons| MANAhttps://www.nims.go.jp/mana/research/highlights/vol24.html 1/2Previous  Index  NextResearch Highlights[Vol. 24]Autonomous Decision-Making by Single Photons18 Mar, 2016Efficient and adaptive autonomous decision-making has been implemented based on apurely physical mechanism exploiting the quantum nature of photons.Figure: System architecture for single-photon decision maker and schematicdiagram of experimental setupDifficulty in decision-making to gain the maximal reward in uncertain, dynamically changingenvironments has been known as "multi-armed bandit problem (MAB)" in machine learning. In thistype of problem, the fundamental difficulty consists of a trade-off between "exploration cost fornew best" and "exploitation of known best".To tackle the problem, Song-Ju Kim at the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics,National Institute for Materials Science, Makoto Naruse at the National Institute of Information andCommunications Technology, Serge Huant at the Institut NEEL, CNRS, and collaboratorsexperimentally demonstrated that a single photon can be utilized to realize an autonomousphysical decision-making machine. They successfully applied a theory of a decision maker based onthe “tug-of-war (TOW) algorithm”, which was proposed by Song-Ju Kim and his colleagues, toartificially constructed decision-making machines by exploiting the particle and probabilistic natureof a single photon.https://www.nims.go.jp/mana/research/highlights/vol23.htmlhttps://www.nims.go.jp/mana/research/highlights/index.htmlhttps://www.nims.go.jp/mana/research/highlights/vol25.html2022/04/04 10:15 Autonomous Decision-Making by Single Photons| MANAhttps://www.nims.go.jp/mana/research/highlights/vol24.html 2/2In their experimental architecture, the TOW mechanism is implemented with the notion of apolarization adjuster. As shown in the figure, a single photon emitted from a nitrogen-vacancy(NV) center in a diamond passes through a polarizer and then through a half-wave plate mountedon a rotary positioner, and impinges on the polarizing beam splitter (PBS). The two detectors (Ch0and Ch1) are avalanche photodiodes (APDs). The detected signal is sent to a time-correlatedsingle-photon-counting system where individual events are directly captured. The systemassociates the detection of a photon in Ch0 or Ch1 immediately with the decision to select slotmachine R or L, respectively. Then the system adjusts the polarization of the photon by changingthe angle of rotation of the half-wave plate based on the decision.The study proposes a system to achieve an autonomous intelligent machine based on a purelyphysical mechanism, which is completely different from existing machine learning systemsexecuted with software in a computer. This development of new solutions to MAB is highlyexpected to contribute to the creation of new information and communications technology (ICT).Reference"Single-photon decision maker"Makoto Naruse, Martin Berthel, Aurélien Drezet, Serge Huant, Masashi Aono,Hirokazu Hori, and Song-Ju KimJournal : Scientific Reports, 5, 13253 (2015).DOI : 10.1038/srep13253"Efficient decision-making by volume-conserving physical object"Song-Ju Kim, Masashi Aono, and Etsushi NamedaJournal : New Journal of Physics, 17, 083023 (2015).DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/17/8/083023AffiliationsInternational Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for MaterialsScience (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, JapanContact informationInternational Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics(WPI-MANA)National Institute for Materials Science1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 JapanPhone: +81-29-860-4710E-mail: mana-pr[AT]ml.nims.go.jphttps://www.nature.com/articles/srep13253https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/17/8/083023