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National Institute for Materials Science

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[Functionally Graded Materials (2013)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/c5c0c29d-6257-4f7e-b164-23863ec87be3)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 1-6 傾斜機能化の観点からみた日立金属製品 Brief overview of hitachi metals specilaty steels as FGMs 田村 庸日立金属株式会社安来工場冶金研究所 Yaushi TAMURAMetallurgical Research Laboratory Hitachi Metals, Ltd., Yasugi Works, Yasugi-shi, Shimane-ken,  Hitachi Metals, Yasugi Works produce specialty steels. From among our products, a couple of examples are introduced, in which examples gradient functions are added to special steels by surface treatment or special heat treatment. Those examples are high speed steel as bearing for aviation engine, tool steel for die casting mold, and Ni base supper alloy for disk of aviation engine. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 7-13 傾斜積層構造を有する熱発電チューブの開発 A tubular thermoelectric generator with tilted laminate structure 菅野勉，酒井章裕，高橋宏平，玉置洋正，草田英夫，山田由佳パナソニック株式会社 Tsutomu KANNO，Akihiro SAKAI，Kouhei TAKAHASHI，Hiromasa TAMAKI，Hideo KUSADA，Yuka YAMADAPanasonic Corporation, Seika, Kyoto, Japan  For practical thermoelectric generation from low-grade waste heat, efficient heat transfer is needed from fluid heat sources. Here we introduce a concept of tubular thermoelectric generators, or thermoelectric tubes, with a layered structure made of thermoelectric material and metal . We discuss fabrication processes, power generation characteristics, heat -exchange performance, and future prospective. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 14-23 最近の液体ロケット燃焼器の製作法 -材料と加工‐ Recent Developments in the Fabrication of Liquid Rocket Combustors - Materials and Processes - 渡辺 龍三(一般財団法人)航空宇宙技術振興財団(JAST) Ryuzo WatanabeJapan Aerospace Technology Foundation (JAST), 2-1-40 akamori Izumi-ku, Sendai 981-3203, Japan  The fabrication of liquid propellant rocket combustors is reviewed from the viewpoint of materials processing technologies. It is pointed out that high temperature yield strength of the liner materials is prerequisite for the life-enhancement of the rocket combustors. Some dispersion strengthened copper alloys with good thermal conductivity are preferably used for the liner materials. The criteria for the selection of the liner and the outer shell materials are discussed. The closeout methods of the cooling channel, thermal barrier coating on the liner surface and on the tip of the film cooling ejection slot, as well as the possible chemical attack of liner materials by the propellant are briefly described. The creation of a functionally graded rocket combustor by vacuum plasma spraying is presented as a recent advancement of the rocket combustor technology. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 24-30 たたらと日本刀に学ぶ  Study of Tatara and Japanese Sword 八十 致雄元和鋼博物館長, 工学博士 Muneo YASOFormer Director of Wakoh Museum, Ph. D  An excellent Japanese Sword cannot be made without special steel, Tamahagane produced from Tatara. Tatara is a traditional steel making process in Japan. It is estimated that Tatara has had large-scale underground structure to keep up smelting temperature and to remove a lot of moisture in the earth. As a result of metallurgical investigation of several Japanese Swords, it is found that sharp edge possesses fine lath martensite and has proper carbon content, about 0.60 mass%, which provides strength and toughness for sword quality. Four-points bending test has been performed to estimate the real strength of sharp edge. The strength is approximately 4500MPa and estimated to be a great value considering high hardness material. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 31-37 波長1μm 帯レーザー用光電変換素子のバンドギャップ制御 Band-gap Control of Laser-Photovoltaic for 1μm Laser Light 鈴木拓明 1a)，吉田裕之 1a)，木皿且人 1b)，中村徹哉 1a)，今泉充 1a)，藤田和久 2)1) 宇宙航空研究開発機構，2) 光産業創成大学院大学 Hiroaki SUZUKI 1a) , Hiroyuki YOSHIDA 1a), Katsuto KISARA 1b), Tetsuya NAKAMURA 1a), Mitsuru IMAIZUMI 1a) and Kazuhisa FUJITA 2)1a) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan1b) Japan Aerospace Exploration gency, Kakuda, Miyagi, Japan2) The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan  Laser-photovoltaic conversion system is expected for the application of the ground facility of Laser Space Solar Power System (L-SSPS). In this study, band gap of the InGaAs photovoltaic cell material was controlled to enhance conversion efficiency at 1.07μm laser light radiation. The open circuit voltage increased and the short circuit current density decreased exponentially depending on band gap of the InGaAs cell. The band gap for maximum conversion efficiency of the InGaAs cell was found at about 1.1eV. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 38-43 電子ビーム照射による金型工具鋼への超硬合金複合層の形成 Formation of cemented carbide composite layer on cold-working die steel by electron beam irradiation 赤尾尚洋 1），櫻井雄基 1），上原一剛 2），音田哲彦 1），陳 中春 1）1）鳥取大学，2）島根大学 Takahiro AKAO 1），Yuki SAKURAI 1），Kazutake UEHARA 2），Tetsuhiko ONDA 1）， Zhong-Chun CHEN 1）1） Tottori University, Koyama, Tottori, Japan2） Shimane University, Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, Japan  Surface modifications, which result in formation of a hard layer such as CrN, TiN, TiCN etc. on tool surfaces, have been widely utilized in machining tools. However, the hard layer has clear interface with the matrix, thereby the delamination between the hard layer and matrix often occurs because of a mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients. In this study, formation of cemented carbide composite layer on cold-working die steel by electron beam (EB) irradiation has been investigated. By forming a composite structure, induced complicated interface between the hard materials and matrix may prevent the delaminations. Tungsten carbide (WC) and cobalt (Co) powders were mixed and embrocated onto the surface of die steel (JIS SKD11) samples, then subjected to EB irradiation. The EB irradiated samples were characterized by SEM, EPMA, XRD and Vickers hardness tests. A composite layer of WC-Co and the substrate steel was formed through solidification after EB irradiation. The composite layer shows inhomogeneous particle distributions, however, the hardness reaches up to 1000HV. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 44-49 ユニレグ式酸化亜鉛系熱電発電モジュールの開発 Fabrication of uni-leg type ZnO thermoelectric modules 相馬 岳，木村 祥梧香川高等専門学校 Takeshi Souma，Shogo KimuraKagawa National College of Technology, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan.  Uni-leg type ZnO-based thermoelectric modules surrounded with ceramic honeycombs were successfully fabricated by using a soldering technique. Bulk bodies of n-type Zn0.98Al0.02O were prepared by a conventional sintering technique using of ZnO and ･-Al2O3 fine powders. The sintered materials were cut in a dimension of 3.5 x 3.5 x 10 mm3 and inserted into four holes of ceramic honeycombs, and jointed with Ag electrodes and Pt wires by using a standard silver solder (JIS type BAg-8) under various temperature conditions in an Ar atmosphere. A drastic reduction in an internal resistance of the modules was achieved by applying the uni -leg configuration using only n-type Zn0.98Al0.02O materials. An open circuit voltage of 7.34 mV and A maximum output of 1.16 ･W were obtained at the temperature condition of TH/TL= 395 / 92 (T in ℃) on the uni-leg type module with a soldering condition of 808 ℃ for 60 min. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 50-56 電気めっき法で作製されたNi-Cu 合金膜における濃度勾配と硬さとの関係 Relationship between Composition Gradient and Microhardness in Ni-Cu Alloy Films Fabricated by Electrodeposition 兼子佳久，上盛広大大阪市立大学工学研究科機械物理系専攻 Yoshihisa KANEKO，Kodai UEMORIOsaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan  Vickers microhardness of composition-gradient Ni-Cu alloy films having different gradients was measured. The composition-gradient films were fabricated by electrodeposition technique. Since content of electrodeposited Ni-Cu alloy depends on applied electrochemical potential, production of the composition-gradient microstructure is achieved by changing the potential continuously. By stacking the composition-gradient layers with positive and negative gradients alternately, we obtained relatively thick Ni-Cu films having high composition gradient. In the present study, two kinds of the Ni-Cu films with the gradients dc/dx of 3･10-3nm-1 and 1.2･10-2nm-1 were prepared. Vickers microhardensses of the films with dc/dx=3･10-3nm-1 and 1.2･10-2nm-1 were Hv167 and Hv277, respectively. To understand the increase in the hardness, we estimated misfit dislocation density from the values of the composition gradients. In the three-dimensional dislocation model, the dislocation densities of these films were estimated to be 6.1･1014m-2 and 2.4･1015m-2. These dislocation densities are consistent with the hardness values, assuming that strength of the composition-gradient Ni-Cu films owes to dislocation hardening. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 57-63 中性溶液中におけるジンクリッチペイントの電気化学特性 Electrochemical Properties of Zinc-Rich Paints in Neutral Solution アジズ ヘルミ ビン ソフィアン 1,2)，八木雄太 1），鈴木良治 1）, 野田和彦 1）１）芝浦工業大学，2）UMP Azizul Helmi Bin SOFIAN 1,2），Yuta YAGI 1），Ryoji SUZUKI 1），Kazuhiko NODA 1)1） Shibaura Institute of Technology, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan2） Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Malaysia  Zinc rich paints (ZRP) are well known as efficient organic coatings to protect metallic materials from corrosion. Zinc pigment is cemented with an organic binder which is epoxy type and zinc represents 90wt.% of the formulation. Such paints can be considered as porous coating due to this metallic content and they have been studied for many years. The protection of steel by epoxy based zinc-rich paint is based on the general principle of cathodic protection by metallic zinc particles in contact with ferrous substrate. A great deal of effort has also been dedicated t o review the worked related to contamination at the metal/paint interface. The influence of chlorides, sulfates and nitrates at steel/paint surface on the underfilm corrosion was also investigated. The influence of the zinc content on the paint behavior has been studied, but little attention has been paid to steel/paint interfacial product which simulates practical application conditions. This paper reports a study of the corrosion behaviors/ performances of zinc-rich paint applied on steel substrates under NaCl solution environment by using electrochemical measurements which comprised polarization measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 64-70 摩擦製膜法によるMg2Si の製膜 The Formation of Mg2Si Film by Friction Film Formation 高橋昌大 1），桑折 仁 2），矢ケ﨑隆義 2）1）工学院大学大学院，1）工学院大学 Masahiro TAKAHASHI 1），Hitoshi KOHRI 2），Takayoshi YAGASAKI 2）1） Graduate School, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan2） Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan  Recently, the thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power generation is expected as an efficient energy conversion. In TPV generating system, GaSb and InGaAs, etc., which have the low Clarke number and/or toxicity, are used for the photovoltaic cell. Mg2Si is the most promising for the replacement because of an environmentally friendly semiconductor. In this study, the optimal forming conditions of Mg2Si film by the friction film forming method were investigated. The bench drilling machine was used for the friction film forming. Mg2Si powder was pressed on the SiO2 glass or Al substrates by the indenter, which was fixed by the chuck and rotated, in the atmosphere. From the results of XRD, it was found that the generation of MgO was reduced by shortening the forming time from 60 s to 10 s. The bandgap of Mg2Si was 0.67 eV from the results of the transmittance. This value suggested that Mg2Si was suitable to use for TPV system. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 71-76 アーク溶融法による無置換および元素置換WSi2 の熱電特性 Thermoelectric Properties of Non-substituted and Elemental SubstitutedTungsten Silicide Prepared by Arc Melting Method 栗嶋拓馬 1），桑折 仁 2），加藤雅彦 3），矢ケ﨑隆義 2)1）工学院大学大学院・工，2）工学院大学・工，3）サレジオ高等専門学校 Takuma KURISHIMA 1），Hitoshi KOHRI 2），Masahiko KATO 3），Takayoshi YAGASAKI 2）1）Graduate School of Engineering, Kogakuin University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan2）Faculty of Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo Japan3）Department of Electrical Engineering, Salesian Polytechnic, Machida, Tokyo, Japan  Tungsten silicide and Mn or Cr substituted one were prepared by arc melting method. W and Si were used as the raw material. From the results of XRD, non-substituted and Mn or Cr substituted specimens were constructed mainly from tetragonal WSi2. Resistivity of non-substituted specimen was about 0.1-1 ･Ωm. Carrier concentration of the specimen was 4.7×1027m-3. The Seebeck coefficient of the specimen was +21 ･VK-1 at 750 K. Resistivity of substituted specimens increased with increasing substituted quantity in both substituted elements. Carrier concentration of Mn substituted specimen showed 3.6×1027 m-3，and one of Cr substituted specimen showed 2.3×1027 m-3. Seebeck coefficient of Mn or Cr substituted specimen was increased than the one of non-substituted specimen, maximum value was +34･･VK-1 at 600 K. Power factor of non-substituted and Mn substituted specimens were approximately 1.0×10-3 Wm-1K-2 at 700 K. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 77-80 亜鉛めっき鋼板の犠牲陽極特性評価 Evaluation of Sacrificial Anode for Galvanized Steels 伊藤 航平 1），廣畑 洋平 1），野田 和彦 1）1）芝浦工業大学 Kohei ITO 1），Youhei HIROHATA 1），Kazuhiko NODA 1）1） Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan  The galvanized steels in a multilayer structure of paint layer / chemical corrosion coating / plated layer / steel plate. Each layer has a different function and property for corrosion protection. The plated layer provides a not enough effect of sacrificial anode in same atmospheric environments. In this study, the validity of sacrificial anode of zinc was investigated by measuring the polarization curves and the galvanic current. The samples of pure Fe and pure Zn plates and Fe/Zn couple were applied to the measurement. The cathodic reaction occurred in Fe and anodic reaction occurred in Zn. The anodic current increased with increasing concentration of NaCl solutions. The corrosion potential decreased with increasing concentration of NaCl solutions. The galvanic current was constantly low in low NaCl concentration solutions. While, it increased in high NaCl concentration solutions by the effect of sacrificial anode of Zn. The galvanic current behavior in KCl solutions was similar to that in NaCl solutions. From these results, the Fe plate was protected by the sacrificial anode of Zn and the corrosion product of Zn. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 81-85 Co-Cr 合金の腐食挙動に及ぼす合金元素の影響 Effect of alloy elements on corrosion behavior of Co-Cr alloy 鈴木良治，野田和彦芝浦工業大学 Ryouji SUZUKI，Kazuhiko NODAShibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan  Co?Cr alloys, which have an excellent mechanical property and corrosion resistance, are used as biomaterials and heat-resistant materials. In this study, effect of alloy elements on corrosion behavior of Co?Cr alloy was investigated by electrochemical measurements. Co and Cr were used as comparison materials. According to the polarization curves, the polarization behavior of Co was similar to that of Co?Cr alloy in the immersion potential region. Prior to the passive film formation, the Co?Cr alloy was revealed to maintain high corrosion resistance because of the Co property, which had noble potential. Moreover, the Co?Cr alloy maintained a passive state over a wide potential region, same as that observed for Cr. Thus, the Co?Cr alloy was able to maintain its high corrosion resistance due to the existence of Cr oxide formed on the passive film. Because of having excellent corrosion performance, the Co?Cr alloy can be applied in the severe environment with a long life time. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 86-92 無電解めっきにより作製したセパレータを用いた固体高分子形燃料電池の特性評価 Preparation and evaluation of separator for fuel cell using electroless plating 八木雄太 1)2), 押山江美 1), 廣畑洋平 1), 野田和彦 1)1) 芝浦工業大学，2) 株式会社ナカボーテック Yuta YAGI 1)2), Emi OSHIYAMA 1), Youhei HIROHATA 1), Kazuhiko NODA 1)1) Shibaura Institute of Technology, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan2) Nakabohtec Corrosion Protecting CO., LTD., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan  Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) is expected to be widely diffused, because it is characterized by a low temperature operation, small size and rapid start-up. The diffusion of PEFC requires development of new PEFC separator with high strength, lightweight and low cost. In this report, new separators were manufactured by electroless nickel plating on resins. An epoxy resin showed an uniform nickel plating and excellent adhesive properties. PEFC using this separator was found to be operated as the high potential battery. Furthermore, the effect of a plating film thickness on battery characteristics were evaluated by measuring the electric internal and contact resistances of this separator. The thick plating film was effective to reduce both the electric resistance, leading to a high potential of PEFC. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 93-97 無電解ニッケル/ アルミナ複合めっきの析出挙動 Deposition behavior of electroless composite Ni/Al2O3 plating 鈴木良治，官野翔馬，野田和彦芝浦工業大学 Ryouji SUZUKI，Syouma KANNO，Kazuhiko NODAShibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Tokyo, Japan  Electroless plating methods, which can be to deposit insurance materials, is one of the most important technic. Recently, electroless Ni plating is used to much of industrial products such as automobile components and electronic substrates. Ni plating film, which include composite materials, can be to improve even further corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The objective of this research is to study deposition behavior of electroless composite Ni/ Al2O3 plating on iron substrate. Sodium hypophosphite was used for reduction agent of electroless Ni plating bath. The 1.0μm Al2O3 particle was used as composite material. From the results, deposition rates of electroless Ni plating bath were different from that of Al2O3 added electroless Ni plating bath. Therefore, the Al2O3 particle in the plating bath had an effect on deposition behavior of electroless Ni plating. Furthermore, the Al2O3 particle was included in the electrless Ni plating film, which fabricated by the Al2O3 added electroless Ni plating bath. Japanese 傾斜機能材料論文集 Functionally Graded Materials Vol. 27, 2013 2013-03-31 98-103 SPS と塑性加工による形状記憶合金の傾斜機能化 Fabrication of Shape Memory Alloy with Functionally Graded Properties by SPS and Plastic Working 松井良介 1），竹ノ内良輔 1），京極秀樹 2），吉田総二 3）1）愛知工業大学，2）近畿大学，3）広島大学 Ryosuke MATSUI 1）, Ryosuke TAKENOUCHI 1）, Hideki KYOGOKU 2）, Fusahito YOSHIDA 3）1） Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi, Japan2） Kinki University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan3） Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan  The martensitic and the reverse transformation temperatures are directly related to the bending rigidity of the TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) wire. The present paper aimed to obtain the functionally graded wire in which bending rigidity varies along the wire axis, and a new fabrication process of combined powder metallurgy and plastic working was proposed. A multi-layered TiNi compact with various Ti/Ni compositions was obtained by pulse current pressure sintering (SPS) which was hot-extruded into a wire. The resulting wires were investigated on the transformation temperatures and deformation properties. The differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that functionally graded properties of transformation temperatures retained in the wire. The wire had both shape memory effect and superelasticity. Japanese