# Fileset [multiscale-multifunc-fgm-265-530.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/6cec072d-c312-4468-bfdd-cf0a89603bd5/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials (pp.265-530)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/57dacb5e-3a25-41e5-a80e-a59267117f0f) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 265-269 Development of WC-Co/SUS304 Functionally Graded Materials by Using Three Dimensional Micro Welding Development of WC-Co/SUS304 Functionally Graded Materials by Using Three Dimensional Micro Welding Y.Yamamoto 1), a and S.Kirihara 1), b1) Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Y.Yamamoto 1), a and S.Kirihara 1), b1) Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Three dimensional micro welding (3DMW) of a novel freeform fabrication process for metal or alloy components has been developed in our investigation group. A tungsten inert gas(TIG) welding machine is controlled by utilizing CAD/CAM processes. Various types of metal or alloy wires are fed automatically under a micro-arc torch to form tiny metallic beads. These micrometer order beads are joined continuously to build three dimensional structures. Near-netshape components of metal or alloy compounds with high melting points can be fabricated automatically with minimized energy and resources. In this study, tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) and stainless steel (SUS304) micro beads of 1.0 mm in diameter were stacked alternately to fabricate cutting tools with graded structures by using the 3DMW. The microstructure and hardness were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectra (EDS) and Vickers hardness tester. The maximum hardness of micro bead was approximately 1300 HV and no crack or pore existed in the formed objects.Keywords: Three dimensional micro welding, WC-Co, Rapid prototyping, Freeform fabrication,CAD/CAM system English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 273-278 Evaluation of physical properties on Functionally Graded Piping Joints made from Cu and austenitic stainless steel powder Evaluation of physical properties on Functionally Graded Piping Joints made from Cu and austenitic stainless steel powder K. Nakano 1), a, T. Anzai 1), b, T. Yamaguchi 2), c and K. Nishio 1), d1) Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Hibikino 2-4, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan2) Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui 1-1, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan K. Nakano 1), a, T. Anzai 1), b, T. Yamaguchi 2), c and K. Nishio 1), d1) Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Hibikino 2-4, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan2) Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui 1-1, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan Welding materials, that the principal chemical component is nickel, are used usually for the welding between copper and austenitic stainless steels. But many kinds of mechanical or physical properties of welds between two materials will change largely. In this study, Functionally Graded Piping Joints (FGPJ) have been manufactured as an experiment using copper and austenitic stainless steel (SUS304) powder by a process based on HIP. This composition has been confirmed by absorbed electron and characteristics X-ray images of each mixed layer for FGPJ to be uniform or continuous. The following items have been investigated and compared with the linear law of mixture rule: Vickers hardness, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity at a one-dimensional non-steady state etc. Those physical properties have been identified to depend on the mixing ratios of copper and austenitic stainless steel (SUS304). Pretty good agreements have been obtained between the experimental data and the calculated values according to the linear law of mixture rule.Keywords: Functionally graded piping joints, Austenitic stainless steel, Copper, Metallic powder, Vickers hardness, Thermal expansion, Thermal conductivity English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 279-284 Control of the composition profile of tungsten-copper functionally graded materials for fusion technology application Control of the composition profile of tungsten-copper functionally graded materials for fusion technology application J.-J. Raharijaona 1),2),a, J.-M. Missiaen 1),b, R. Mitteau 2),c and A.Thomazic 1),d1) Laboratoire de Science et Ingenierie des Materiaux et Procedes, SIMaP, Grenoble-INP ? CNRS ?UJF, BP75 ? 38402 Saint Martin d’Heres Cedex, France2) Euratom ? CEA, DSM/IRFM/SIPP/GCFP (Plasma Facing Components group), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul-lez-Durance, France J.-J. Raharijaona 1),2),a, J.-M. Missiaen 1),b, R. Mitteau 2),c and A.Thomazic 1),d1) Laboratoire de Science et Ingenierie des Materiaux et Procedes, SIMaP, Grenoble-INP ? CNRS ?UJF, BP75 ? 38402 Saint Martin d’Heres Cedex, France2) Euratom ? CEA, DSM/IRFM/SIPP/GCFP (Plasma Facing Components group), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul-lez-Durance, France This work aims to process W-Cu FGM for fusion material applications, in particular plasma facing components (PFC). Currently, PFCs are made by multi-material assembly and rely on tungsten armour tile (high heat flux side) which needs to be cooled by the attachment to a heat sink (Cu-alloys). The interfaces in multi-material assembly are unfavourable for the application (high working temperature, thermal fatigue). The use of FGM can be a new promising way. The aim of thisstudy is to analyze the effect of a composition/grain size variation on the liquid phase migration during liquid phase sintering of FGM, in order to control the final composition profile. Bi-layer materials are processed by powder metallurgy route. W-Cu compositions with 10 and 20wt%Cu and with different W-particle sizes are processed starting with attritor-milled W-CuO powder mixtures which are reduced at 350°C. Analysis of copper liquid phase migration for different composition/grain size associations indicates that the phenomenon is driven by differential sinterability in the gradient. The copper liquid migration depends on the differences in sinterability, on the available liquid and open porosity in the structure beyond the melting point of copper. From these analyses, a way to control the gradient profile of W-Cu structure can be proposed.Keywords: tungsten-copper, FGM, powder metallurgy, sintering, fusion technology. English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 287-292 Fabrication of Metal Photonic Crystals with Graded Lattice Spacing by Using Micro-stereolithography Fabrication of Metal Photonic Crystals with Graded Lattice Spacing by Using Micro-stereolithography Daisuke SANO 1),a, Soshu KIRIHARA 1),b1)Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka university, Osaka, Japan Daisuke SANO 1),a, Soshu KIRIHARA 1),b1)Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka university, Osaka, Japan We designed micro-scale photonic crystal with or without graded lattice spacing composed of copper to control Terahertz (THz) waves. Designed structures were fabricated byusing micro-stereolithography. By proper dewaxing and sintering process, pure copper photonic crystals were obtained. Transmission properties of THz waves propagating through the photonic crystals were measured by THz time-domain spectroscopy. Measured results showed good agreements with the simulated results.Keywords: metal photonic crystal, Terahertz wave, micro-stereolithography. English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 293-298 Millimeter Wave Control Using TiO2 Photonic Crystal with Diamond Structure Fabricated by Micro-stereolithography Millimeter Wave Control Using TiO2 Photonic Crystal with Diamond Structure Fabricated by Micro-stereolithography M. Kaneko 1), a, S. Kirihara 1), b1Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan M. Kaneko 1), a, S. Kirihara 1), b1Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan The diamond photonic crystals with the periodic arrangement of high dielectric constant (ε=100) were fabricated, and photonic band gap properties in the millimeter waveguideswere investigated. Acrylic diamond lattice structures with TiO2 dispersion at 40 vol. % were fabricated by Micro-stereolithography. The forming accuracy was 10?m. After sintering process, TiO2 diamond lattice structures are obtained. The relative density reached 96%. The millimeter wave transmittance properties were measured with network analyzer and W-band millimeter waveguide. The band gap was measured between 90 GHz and 110 GHz in the Γ-X <100> direction, which was well agreed with the results calculated by the plane wave expansion method and simulated by the Transmission Line Modeling method.Keywords: photonic crystal, TiO2, millimeter wave, micro-stereolithography . English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 299-304 Terahertz Wave Properties of Ceramic Photonic Crystals with Graded Structure Fabricated by Using Micro-stereolithography Terahertz Wave Properties of Ceramic Photonic Crystals with Graded Structure Fabricated by Using Micro-stereolithography Soshu KIRIHARA 1),a, Toshiki NIKI 1),b, Masaru KANEKO 1),c1) Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Soshu KIRIHARA 1),a, Toshiki NIKI 1),b, Masaru KANEKO 1),c1) Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Fabrication and terahertz wave properties of alumina micro photonic crystals with a diamond structure were investigated. The three-dimensional diamond structure was designed on a computer using 3D-CAD software. Acrylic diamond structures with alumina particles dispersion were formed by using micro-stereolithography. Fabricated precursors were dewaxed and sintered in the air. The electromagnetic wave properties were measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. A complete photonic band gap was observed at the frequency range from 0.40 to 0.47 THz, and showed good agreement with the simulation results calculated by the plane wave expansion method. Moreover, a localized mode was obtained by introducing a plane defect between twinned diamond structures. The one-way transmission of the electromagnetic wave was realized by using this twinned photonic crystal with the graded diamond structure. They corresponded to the simulation by the transmission line modeling (TLM) method.Keywords: Photonic crystal, Dielectric Material, Terahertz Wave, Micro-stereolithography. English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 305-312 Topology Optimized Design of Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Resonators with Specified Resonance Frequencies Topology Optimized Design of Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Resonators with Specified Resonance Frequencies Wilfredo Montealegre Rubio 1),a, Emilio Carlos Nelli Silva 1),b, and Glaucio H. Paulino 2),c1) Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231 - Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo ? SP, CEP: 05508-900, Brazil2) Newmark Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Av., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA Wilfredo Montealegre Rubio 1),a, Emilio Carlos Nelli Silva 1),b, and Glaucio H. Paulino 2),c1) Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231 - Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo ? SP, CEP: 05508-900, Brazil2) Newmark Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Av., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA This work explores the design of piezoelectric resonators based on functionally graded material (FGM) concept. The goal is to design single-frequency Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Resonators (FGPR) subjected to the following requirements: (i) an assurance of the specified resonance frequency, and (ii) for most acoustic wave generation applications, the FGPR is required to oscillate in the piston mode. Several approaches can be used to achieve these goals; however, a novel approach is to design the piezoelectric transducer by using Topology Optimization Method. Accordingly, in this work, the optimal material gradation of an FGPR is found, which maximizes a specified and single resonance frequency subjected to a volume constraint. To track the desirable piston mode, a mode-tracking method utilizing the modal assurance criterion (MAC) is applied. The continuous change of piezoelectric, dielectric, and elastic properties is achieved by using the graded finite element (GFE) concept, where these material properties are interpolated inside the finite element using interpolation functions. The optimization algorithm is constructed based on sequential linear programming (SLP), and the concept of the Continuum Approximation of Material Distribution (CAMD) is considered. The software is implemented in MATLAB language. In addition, to illustrate the method, a two-dimensional FGPR is designed with plane strain assumption. Performance of designed FGPR is compared with non-FGPR performance.Keywords: Piezoelectric Resonators, Topology Optimization Method, Functionally Graded Materials, Mode-Tracking, Graded Finite Element. English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 313-318 Fabrication and evaluation of CoSb3/electrode thermoelectric joints Fabrication and evaluation of CoSb3/electrode thermoelectric joints Degang Zhao 1),2), Xiaoya Li 1), Yanhong Cai 1), Wan Jiang 1), Lidong Chen 1)1) State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China2) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China Degang Zhao 1),2), Xiaoya Li 1), Yanhong Cai 1), Wan Jiang 1), Lidong Chen 1)1) State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China2) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China Joining of TE material to electrode is the key technique in the construction of TE device for the practical applications. In this study, a suitable alloy electrode was introduced into CoSb3-based element by means of spark plasma sintering (SPS). Finite element analysis showed that the maximum thermal residual stress appeared at the cylindrical surface zone close to the CoSb3/electrode interface. Microstructure of CoSb3/electrode was investigated by EPMA and the intermetallic compound (IMC) layers were found. The shear strength of CoSb3/electrode joints was tested and the results show that the joints have sufficient strength for reliability of TE device. Electrical contact resistance between CoSb3 and electrode was measured by means of four-probe technique. The results show that the contact resistance was minimal and below the 50μΩ.cm2, which meant the joint exhibited a good electrical contact. The high temperature reliability evaluation showed good thermal duration stability of the CoSb3/electrode joints.Key words: Thermoelectric joint; CoSb3-based device; reliability evaluation; English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 319-324 Anode-supported SOFCs with Electrolyte Thin Films Prepared by Spray Coating Anode-supported SOFCs with Electrolyte Thin Films Prepared by Spray Coating Changsheng Ding 1), a, Hongfei Lin 1), b, Kazuhisa Sato 2), c, Yoshifumi Tsutai 3), d,Mabito Iguchi 3), e and Toshiyuki Hashida 1), f1) Fracture and Reliability Research Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan2) Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan3) Research and Development Unit, Nihon Ceratec Co., Ltd. Sendai, Japan Changsheng Ding 1), a, Hongfei Lin 1), b, Kazuhisa Sato 2), c, Yoshifumi Tsutai 3), d, Mabito Iguchi 3), e and Toshiyuki Hashida 1), f1) Fracture and Reliability Research Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan2) Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan3) Research and Development Unit, Nihon Ceratec Co., Ltd. Sendai, Japan Dense gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) electrolyte thin films were prepared on porous NiO-GDC substrates by spray coating process. Microstructure of the GDC thin films and effect of preparation process on the microstructure were examined. SEM results show that uniform and dense GDC thin films with a thickness of approximately 1 μm were successfully prepared on porous NiO-GDC anodes. Anode-supported single cell with the thin GDC electrolyte film was tested using humidified hydrogen as a fuel, and exhibited relatively high electrical performance at low operating temperature (the maximum power density of 135 mW/cm2 at 600 oC). This means that the thin GDC film may be applicable to an electrolyte for anode-supported SOFCs. The experimental results suggest that the spray coating method developed in this study may offer a useful route for preparing thin and dense electrolytes of SOFCs. English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 327-331 Sputter Deposition of Fe-Co Nitride for Ferromagnetic Granular Nitride Thin Film Sputter Deposition of Fe-Co Nitride for Ferromagnetic Granular Nitride Thin Film K. Sakon, Y. Hirokawa, Y. Masubuchi and S. Kikkawa*Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan K. Sakon, Y. Hirokawa, Y. Masubuchi and S. Kikkawa*Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan Sputter deposited Fe0.7Co0.3 nitride thin film had zinc blende structure. It was thermally decomposed completely back to the ferromagnetic Fe0.7Co0.3 alloy above 400°C. As-deposited nitride thin films obtained in cosputtering of (Fe0.7Co0.3)1-xAlx composite target with nitrogen sputter gas were solid solutions with zinc blende (x?0.44) and wurtzite (x>0.5) type structure, respectively. The largest magneto resistance ratio of 0.24% was observed on the Fe0.7Co0.3 alloy particles dispersed in AlN thin film obtained by thermal decomposition of the nitride solid solution with x=0.66 at 500°C.Keywords: granular film, magneto resistance, nitride, thermal decomposition, sputter deposition English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 333-338 Mechanical modeling of Thin Films Bonded to Functionally Graded Materials Mechanical modeling of Thin Films Bonded to Functionally Graded Materials Mehmet Ali Guler 1), a, Yusuf Fuat Gulver 1),b and Serkan Dag 2),c1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology Ankara, 06560, TURKEY2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University Ankara, 06531, TURKEY Mehmet Ali Guler 1), a, Yusuf Fuat Gulver 1),b and Serkan Dag 2),c1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology Ankara, 06560, TURKEY2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University Ankara, 06531, TURKEY In this study the contact problems of thin films bonded to Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) are considered. In these problems the loading consists of any one or combination of stresses caused by uniform temperature changes and temperature excursions, far field mechanical loading, and residual stresses resulting from film processing or in the manufacturing process of the graded coating. The primary interest in this study is in examining stress concentrations or singularities near the film ends for the purpose of addressing the question of crack initiation and propagation in the substrate or along the interface. The underlying contact mechanics problem is formulated by assuming that the film is a “membrane” and the FGM an elastic continuum, and is solved analytically by reducing it to an integral equation. The calculated results are the interfacial shear stress between the film and the graded substrate, mode II stress intensity factor at the end of the film and the axial normal stress in the film.Keywords: contact mechanics, thin films, friction, functionally graded materials. English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 339-344 Effect of Metal Gradient In Nano Wall of Stratified Type Photocatalyst Effect of Metal Gradient In Nano Wall of Stratified Type Photocatalyst Tsugumi Hayashi 1),a, Yohei Baba 1), Toshiharu Taga 1), Shun Yokoyama 1),Hiroaki Suzuki 2), Hideyuki Takahashi 1), Masayuki Niino 3) and Kazuyuki Tohji 1)1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan2) Advanced Mission Research Center, Institute of Aerospace Technology, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan3) Foundation for Promotion of Japanese Aerospace Technology, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Tsugumi Hayashi 1),a, Yohei Baba 1), Toshiharu Taga 1), Shun Yokoyama 1), Hiroaki Suzuki 2), Hideyuki Takahashi 1), Masayuki Niino 3) and Kazuyuki Tohji 1)1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan2) Advanced Mission Research Center, Institute of Aerospace Technology, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan3) Foundation for Promotion of Japanese Aerospace Technology, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Objective of study was the development of core-shell type ZnS-CdS photocatalyst with the stratified morphology. To form the stratified morphology, condition of the precursor is extremely important. For this purpose, three types of precursors, thus core-shell type, egg-shell type and uniform type, was tried to synthesize by utilizing the results of the calculation. The size of the synthesized precursor particles was about 40-100 nm. Main phase of the particle was gradually changed from ZnO (pH8.0) to Cd(OH)2 (pH9.5). Detailed analysis of the synthesized precursor was clearly demonstrated that these have the crystalline structure and each metal element was co-existedin one particle. Therefore, it could be concluded that core-shell type or uniform type precursor was successfully synthesized. Core-shell type ZnS-CdS stratified photocatalyst could be successfully synthesized by sulfurization for 1h, and it shows the high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation.Keywords: photocatalyst, ZnS, CdS, core-shell English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 345-350 Structure of Ni-Al intermetallic porous thick films produced by microscopic reactive infiltration Structure of Ni-Al intermetallic porous thick films produced by microscopic reactive infiltration Naoya HAYASHI 1),a, Tatsuya OHMI 1),b and Manabu IGUCHI 1),c1) Division of Material Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan Naoya HAYASHI 1),a, Tatsuya OHMI 1),b and Manabu IGUCHI 1),c1) Division of Material Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan A microchanneling process utilizing microscopic reactive infiltration produces microchannels and alloy lining layers in metal bodies. We examined the composition and structure of a Ni-Al intermetallic lining layer with a peculiar porous structure produced by Ni-Al reactive infiltration. The Ni-Al lining layer is a thick film consists of multiple sub-layers and has many micropores. Such a porous structure and the heat resistance of Ni-Al intermetallic compound are appropriate for a catalyst support in high-temperature use. Image analysis and EPMA revealed that both aluminum concentration and voidage in the Ni-Al lining layer show a graded distribution along the thickness direction of the lining layer.Keywords: Porous structure, Nickel aluminide, Intermetallic compound, Powder metallurgy, Catalyst support English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 353-358 The Recent Progress of FGM on Nuclear Materials------ Design and Fabrication of W/Cu Functionally Graded MaterialHigh Heat Flux Components for Fusion Reactor------ The Recent Progress of FGM on Nuclear Materials------ Design and Fabrication of W/Cu Functionally Graded MaterialHigh Heat Flux Components for Fusion Reactor------ Zhangjian ZHOU a), Yongjin YUM b), Changchun GE a), Zhangjian ZHOU a), Yongjin YUM b), Changchun GE a), Two kinds of W/Cu functionally graded material based high heat flux components, including monoblock concept and flat tile concept, are designed and fabricated. Thermally induced stresses and strains under operation conditions in these components are analyzed using finite element analysis. The effect on stress and strain of using different graded structures to join Cu to W is examined and compared. There has no obvious difference on operation thermal stress mitigating between monoblock design and flat tile design. The component with monoblock concept was fabricated by a one step fast resistance sintering, and the component with flat tile concept was fabricated by infiltration-welding method successfully. English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 361-366 Sedimentation Behavior of Mixed Powder Slurry under High-speed Centrifugal Force Sedimentation Behavior of Mixed Powder Slurry under High-speed Centrifugal Force Hiroyuki Y. Suzuki 1)1) Graduate school of engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8527, JAPAN Hiroyuki Y. Suzuki 1)1) Graduate school of engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8527, JAPAN Compaction behavior of two component slurry during High-speed Centrifugal Compaction Process (HCP) was observed. Slight amount of iron oxide powder is mixed into alumina slurry, then the slurry was sedimented in a centrifuge under rotational speed of up to 11,500 rpm. A “Y” letter shaped flow pattern was emerged in the cross section of the compact. The pattern was clearer with higher rotational speed, but indifferent to acceleration rate of rotation. A similar pattern was simulated when we presume bidirectional initial flow in centrifugal field, which indicated that the combination of Corioli’s force and bidirectional flows of powder and dispersing medium caused such flow pattern.Keywords: HCP, Flow in centrifugal field, Corioli’s force, FGM, Simulation English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 367-372 Solidification Structure and Hardness Distribution in Centrifugally Cast Aluminum Alloy Duplex Pipes Solidification Structure and Hardness Distribution in Centrifugally Cast Aluminum Alloy Duplex Pipes Tatsuya Ohmi 1), a and Manabu Iguchi 2),b1) Hokkaido University, Kita13, Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628 Japan2) Hokkaido University, Kita13, Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628 Japan Tatsuya Ohmi 1), a and Manabu Iguchi 2),b1) Hokkaido University, Kita13, Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628 Japan2) Hokkaido University, Kita13, Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628 Japan The solidification structure and hardness distribution in aluminum alloy duplex pipes produced by a two-step centrifugal casting have been investigated. In this process, two kinds of molten metals, i.e., the first melt and the second melt with a higher liquidus temperature were cast in sequence at a given interval into a rotating mold of a centrifugal caster. An Al-12mass%Si alloy was used for the first melt, and an Al-30mass%Ni or Al-32mass%Si-0.1mass%P alloy was used for the second melt. The second melt was cast after the solidified shell of the first melt had formed. The resultant cast pipes consisted of an outer side layer and a composite layer containing fine primary crystals. The outer side layer was a portion of the solidified shell of the first melt that survived after the contact with the higher-temperature second melt. The composite layer consisted of one or two layer(s). When the volume of the remelted part of the solidified shell was large, all the second melt mixed into the first melt and the resulted mixed melt formed the composite layer. On the other hand, the composite layer formed only from the second melt when the temperature of the solidified shell was low. In the intermediate case, the composite layer consisted of these two types of the layers.Keywords: centrifugal casting, aluminum alloy, solidification structure, intermetallic compound, primary silicon, hardness, duplex pipe English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 373-378 Effects of the Processing Temperature of Centrifugal Casting on the Mechanical Properties of Al-Al3Ti FGMs Effects of the Processing Temperature of Centrifugal Casting on the Mechanical Properties of Al-Al3Ti FGMs Shimaa El-Hadad 1),2),a, Hisashi Sato 3),b, P.D. Sequeira 4),c, Yoshimi Watanabe 1),dand Yoshihito Oya-Seimiya 5),e1) Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan2) Department of Manufacturing Technology, Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute, P.O.BOX 87, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt3) Department of Techno-Business Administration, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan4) CIICS-Centro de investigago em Superficies, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal5) Advanced Materials R&D Center, Meisei University, Tokyo, 191-8506, Japan Shimaa El-Hadad 1),2),a, Hisashi Sato 3),b, P.D. Sequeira 4),c, Yoshimi Watanabe 1),d and Yoshihito Oya-Seimiya 5),e1) Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan2) Department of Manufacturing Technology, Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute, P.O.BOX 87, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt3) Department of Techno-Business Administration, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan4) CIICS-Centro de investigago em Superficies, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal5) Advanced Materials R&D Center, Meisei University, Tokyo, 191-8506, Japan Formation of the compositional gradient in FGMs fabricated by centrifugal casting method depends mainly on the processing temperature and the applied centrifugal force. According to the initial state of the dispersed second phase at the processing temperature, CCM-FGMs can be classified into two categories. One is the FGM fabricated by centrifugal solid-particle method, and the other one is the FGM made by centrifugal in-situ method. In previous study, it has been reported that microstructure of Al-Al3Ti FGMs by centrifugal in-situ method was different from that by centrifugal solid-particle method. However, difference of mechanical property due to processing method is still unclear. In this study, mechanical properties, such as hardness and wear property of Al-Al3Ti FGMs fabricated by centrifugal solid-particle method and in-situ method were evaluated.Keywords: Functionally graded materials (FGMs), Al-5%Ti alloy, centrifugal casting method (CCM), processing temperature, mechanical properties English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 379-384 Investigation of the Mechanical Properties in Al/Al3Zr FGMs Fabricated by Centrifugal Casting Method Investigation of the Mechanical Properties in Al/Al3Zr FGMs Fabricated by Centrifugal Casting Method Shimaa El-Hadad 1), 2),a, Hisashi Sato 3), b, Yoshimi Watanabe 1),c1) Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan2) Department of Manufacturing Technology, Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute, P.O.BOX 87, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt3) Department of Techno-Business Administration, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan Shimaa El-Hadad 1), 2),a, Hisashi Sato 3), b, Yoshimi Watanabe 1),c1) Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan2) Department of Manufacturing Technology, Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute, P.O.BOX 87, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt3) Department of Techno-Business Administration, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan Al-5mass%Zr FGMs fabricated by centrifugal casting method (CCM) have a very interesting microstructure. Since the intermetallics compounds of Al3Zr are plate in shape, Al3Zr platelet particles are almost oriented normal to the applied centrifugal-force direction. Considering this microstructure, the mechanical properties of Al/Al3Zr FGMs would vary for the same sample depending on the particles orientation and their volume fraction in the tested position. In this study, some mechanical properties of Al/Al3Zr FGMs were investigated. Al/Al3Zr FGMs rings were produced by CCM, under applied centrifugal force of 30, 60 and 120G (units of gravity). Microstructural observation along the centrifugal force direction was carried out. The platelet Al3Zr particles were almost oriented normal to the applied centrifugal force direction. The volume-fraction of Al3Zr particles increases close to the ring surface. Moreover, this distribution range of Al3Zr particles becomes broader with decreasing the applied centrifugal force. The same distribution trends were also observed for the hardness values. The Compression tests were also performed for further investigation of the mechanical properties. Samples under G=30 showed the lowest the 0.2%proof stress while those cast under G=120 had the highest 0.2% proof stress.Keywords: Al-5%Zr FGMs, centrifugal force, microstructure, intermetallics distribution, mechanical properties. English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 387-392 Creep Properties of SUS304 Steel by Small Punch Creep Tests Creep Properties of SUS304 Steel by Small Punch Creep Tests Gang Chen　1),a，PengCheng Zhai 2),b and QingJie Zhang 3),c1),2),3) State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P.R.China Gang Chen　1),a，PengCheng Zhai 2),b and QingJie Zhang 3),c1),2),3) State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P.R.China Creep behavior of SUS304 stainless steel is studied by small punch creep (SP-C) test. Series of SP-C testing for SUS304 stainless steel are carried out at 600°C. The time dependence of the central deflection is obtained by the SP-C testing at different load level and the creep deflection curves are quantitatively similar to those observed in conventional uniaxial creep testing. In this paper, an analytic approach based on Chakrebarty’s membrane-stretch model is used to interpret the SP-C test method. The relationship between specimen central deflection and equivalent strain is deduced, and the relationship between load and equivalent stress are established. The creep stressexponent of SUS304 stainless steel is determined by the theory formula and the data obtained in the SP-C testing. Comparison of the creep stress exponent of the Norton equations in SP-C testing and conventional creep testing is performed. The results show that the creep stress exponent is well consistent with conventional experimental results.Keywords: Small Punch Creep Test, Creep Properties, Analytic Approach, Creep Stress Exponent English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 393-398 Investigation on the Effect of Test Parameters on Small Punch Creep Tests by Finite Element Method Investigation on the Effect of Test Parameters on Small Punch Creep Tests by Finite Element Method JianPing Wang 1),a, Gang Chen* 2),b，PengCheng Zhai 2),c and QingJie Zhang 2),d1) School of Architecture Engineering, Guizhou University for Nationalities, Guiyang, 550025, China2) State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China JianPing Wang 1),a, Gang Chen* 2),b，PengCheng Zhai 2),c and QingJie Zhang 2),d1) School of Architecture Engineering, Guizhou University for Nationalities, Guiyang, 550025, China2) State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China The small punch creep (SP-C) test technique is a new method which is applied to evaluate the high temperature creep properties of materials by using miniature specimen. In the present paper, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed to simulate the SP-C test in order to investigate the effects of test parameters on testing results of the SP-C test. In this attempt, we perform systematic numerical simulations of SP-C tests by changing friction coefficient, specimen thickness, the diameter of punch ball and the inner diameter of lower die, and discuss the effects of the variation of test parameters on test results in detail. The resulting regression equations for assessing the effects of testing parameters on test results are obtained. It is found that the test results are influenced significantly by the specimen thickness, the diameter of punch ball and the inner diameter of lower die. However, the effects of friction coefficient on the results of the SP-C test can be neglected.Keywords: Small Punch Creep Test, Test Parameters, Numerical Simulation, Finite Element Method English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 401-406 Multi-scale phase field simulation of disorder-order transition, combined with cluster variation and path probability methods Multi-scale phase field simulation of disorder-order transition, combined with cluster variation and path probability methods Munekazu Ohno 1), a, Ying Chen 2),b and Tetsuo Mohri 1),c1) Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, JAPAN2) Department of Quantum Engineering and System Science, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, JAPAN Munekazu Ohno 1), a, Ying Chen 2),b and Tetsuo Mohri 1),c1) Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, JAPAN2) Department of Quantum Engineering and System Science, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, JAPAN Multi-scale simulation of ordering process from electronic, atomistic scales to microstructural scale was carried out by hybridizing Phase Field Method (PFM) and Cluster Variation Method (CVM). The hybrid model was applied to disorder-L10 ordering process in Fe-Pd system. Furthermore, computation of relaxation constants in the PFM was attempted based on Path Probability Method (PPM) which is the time evolution version of the CVM, within a linearized analysis of order-order relaxation process.Keywords: Multi-scale simulation, Phase Field Method, Cluster Variation Method, Path Probability Method, Disorder-Order Transition English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 407-412 Hydroxyapatite coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by an electrolytic process and with heat-treatment Hydroxyapatite coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by an electrolytic process and with heat-treatment Cheng-Li Wang 1),a, Wei-Jen Shih 2),b, Szu-Hao Wang 1),c, Kuo-Ming Chang 1),d, Wang-Long Li 3),e, Min-Hsiung Hon 4),f, Moo-Chin Wang 5),g,*1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien-kung Road, Kaohsiung 80782, Taiwan2) Metal Industries Research & Development Center 1001, Kaonan Highway, Kaohsiung 81160, Taiwan3) Institute of Nano Technology and Microsystem Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan4) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan5) Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan Cheng-Li Wang 1),a, Wei-Jen Shih 2),b, Szu-Hao Wang 1),c, Kuo-Ming Chang 1),d, Wang-Long Li 3),e, Min-Hsiung Hon 4),f, Moo-Chin Wang 5),g,*1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien-kung Road, Kaohsiung 80782, Taiwan2) Metal Industries Research & Development Center 1001, Kaonan Highway, Kaohsiung 81160, Taiwan3) Institute of Nano Technology and Microsystem Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan4) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan5) Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan The effect of the heat-treatment on the calcium phosphate deposited on Ti-6Al-4V substrate by an electrolytic process has been investigated. The calcium phosphate were deposited in a 0.04M Ca(H2PO4)2･H2O (MCPM) solution on Ti-6Al-4V substrate at 60 °C, 10V and 80 Torr for 1h, and calcined at different temperature for 4h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterized the deposited samples. The XRD pattern of as-deposited sample contain the phase of dicalcium phosphate (DCPD) and HAP. When calcined at 400 °C for 4 h, the DCPD phase is vanished and HAP becomes the major phase. The XRD pattern reveals that the intensity of HAP and Ca2P2O7 (CPP) decreases, but the β-TCP, CaO and rutile TiO2 also shows up.Keywords: biomaterials, electrochemical growth, nanomaterials, phosphates English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 413-423 Mechanical Properties of ZrO2 (Y2O3)-Al2O3 Nanocomposites with Addition of Hydroxyapatite Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering Mechanical Properties of ZrO2 (Y2O3)-Al2O3 Nanocomposites with Addition of Hydroxyapatite Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering Shufeng Li 1),3), Hiroshi Izui 1), Michiharu Okano 2), Weihua Zhang 3),Taku Watanabe 1)1) College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 7-24-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8501, Japan2) College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan3) College of Materials Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, 5 South Jinhua Road, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710048, China Shufeng Li 1),3), Hiroshi Izui 1), Michiharu Okano 2), Weihua Zhang 3), Taku Watanabe 1)1) College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 7-24-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8501, Japan2) College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan3) College of Materials Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, 5 South Jinhua Road, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710048, China TZP-3Y20A/HA composites with addition of different volume fraction of hydroxyapatite (HA) were fabricated successfully using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The densification behavior and mechanical properties of composites are investigated as a function of sintering temperature and HA content respectively. The density of TZP-3Y20A composite increases steadily with temperature and a maximum value of 97.8% is obtained after sintering at 1400°C. Sintering the TZP- 3Y20A/HA composites at 1400°C led to the decomposition of HA in the samples. Flexural strength, fracture toughness and Vickers hardness values increase with increasing sintering temperature,show decrease trend with increasing of HA content at the same temperature. They compared well with densities obtained at different sintering temperature. The maximum flexural strength, fracture toughness and Vickers hardness of 967.1 MPa, 5.27 MPam1/2 and 13.26 GPa were achieved for TZP-3Y20A composite respectively. Flexural strength, fracture toughness and Vickers hardness values of TZP-3Y20A/HA composite fell within the value range of dense HA and of TZP-3Y20A composite.Keywords: Nanocomposite; Spark plasma sintering (SPS); Hydroxyapatite (HA); Biomaterials; Zirconia-alumina; Mechanical properties; Microstructure English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 425-430 Selected interlayer of diamond deposition on γ-TiAl intermetallic compounds prepared by microwave-plasma assisted CVD Selected interlayer of diamond deposition on γ-TiAl intermetallic compounds prepared by microwave-plasma assisted CVD Saleh B. Abu Suilik 1), Masayuki Ohshima 1), Toshimitsu Tetsui 2) andKazuhiro Hasezaki 1)1) Department of Materials Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan2) Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan Saleh B. Abu Suilik 1), Masayuki Ohshima 1), Toshimitsu Tetsui 2) and Kazuhiro Hasezaki 1)1) Department of Materials Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan2) Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan Several diamond coatings were performed on γ-TiAl substrates by a microwave-plasma assisted CVD, which were made directly to the substrate and indirectly to the TiC, Ti5Si3, Al2O3+TiO2 and Si layers on the substrate. The direct coatings suffered from severe delamination and cracks. The deposited layers on TiC and Ti5Si3 layers partially delaminated, while those on　Al2O3+TiO2 and Si layers adhered well without delamination. All the diamond films deposited were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.　Raman spectra showed that poly- and nano-crystalline diamond films were obtained for the coatings of γ-TiAl.Keywords: Gamma titanium aluminide, Diamond coatings, MPACVD, Residual stresses, Interlayer English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 431-434 Preparation of W/Cu Functionally Graded Material Preparation of W/Cu Functionally Graded Material C.B.Wang 1),2),a , H.Zeng 1),b, Y.G.Chen 1),c, Q.Shen 1),d and L.M.Zhang 1),e1) State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R.China2) Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Advance Materials and New Preparation Technology, Guilin541004, P.R.China C.B.Wang 1),2),a , H.Zeng 1),b, Y.G.Chen 1),c, Q.Shen 1),d and L.M.Zhang 1),e1) State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R.China2) Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Advance Materials and New Preparation Technology, Guilin541004, P.R.China A W/Cu system functionally graded material (FGM), which may be used as plasma facing component for fusion reactors, was prepared by inserting W-Cu layers with gradient composition between tungsten and copper alloy plates. W-Cu gradient layers were hot-press sintered from W-Cu powder mixtures added with zinc powder as the sintering aid, whose relative density increased with sintering temperature, reaching a value higher than 96% at 850℃. XRD and SEM measurements showed that the sintered W-Cu gradient layers were the mechanical mixtures of W and Cu. A wholly dense W/Cu system FGM was then obtained at 850℃ by hot-press, whose composition and structure changed gradually. The finite element method (FEM) calculation showed that the residual stresses in the W/Cu FGM were effectively reduced as compared with the directly-bonded W/Cu joint.Keywords: W/Cu; functionally graded material; Gradient layer English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 435-440 Thermal Shock Behavior of Calcia Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics with Porosity Gradient Structure Thermal Shock Behavior of Calcia Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics with Porosity Gradient Structure Qiang Shen, Changlian Chen, Fei Chen, Qiwen Liu, Lianmen Zhang*State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China Qiang Shen, Changlian Chen, Fei Chen, Qiwen Liu, Lianmen Zhang*State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China Porous calcia stabilized zirconia ceramics (CSZC) with closed pores were presurelessly sintered by adding different contents of zirconia hollow balls. CSZC FGM with porosity gradient structure was then fabricated by laminating five layers with designed contents of zirconia hollow balls. The porosity, microstructure, and bending strength of the obtained CSZC samples were characterized. The results show that the hollow balls distribute uniformly and are well bonded with the matrix, and the porous structure is mainly composed of closed pores. The porosity of the CSZC increases linearly from 5.7 % to 31.6 % when the content of zirconia hollow balls increases from 0 % to 30 %, and the bending strength decreases rapidly from 297 MPa to 30 MPa. The thermal shock behavior of the CSZC and FGM was evaluated using air-quenching technique. It is shown that the residual bending strength of the quenched samples increases after several quenching cycles, and the samples are damaged by thermal shock after eight thermal cycles because of the productionof monoclinic zirconia. FGM samples with porosity gradient structure can endure above twelve thermal shock cycles and exhibits better thermal shock resistance.Keywords: Porosity gradient, calcia stabilized zirconia ceramics, thermal shock behavior English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 441-447 Fabrication of Al-based FGM Containing TiO2 Nano-Particles by a Centrifugal Mixed-Powder Method Fabrication of Al-based FGM Containing TiO2 Nano-Particles by a Centrifugal Mixed-Powder Method Yoshifumi Inaguma 1),a, Hisashi Sato 2),b and Yoshimi Watanabe 1),c1) Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology,Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan2) Department of Techno-Business Administration, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan Yoshifumi Inaguma 1),a, Hisashi Sato 2),b and Yoshimi Watanabe 1),c1) Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology,Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan2) Department of Techno-Business Administration, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan Centrifugal method is often applied as the fabrication process of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). This is because that this processing method can fabricate FGMs with large size, easily. However, this processing method has a serious problem, namely it is difficult to disperse particles with small size and low wet ability with matrix. Many of powders with nano or very fine particle size often have attractive attention as functional materials. Therefore the above problem of the centrifugal method should be improved. In this study, we proposed a centrifugal mixed-powder method as novel processing technique for the fabrication of FGM containing nano-particle. On first of this processing, powder mixture of functional nano-particle and matrix material is inserted into rotating mold. After that, matrix ingot is melted in crucible and then the molten matrix is poured intothe rotating mold with powder mixture, and then, powder of matrix material will be melted by the heat from molten matrix poured from crucible. Finally, an FGM ring with functional nano-particles distributed on its surface can be obtained. Using this processing method, Al-based FGM containing TiO2 nano-particles on its surface could be fabricated. TiO2 particle has approximately 500nm in diameter. From microstructural observation, it was found that TiO2 particles were successfullydistributed on surface of FGM ring. Also, hardness on the surface of the FGM ring was higher than that on inner part due to the dispersion hardening.Keywords: Centrifugal force, nano-particle, centrifugal mixed-powder method, English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 449-454 Effect of Casting Condition on Density and Hardness Gradients of Al-Al2Cu Alloy FGM Fabricated by Centrifugal in-situ Method Effect of Casting Condition on Density and Hardness Gradients of Al-Al2Cu Alloy FGM Fabricated by Centrifugal in-situ Method Ken-ichi Tabushi 1), a, Hisashi Sato 1),b and Yoshimi Watanabe 1),c1) Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan Ken-ichi Tabushi 1), a, Hisashi Sato 1),b and Yoshimi Watanabe 1),c1) Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan Functionally graded material (FGM) is a combined material that has a component gradient from one material at one surface to another material at the opposite surface. As one of the fabrication processes of FGM, centrifugal in-situ method has been proposed. Centrifugal in-situ method is a casting that centrifugal force is applied during solidification to both the primary crystal and the matrix. In a previous study, the density and hardness gradients of Al-3mass%Cu FGM ring fabricated by centrifugal in-situ method have been investigated. According to the study, Cu concentration within the FGM ring monolithically increases towards the ring's inner position, and its density also increases toward inner region. This is because the density of the primary a-Al crystal is larger than that of the molten Al-Cu alloy in the early stage of solidification. Based on this solidification process, it is considered that the casting condition and the initial Cu concentration of Al-Cu master alloy affect on the density and hardness gradients in the Al-Cu FGM ring. In this study, effects of the casting condition on the density and hardness gradients of Al-Al2Cu FGM rings fabricated by the centrifugal in-situ method were investigated. It was found that density gradient of the Al-Al2Cu FGM rings increases with increasing Cu concentration of Al-Cu master alloys. Also, processing temperature for Al-Cu master alloy can control density gradient of Al-Al2Cu FGM rings. These phenomena were explained by variation of the densities of primary a-Al and the molten Al matrix during the solidification.Keywords: Functionally graded material (FGM), Al-Cu alloy, Centrifugal in-situ Method English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 455-460 Development of Compositional Gradient Simulation for Centrifugal Slurry-Pouring Methods Development of Compositional Gradient Simulation for Centrifugal Slurry-Pouring Methods Keisuke Kinoshita 1), a, Hisashi Sato 2), b and Yoshimi Watanabe 1), c1) Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan2) Department of Techno-Business Administration, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan Keisuke Kinoshita 1), a, Hisashi Sato 2), b and Yoshimi Watanabe 1), c1) Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan2) Department of Techno-Business Administration, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan Centrifugal slurry-pouring method has been proposed to fabricate the functionally graded materials (FGMs) with large compositional gradient. This processing method uses the two types of slurries (slurry 1 and slurry 2). The prepared slurry 1 containing one component, particle A, is firstly poured into the mold under the centrifugal force and then the slurry 2 containing two components, particle A and particle B, is poured into the mold. By this process, green body with gradient composition can be obtained and then green body will be sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering method. Finally, it is expected that FGM with gradient from 100% component A at one surface to 100% B at other surface can be fabricated. In this study, the graded distributions of the particle A and particle B within the slurry 2 under the centrifugal force were simulated analyzing the movement of particles in liquid. Moreover, Ti-SiO2 FGMs were experimentally fabricated. The Ti-SiO2 FGM has large compositional gradient on one side of FGM. However, when the size of solid-particle is small, it is difficult to form large compositional gradient in the FGM. This phenomenon obtained by experiment is in agreement with the calculated results. From this result, it is found that the centrifugal slurry-pouring method using different slurries is effective fabrication method for FGMs with large compositional gradient.Keywords: Functionally graded materials, the slurry-pouring method, computer simulation English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 461-464 Preparation of Tungsten-epoxy Composites and FGMs with Density Gradient Preparation of Tungsten-epoxy Composites and FGMs with Density Gradient Lianmeng Zhang 1), Ming Gao 1), Guoqiang Luo 1), 2), Zhuo Chen 1) and Qiang Shen 1)*1) State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China2) Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Southwest Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China Lianmeng Zhang 1), Ming Gao 1), Guoqiang Luo 1), 2), Zhuo Chen 1) and Qiang Shen 1)*1) State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China2) Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Southwest Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China FGMs with density gradient are of great interest in field of dynamic high-pressure physics. In this paper, tungsten particles reinforced epoxy resin composites, and FGMs with density gradient were prepared by calendering technique. Microstructures of tungsten-epoxy composites with various tungsten contents were analyzed, and the density distribution of the FGMs wascharacterized. The results show that the distribution of tungsten particles in tungsten-epoxy composites is homogeneous, and the combination of tungsten particles with epoxy matrix is good. The density of tungsten-epoxy composites varies from 1.26g×cm-3 to 4.0g×cm-3, and the thickness ofeach layer is about 200μm. Tungsten-epoxy FGMs with density gradient were obtained by laminating thin layers of tungsten-epoxy composites with different tungsten contents. The highly enough bonding strength between these transition layers and good parallelism were achieved. The density distribution of the tungsten-epoxy FGMs can meet the demand of the power function equation of density and thickness.Keywords: tungsten-epoxy composites, FGMs with density gradient, calendering English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 465-470 A trial of FGM bearings with solid lubricant A trial of FGM bearings with solid lubricant T. HASHIMOTO 1), a, H. KOHRI 2),b, A. YUMOTO 3),c and I. SHIOTA 2),d1) Graduate School, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kogakuin University2) Department of Materials Science and Technology, Kogakuin University3) Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kogakuin University1,2,3) Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, JAPAN T. HASHIMOTO 1), a, H. KOHRI 2),b, A. YUMOTO 3),c and I. SHIOTA 2),d1) Graduate School, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kogakuin University2) Department of Materials Science and Technology, Kogakuin University3) Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kogakuin University1,2,3) Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, JAPAN It is difficult to use an ordinary plain bearing under a high load or at a high friction speed because lubricant oil is pushed out from the friction surface or deterioration of the lubricant oil is caused by heat of friction. A solid lubricant, MoS2, is promising in such condition. When the lubricant is dispersed in a matrix, the solid lubricant is always supplied from the matrix. Such a composite bearing needs a back metal to maintain its shape. The heat of friction may cause a crack between the bearing and the back metal due to thermal stress. A bearing with low coefficient of friction is necessary to decrease the heat of friction, and an FGM structure is also promising to decrease the stress. The aim of this experiment is to fabricate and to examine friction properties of the composites. Cu was plated on the lubricant particles by electroless deposition. The lubricant volume fraction (hereafter Vf) was up to Vf 30 %. The Cu plated lubricant particles were hot-pressed to form a composite at 873 K under 30 MPa in a vacuum. Friction properties of the composites were determined by using a ball-on-disk type testing machine. The test was performed in the air without oilat room temperature. The solid lubricant in the composites was effective to decrease the coefficients of friction under a high load when the Vf was higher than 20 %.Keywords: Friction, Wear, MoS2, Composites, Electroless deposition English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 471-476 Interpenetrating Network Metal-Ceramic FGM ? Preparation and Properties Interpenetrating Network Metal-Ceramic FGM ? Preparation and Properties M. Neukam 1),a, M. Willert-Porada 1),b1) Chair of Materials ProcessingFaculty of Applied Natural Sciences, University of Bayreuth D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany M. Neukam 1),a, M. Willert-Porada 1),b1) Chair of Materials ProcessingFaculty of Applied Natural Sciences, University of Bayreuth D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany A new method for processing large flat compositionally graded metal-ceramic parts with connected interpenetrating metal and ceramic network is described. Based on powder metallurgical methods, a metal foam is obtained by slip casting of metal powder slurries on a polyurethane foam, and used as preform to achieve a metallic interpenetration within the composite. The porous metallic preform is infiltrated with a ceramic slip and co-sintered. The metallic part is made from Ni-Cr-alloy, or the P/M superalloy Saratherm 2 and Nimonic 90, the ceramic consists of pure 8YZrO2 or zirconia mixed with ZrSiO4. Composites of nominal same composition sintered without the metal foam preform show no metallic interpenetration.Keywords: Metal foam, Ni-base alloys, Zirconia, Interpenetrating networks English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 477-482 SYNTHESIS OF POROUS SILICON NITRIDE CERAMIC WITH A COMPOSITIONAL GRADIENT SYNTHESIS OF POROUS SILICON NITRIDE CERAMIC WITH A COMPOSITIONAL GRADIENT M. Knoll, M. Willert-PoradaChair of Materials Processing,Faculty of Applied Science, University of Bayreuth D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany M. Knoll, M. Willert-PoradaChair of Materials Processing,Faculty of Applied Science, University of Bayreuth D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany This paper summarises results of a study on graded surface layer composition in porous silicon nitride ceramics with a nominal Yb-silicate, Yb2SiO5-additive content of 3.2 mol%, corresponding to 10wt%. A compositional gradient of the additive is formed within the sintered part, depending upon the sintering conditions. The thickness and the phase content of the compositional gradient is significantly affected by the nitrogen activity of the sintering atmosphere. When argon gas is used during heating up and replaced by nitrogen upon soaking, the surface of the sintered ceramic is free of Yb2SiO5, whereas in N2-atmosphere a silicate-rich coating is found assurface layer of the porous silicon nitride ceramic. In presence of carbon and nitrogen, the surface is covered by SiC. In particular the Yb-silicate enriched surface layer can be used as base for an Environmental Barrier Coating, EBC, to protect the interior of the ceramic from hot gas corrosion. English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 483-488 Crossover from Metallic to Semiconducting in Pb2-xLnxRu2O7-δ(Ln = Eu, Sm) Compounds with Pyrochlore Structure Crossover from Metallic to Semiconducting in Pb2-xLnxRu2O7-δ(Ln = Eu, Sm) Compounds with Pyrochlore Structure Masaki Kato 1), a, Tetsuya Imamaura 1), Miho Fukatsu 1) and Ken Hirota 1), b1) Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Tatara-Miyakodani 1-3, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan Masaki Kato 1), a, Tetsuya Imamaura 1), Miho Fukatsu 1) and Ken Hirota 1), b1) Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Tatara-Miyakodani 1-3, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan We study the synthesis and physical properties of Pb2-xLnxRu2O7-δ (Ln = Sm, Eu) compounds with pyrochlore structure. The lead-lanthanoid pyrochlores Pb2-xLnxRu2O7-δ (Ln = Sm, Eu) have been successfully synthesized by the solid-state reaction. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistivity measurements. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that the spin-glass transition temperature, TTSG, decreases with Ln content x and goes to zero at x = 0.2 and 0.6 for Sm and Eu, respectively. From electric resistivity measurements, a crossover from metallic to semiconducting behavior was observed in the range of 0.2 ? x ? 0.4 and 0.4 ? x ? 0.8 in Pb2xSmxRu2O7-δ and Pb2-xEuxRu2O7-δ, respectively. These boundaries between metallic and insulating phases mostly correspond to values of x with TSG = 0. These metal-insulator transitions can be caused by the strongly correlated couplings between the itinerant 4d electrons which are possibly attributed to the magnetic frustration.Keywords: Pyrochlore structure, Metal-insulator transition, Strongly correlated electron system, Ruthenate, magnetic susceptibility, electric resistivity English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 489-494 Ca3Co2O6 for high temperature side of thermoelectric FGM Ca3Co2O6 for high temperature side of thermoelectric FGM Takeo Uesugi 1), a, Hitoshi Kohri 1),b , Ichiro Shiota 1),c,Masahiko Kato 2),d and Isao J. Ohsugi 2),e1) Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, JAPAN2) Salesian Polytechnic, 4-6-8, Oyamagaoka, Machida, Tokyo, JAPAN Takeo Uesugi 1), a, Hitoshi Kohri 1),b , Ichiro Shiota 1),c, Masahiko Kato 2),d and Isao J. Ohsugi 2),e1) Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, JAPAN2) Salesian Polytechnic, 4-6-8, Oyamagaoka, Machida, Tokyo, JAPAN In modern age, much thermal energy is emitted from ceramic and/or steel industries. Their temperature range is between 500 K and 1300 K. Thermoelectric materials are promising to utilize the waste heat, because of no CO2 emission and long life due to no moving parts. The thermoelectric properties of every thermoelectric material have temperature dependence and high performance appears at a specific temperature range. If the proper materials are placed and joined along the temperature gradient to form an FGM, the performance should be higher than a monolithic material. The performance of a thermoelectric material is expressed by the dimensionless figure of meritZT=α2ρ-1κ-1 T, where α is the Seebeck coefficient, ρ is the electrical resistivity, κ is the thermalconductivity, and T is absolute temperature. Thermoelectric oxides are suitable for high temperature materials because of chemical stability. NaxCoO2 shows relatively high ZT value in thermoelectric oxide at the temperature range below 800 K. Ca3Co4O9 shows ZT～1 at 1000 K. Recently, it is reported that Ca3Co2O6 that is formed by decomposition of Ca3Co4O9 at 1173 K has high performance at 1300 K. The properties and fabrication condition of high density Ca3Co2O6 are, however, not reported in detail. In order to improve the thermoelectric properties and to shift the temperature range for Ca3Co2O6, we investigated the effects of element substitution. In this experiment, the sintered Ca3Co2-xMxO6 (x=0 or 0.2, M= Mn, Mo or V) were prepared by　solid-state reaction or hot pressing. Relative density of Ca3Co2O6 by hot-pressing (HP) was over　94% which is larger than one of Ca3Co2O6 by solid-state reaction (SSR). The resistivity of Mo- or　V-substituted Ca3Co2O6 (HP-Mo or HP-V) were lower than one of non-substituted Ca3Co2O6 (HP).　The resistivity of Mo-substituted Ca3Co2O6 (HP-Mo) showed the lowest value of 4.3×10-2 Ωcm in　all specimens at 1181 K. The power factor α2ρ-1 of Ca3Co2O6 (HP-Mo) was 64.2 Wm-1K-2, which　is the largest of all specimens at 1178 K, and this value is approximately 1.3 times higher than 48.8　Wm-1K-2 for Ca3Co2O6 (HP).Keywords: thermoelectric oxide, high density, Ca3Co2O6, hot press English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 495-500 Evaluation of lifetime of FGMs disilicide coatings for γ-TiAl intermetallic　compound Evaluation of lifetime of FGMs disilicide coatings for γ-TiAl intermetallic　compound Masayuki Ohshima 1), Saleh B. Abu Suilik 1), Toshimitsu Tetsui 2),　Kazuhiro Hasezaki 1)1) Department of Materials Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan2) Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan Masayuki Ohshima 1), Saleh B. Abu Suilik 1), Toshimitsu Tetsui 2),　Kazuhiro Hasezaki 1)1) Department of Materials Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan2) Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan The NbSi2/Nb/γ-TiAl and NbSi2/Nb functionally graded materials (FGMs) were prepared and their tolerances tested by exposing them to temperatures from 1050℃ to 1250℃ under vacuum and in air. Oxygen resistivity was estimated from metallographic investigations. The FGM lifetime was estimated by using a diffusion equation that considers the disappearance of the NbSi2 and Nb interlayer. These occurred during NbSi2 oxidation and Si diffusion from NbSi2 to Nb and interdiffusion between Nb and γ-TiAl. The results were validated by diffusion equations.Keywords: Titanium aluminide, intermetallic compound, lifetime, siliconization, molten salts, oxidation resistance coatings, general oxidation, volume diffusion English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 501-506 Characterization of Manganese Oxide-Enriched Surface Layers of Fe-Mn Alloys Characterization of Manganese Oxide-Enriched Surface Layers of Fe-Mn Alloys Kozo Shinoda1, a, Takamichi Yamamoto1, Shigeru Suzuki1,b, Tomoya Uruga 2), Hajime Tanida 2), Hidenori Toyokawa 2), Yasuko Terada 2) and Yasufumi Takagaki 2)1) Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1,Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.2) Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan. Kozo Shinoda1, a, Takamichi Yamamoto1, Shigeru Suzuki1,b, Tomoya Uruga 2), Hajime Tanida 2), Hidenori Toyokawa 2), Yasuko Terada 2) and Yasufumi Takagaki 2)1) Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1,Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.2) Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan. Alloying elements are added to steel for improving surface properties such as corrosion resistance. The alloying elements exhibit different chemical characters, and they are often enriched to the surface of the alloys during annealing at high temperatures. In this study, depth-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements were carried out using a two-dimensional detector with geometrical arrangement of grazing exit in detection of fluorescence X-ray emitted from sample surface, in order to characterize the enrichment and oxidation of manganese on the surface layers of an Fe-Mn alloy annealed under low oxygen partial pressure. This technique facilitates non-destructive measurement for characterizing the compositional distribution of manganese in the depth direction. The results showed that manganese was enriched to surface layers of the Fe-Mn alloys during annealing at high temperatures and formed as manganese oxide. The preferential oxidation of manganese by annealing under low oxygen partial pressure is considered the driving force for their enrichment on the alloy surface.Keywords: Surface oxidation, depth-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy, iron, manganese English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 507-512 Alloy Compositional Gradation in Surface Layer and Oxidation Resistance on Chemical Synthesized FeCo Nanoparticles Alloy Compositional Gradation in Surface Layer and Oxidation Resistance on Chemical Synthesized FeCo Nanoparticles G.-B. Chon 1), a, D.Kodama 2), K. Shinoda 1), b, S.Suzuki 1) and B. Jeyadevan 2)1) Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Japan2) Graduate School Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan G.-B. Chon 1), a, D.Kodama 2), K. Shinoda 1), b, S.Suzuki 1) and B. Jeyadevan 2)1) Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Japan2) Graduate School Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used for analyzing the surface composition of polyol process-derived Fe30Co70, Fe50Co50, and Fe70Co30 alloy nanoparticles with diameters 50, 100 and 150 nm, respectively. These Fe-Co alloy particles have high oxidation resistance in the atmospheric environment even though their particle size is so small. The XPS results revealed that the concentration of iron at the surface of the as-synthesized Fe-Co alloy nanoparticles was lower than that in bulk and increased with increasing bulk cobalt composition, although the surface of nanoparticles was covered with native oxide layer formed during their exposure to atmosphere. This low concentration of iron and very thin oxide layer at the surface are considered to protect the particle from oxidation. The concentration of iron at the surface of Fe70Co30 nanoparticles increased when they were annealed at 573 K in N2 and H2 atmosphere. The results indicate that nonuniformity of the chemical composition between particle surface and core occurs during the formation of the same in polyol, and atomic diffusion at the surface of particle can occur even at relatively low temperature. The above is considered to arise from the difference in the chemical characteristics of iron and cobalt during co-precipitation in the polyol.Keywords: FeCo alloys, nanoparticles, surface analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,surface oxides English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 513-518 The Sensitivity of Strain Rate and Size Effect with Different Particle Volume Fraction in SiCp/Al Composite The Sensitivity of Strain Rate and Size Effect with Different Particle Volume Fraction in SiCp/Al Composite Dongfeng Cao 1),a, Lisheng Liu 2),b, Hai Mei 1),c，Qingjie Zhang 2),b1) Department of Engineering Structure and Mechanics, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan,430070, China2) State Key Laboratory of Materials Synthesis and Processing，Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China Dongfeng Cao 1),a, Lisheng Liu 2),b, Hai Mei 1),c，Qingjie Zhang 2),b1) Department of Engineering Structure and Mechanics, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan,430070, China2) State Key Laboratory of Materials Synthesis and Processing，Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China In this paper the sensitivity of strain rate and size effect with different particle volume fraction in SiCp/Al Composite were studied through the experiment. Specimens with 40% and 30% SiC particle volume fraction were made. There are three types of particle sizes in each volume fraction. The sensitivity of strain rate and the effect of particle size in Al matrix composites reinforced with the different volume fraction were investigated, using the split Hopkinson pressure bar and Instron5882 universal material testing machine. The surface microstructure of the specimens in each composite was examined using optical microscopy and SEM. Through the strain-stress curves, the sensitivity of strain rate can be obtained. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of strain rate increases with the increasing of particle volume fraction. At the same volume fraction, the size effect were observed obviously and higher flow stresses were obtained in the composites reinforced with small particles than that in the composite with large particles.Keywords: Sensitivity of strain rate, Size effect, Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB),Microstructure English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 519-524 Prototype Design and Evaluation of Lightweight Mirror and Wavelength Selective Filter for Space Solar Power Systems Prototype Design and Evaluation of Lightweight Mirror and Wavelength Selective Filter for Space Solar Power Systems Katsuto Kisara 1), a, Kazuyuki Suzuki 2),b, Toichiro Ishikawa 2),c, Kazuhisa Fujita 3),d and Hiroshi Masumoto 4),e1) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Advance Mission Research Group, Koganesawa 1, Kimigaya, Kakuda, Miyagi 981-1525, Japan2) Foundation for Promotion of Japanese Aerospace Technology, Izumichuo 1-16-6, Izumi-ku, Sendai 981-3133, Japan3) The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Kurematumachi 1955-1, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-1202, Japan Katsuto Kisara 1), a, Kazuyuki Suzuki 2),b, Toichiro Ishikawa 2),c, Kazuhisa Fujita 3),d and Hiroshi Masumoto 4),e1) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Advance Mission Research Group, Koganesawa 1, Kimigaya, Kakuda, Miyagi 981-1525, Japan2) Foundation for Promotion of Japanese Aerospace Technology, Izumichuo 1-16-6, Izumi-ku, Sendai 981-3133, Japan3) The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Kurematumachi 1955-1, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-1202, Japan The large scale SSPS (Space Solar Power System) needs large reflection mirrors for sunlight concentration. To use film mirror in space, the mirror must have lightweight structures and resistive to harsh space environment. The wavelength selective filter to avoid heat is a dielectric multilayer film which has FGM structure. In this article, we will report the development of a lightweight wavelength selective mirror and wavelength selection on the solar light excitation laser.Keywords: graded refractive index, wavelength filter, dielectric multilayer, SSPS English Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials Multiscale, Multifunctional and Functionally Graded Materials 631-632 2010-01-01 525-530 Microassembly of Artificial Crystals by Inter-Particle Laser Welding and Optical Characterization Microassembly of Artificial Crystals by Inter-Particle Laser Welding and Optical Characterization Kenta Takagi a, Masanori Omote and Akira Kawasaki bDepartment of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, 6-6-02, Aramaki, Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan Kenta Takagi a, Masanori Omote and Akira Kawasaki bDepartment of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, 6-6-02, Aramaki, Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan To fabricate artificial crystals with any structure from monosized spherical particles, we have so far manufactured a three-dimensionally particle assembling system with a combination of pick-and-place robotic manipulation and inter-particle laser welding. In the present study, we aimed to assemble large-scale artificial crystals of polyethylene (PE) particles by mean of the new system. In this method, an optimization of the laser welding conditions was indispensable for the strong bonding with maintaining the shape of particles. Thus, the two-particle welding tests were preliminarily conducted. On the basis of this result, we successfully assembled the large-scale artificial crystals with diamond structure from the PE -ceramic or -carbon composite particles. In order to discuss applicability of the obtained crystals to terahertz (THz) wave photonic crystals, the transmittance spectrum of the crystals was evaluated by a THz wave time domain spectroscopy. The PE-ceramic particle crystal presented an ideal photonic band gap which perfectly agreed with the theoretical one.Keywords: Monosized spherical particles, Dimamond structure, Terahertz wave photonic crystals. English